GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 Dataset (Archived)

Description Curated annotations of genes with biological processes
Measurement association by literature curation
Association gene-biological process associations from curated gene annotations
Category structural or functional annotations
Resource Gene Ontology
Citation(s)
Last Updated Tue Mar 31 00:00:00 UTC 2015
Stats
  1. 15717 genes
  2. 13212 biological processs
  3. 969303 gene-biological process associations

Data Access

API
Script

Visualizations

  • Attribute Similarity

  • Gene Attribute

  • Gene Similarity

biological process Gene Sets

13212 sets of genes participating in biological processes from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 dataset.

Gene Set Description
chromatin silencing at telomere Repression of transcription of telomeric DNA by altering the structure of chromatin.
striated muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
establishment of mitotic spindle localization The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of the mitotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs.
l-glutamate(1-) import into cell
sodium ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions within an organism or cell.
negative regulation of pre-mirna processing Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pre-microRNA processing.
ferrous iron import The directed movement of ferrous iron (Fe(II) or Fe2+) ions across a membrane into a cell or organelle.
cellular alkene metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkene, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n, as carried out by individual cells.
positive regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.
smoothened signaling pathway involved in spinal cord motor neuron cell fate specification The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the transmembrane receptor smoothened in a precursor cell in the spinal cord that contributes to the process of a precursor cell becoming capable of differentiating autonomously into a motor neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.
sequestering of iron ion The process of binding or confining iron ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
positive regulation of t-helper 17 cell lineage commitment Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell lineage commitment.
midbrain-hindbrain boundary maturation during brain development A developmental process occurring after the brain has been specified along the neural axis that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
cardioblast migration to the midline involved in heart field formation The orderly movement of a cardioblast toward the midline to form the heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity.
neutrophil mediated killing of gram-positive bacterium The directed killing of a gram-positive bacterium by a neutrophil.
filtration diaphragm assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a filtration diaphragm, a specialized cell-cell junction found between the cells of the excretory system, which provides a barrier for filtration of blood or hemolymph.
blastocyst formation The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula.
cellular response to glyoxal Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glyoxal stimulus.
late endosome to vacuole transport The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to the vacuole. In yeast, after transport to the prevacuolar compartment, endocytic content is delivered to the late endosome and on to the vacuole. This pathway is analogous to endosome to lysosome transport.
neuromuscular process controlling posture Any process in which an organism voluntarily modulates its posture, the alignment of its anatomical parts.
regulation of canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in controlling type b pancreatic cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway modulating the rate or frequency of pancreatic B cell proliferation.
cellular response to cortisol stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cortisol stimulus. Cortisol is the major natural glucocorticoid synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex; it affects the metabolism of glucose, protein, and fats and has appreciable mineralocorticoid activity. It also regulates the immune system and affects many other functions.
axon target recognition The process in which an axon recognizes and binds to a set of cells with which it may form stable connections.
positive regulation of deacetylase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of deacetylase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acetyl group or groups from a substrate molecule.
regulation of focal adhesion assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion formation, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions.
regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in ureteric bud formation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in ureteric bud formation.
negative regulation of molecular function Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
signal transduction in response to dna damage A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell.
positive regulation of dna-templated transcription, termination Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-templated transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.
regulation of histone h3-k14 acetylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to histone H3 at position 14 of the histone.
negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
autophagic vacuole maturation The process in which autophagic vacuoles (also called autophagosomes), double-membraned vacuoles containing cytoplasmic material, undergo a stepwise maturation. The process includes fusion with both endosomal and lysosomal vesicles providing an acidic environment and digestive function to the interior of the autophagic vacuole.
membrane depolarization during bundle of his cell action potential The process in which bundle of His cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.
positive regulation of mast cell cytokine production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production.
myoblast migration The orderly movement of a myoblast from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. A myoblast is a cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
anaphase-promoting complex-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome.
determination of bilateral symmetry The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to a single longitudinal plane. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.
suppression by virus of host apoptotic process Any viral process that inhibits apoptosis of infected host cells, facilitating prolonged cell survival during viral replication.
cellular response to reactive nitrogen species Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive nitrogen species stimulus.
vagina development The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vagina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
regulation of hyaluranon cable assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluranon cable assembly.
positive regulation of anterior head development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anterior head development.
negative regulation of rna export from nucleus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex ii biogenesis The biogenesis of a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II, a protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Includes the synthesis of constituent proteins and their aggregation, arrangement and bonding together.
regulation of superoxide dismutase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of superoxide dismutase activity.
dephosphorylation The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule.
regulation of endocardial cushion to mesenchymal transition involved in heart valve formation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocardial cushion to mesenchymal transition involved in heart valve formation.
viral rna genome replication The replication of a viral RNA genome.
appendage morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of appendages are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.
regulation of serotonin uptake Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin into a cell.
cochlear nucleus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cochlear nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
negative regulation of cholesterol import Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cholesterol import. Cholesterol import is the directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle.
regulation of cholesterol transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
short-chain fatty acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.
negative regulation of catagen Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of catagen, the regression phase of the hair cycle.
positive regulation of neutrophil apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptotic process.
lymphocyte migration into lymph node The movement of a lymphocyte within the lymphatic system into a lymph node, and its subsequent positioning within defined functional compartments such as sites of cell activation by antigen.
regulation of death-inducing signaling complex assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of death-inducing signaling complex assembly.
positive regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin assembly or disassembly.
optic nerve development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the optic nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.
histone h3-k14 acetylation The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 14 of the histone.
negative regulation of early endosome to late endosome transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to late endosome transport.
box h/aca snorna processing Any process involved in the conversion of a primary box H/ACA type small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) transcript into a mature box H/ACA snoRNA.
regulation of stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach.
cell activation involved in immune response A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
negative regulation of apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
molting cycle The periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin, etc.
renal cortex development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney.
negative regulation of heart rate involved in baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressure Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure.
detoxification of cadmium ion Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of cadmium ion. These may include transport of cadmium away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of cadmium ion.
nucleotide-excision repair, dna incision, 3'-to lesion The endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA 3' to the site of damage. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. The incision precedes the incision formed 5' to the site of damage.
schwann cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.
glycerol-3-phosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.
aromatic compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.
negative regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.
positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.
udp-galactose transmembrane transport The directed movement of UDP-galactose across a membrane into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor The directed movement of an endothelial cell in response to the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF).
positive regulation of lipid storage Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.
collagen-activated tyrosine kinase receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of collagen to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
golgi localization Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
membrane disruption in other organism The disruption of the membranes of another organism, leading to damage to its cells and possibly death of that organism.
regulation of neuron projection development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
positive regulation of neuron migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.
regulation of presynaptic membrane organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of presynaptic membrane organization.
renal phosphate ion absorption A renal system process in which phosphate ions are taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures.
mrna methylation The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in an mRNA molecule.
toll-like receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.
cerebellum development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.
embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the hindlimbs are generated and organized. The hindlimbs are the posterior limbs of an animal.
norepinephrine-epinephrine vasoconstriction involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure A process that results in a decrease in the diameter of an artery during the norepinephrine-epinephrine response to decreased blood pressure.
cellular response to lipopolysaccharide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.
regulation of vitamin d receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway activity.
protein localization to plasma membrane raft A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a plasma membrane raft.
detection of gravity The series of events in which a gravitational stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
microtubule anchoring at centrosome Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell by attachment to a centrosome.
dorsal aorta development The progression of the dorsal aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once.
smooth muscle adaptation Any process in which smooth muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
killing by host of symbiont cells Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
dna integrity checkpoint A cell cycle process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and progresses through signal transduction and ends with cell cycle effector processes.
negative regulation of dendritic spine development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
negative regulation of hair follicle maturation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle maturation.
protein targeting to mitochondrion The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, usually mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein.
regulation of glutamate receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate receptor signaling pathway.
microtubule bundle formation A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.
regulation of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of acid-sensing ion channel activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of acid-sensing ion channel activity.
traversing start control point of mitotic cell cycle A cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering S phase via a positive feedback mechanism between the regulation of transcription and G1 CDK activity.
iodide transport The directed movement of iodide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
pyruvate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate.
cellular trivalent inorganic anion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of trivalent inorganic anions at the level of a cell.
startle response An action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus.
glomerular visceral epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains feet that interdigitate with the feet of other glomerular epithelial cells.
response to organic substance Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.
response to sterol depletion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
i-kappab phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.
negative regulation of interleukin-6 production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.
cellular response to caffeine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them.
ganglioside catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying, in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic residues.
regulation of exocytosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
astrocyte development The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.
regulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate selective glutamate receptor activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate selective glutamate receptor activity.
synaptic vesicle priming The formation of SNARE-containing complexes, bringing synaptic vesicle membrane and plasma membranes into close proximity and thereby facilitating membrane fusion.
g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
otic vesicle formation The process resulting in the transition of the otic placode into the otic vesicle, a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.
positive regulation of histone acetylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.
riboflavin transport The directed movement of riboflavin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin, converted in the cell to FMN and FAD, cofactors required for the function of flavoproteins.
cellular protein complex localization A protein complex localization process that takes place at the cellular level; as a result, a protein complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within a cell.
regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator.
regulation of membrane repolarization during action potential Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of membrane repolarization during an action potential. Membrane repolarization is the process in which membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, towards the resting potential.
trachea development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trachea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.
positive regulation of corticosterone secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of corticosterone secretion.
negative regulation of transcription by glucose Any process involving glucose that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription. The presence of glucose in the growth medium inhibits the synthesis of certain enzymes in bacteria growing on the medium. For example, transcription of some catabolic operons is under negative control by specific repressors and glucose is an anti-inducer of xylose utilization and glycerol kinase.
sphingoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds.
fibroblast apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a fibroblast, a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
response to gonadotropin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin stimulus.
regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.
lipid transport The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
protein trans-autophosphorylation The phosphorylation by a protein of a residue on an identical protein. For example, phosphorylation by the other kinase within a homodimer.
chromatin-mediated maintenance of transcription Maintenance of transcription by remodelling of chromatin into an 'open configuration'. Once established, this regulation is mitotically stable and is maintained over many cell divisions. It is also heritable.
negative regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
purine nucleoside biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
positive regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure The process that increases the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system.
choline transport The directed movement of choline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
regulation of myoblast fusion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast fusion.
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.
snare complex disassembly The disaggregation of the SNARE protein complex into its constituent components. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.
urate homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of urate within an organism or cell.
negative regulation of lipoprotein oxidation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipoprotein oxidation.
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
body fluid secretion The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or tissue in an animal.
modulation by organism of apoptotic process in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
synapse maturation The process that organizes a synapse so that it attains its fully functional state. Synaptic maturation plays a critical role in the establishment of effective synaptic connections in early development.
tendon development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon is a fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or integument and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons and muscles work together to exert a pulling force.
positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
negative regulation of gene silencing Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing, the transcriptional or post-transcriptional process carried out at the cellular level that results in long-term gene inactivation.
neuron recognition The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings.
phytol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytol, (2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol.
protein localization to m-band Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, the M band. The M band is the midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere.
lactate transmembrane transport The directed movement of lactate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.
regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission.
regulation of cytokine secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cytokines from a cell.
l-lysine import into cell The directed movement of L-lysine into a cell.
necroptotic process A programmed necrotic cell death process which begins when a cell receives a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a death receptor or to a Toll-like receptor), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathways), characterized by activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and/or 3 (RIPK1/3, also called RIP1/3), and which typically lead to common morphological features of necrotic cell death. The process ends when the cell has died. The process is divided into a signaling phase, and an execution phase, which is triggered by the former.
dna synthesis involved in dna repair Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template.
aflatoxin b1 metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving aflatoxin B1, a potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by various species from the Aspergillus group of fungi.
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting opioid receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an opioid receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
negative regulation of guanylate cyclase activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.
leukocyte tethering or rolling Transient adhesive interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Carbohydrates on circulating leukocytes bind selectins on the vessel wall causing the leukocytes to slow down and roll along the inner surface of the vessel wall. During this rolling motion, transitory bonds are formed and broken between selectins and their ligands. Typically the first step in cellular extravasation (the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system, towards the site of tissue damage or infection).
regulation of lamellipodium morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium morphogenesis.
regulation of metal ion transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of metal ion transport. Metal ion transport is the directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
c4-dicarboxylate transport The directed movement of a C4-dicarboxylate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A C4-dicarboxylate is the anion of a dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms.
regulation of microtubule polymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
interkinetic nuclear migration The movement of the nucleus of the ventricular zone cell between the apical and the basal zone surfaces. Mitosis occurs when the nucleus is near the apical surface, that is, the lumen of the ventricle.
uroporphyrinogen iii metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving uroporphyrinogen III, a precursor for synthesis of vitamin B12, chlorophyll, and heme in organisms that produce these compounds.
planar cell polarity pathway involved in neural tube closure The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors that modulates the establishment of planar polarity contributing to neural tube closure.
canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of apoptotic process The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the positive regulation of apoptotic process.
embryonic body morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic soma are generated and organized.
neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity The directed killing of a target cell by a neutrophil.
rna stabilization Prevention of degradation of RNA molecules.
regulation of eye pigmentation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of a pattern of pigment in the eye of an organism.
positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.
golgi vesicle docking The initial attachment of a Golgi transport vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the Golgi vesicle and the target membrane.
transcription, dna-templated The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA.
forebrain ventricular zone progenitor cell division The mitotic division of a basal progenitor giving rise to two neurons.
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat1 protein Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat1 protein.
negative regulation of trail-activated apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway.
dosage compensation Compensating for the two-fold variation in X:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by a global activation or inactivation of all, or most of, genes on one or both of the X chromosomes.
succinate transport The directed movement of succinate, the dianion of ethane dicarboxylic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
actomyosin contractile ring assembly The process of assembly of a ring composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.
embryonic heart tube anterior/posterior pattern specification The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of cell differentiation that results in the anterior/posterior subdivision of the embryonic heart tube. In Drosophila this results in subdivision of the dorsal vessel into to the posterior heart proper and the anterior aorta.
response to fluoride Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluoride stimulus.
oculomotor nerve formation The process that gives rise to the oculomotor nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This motor nerve innervates all extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and the lateral rectus muscles. The superior division supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior division supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. This nerve also innervates the striated muscles of the eyelid. Pupillary constriction and lens movement are mediated by this nerve for near vision. In the orbit the inferior division sends branches that enter the ciliary ganglion where they form functional contacts (synapses) with the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells send nerve fibers into the back of the eye where they travel to ultimately innervate the ciliary muscle and the constrictor pupillae muscle.
transcription elongation from rna polymerase iii promoter The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase III promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase III.
regulation of cellular component size A process that modulates the size of a cellular component.
meiotic cell cycle checkpoint A cell cycle checkpoint that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a meiotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage.
scf-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by an SCF (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) complex, and mediated by the proteasome.
cellular response to ammonium ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium ion stimulus.
modulation by symbiont of host apoptotic process Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
response to epidermal growth factor Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epidermal growth factor stimulus.
chromosome separation The cell cycle process in which paired chromosomes are detached from each other. Chromosome separation begins with the release of cohesin complexes from chromosomes; in budding yeast, this includes the cleavage of cohesin complexes along the chromosome arms, followed by the separation of the centromeric regions. Chromosome separation also includes formation of chromatid axes mediated by condensins, and ends with the disentangling of inter-sister catenation catalyzed by topoisomerase II (topo II).
norepinephrine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
regulation of mrna 3'-utr binding
cholesterol biosynthetic process via 24,25-dihydrolanosterol The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, via the intermediate 24,25-dihydrolanosterol.
protein linear deubiquitination A protein deubiquitination process in which a linear polymer of ubiquitin, formed by the amino-terminal methionine (M1) of one ubiquitin molecule and by the carboxy-terminal glycine (G76) of the next, is removed from a protein.
cellular response to potassium ion starvation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of potassium ions.
positive regulation of mitochondrial calcium ion concentration Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in mitochondria.
negative regulation of cd40 signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the CD40 signaling pathway.
t-helper 17 cell lineage commitment The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 17 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive that produces IL-17.
response to increased oxygen levels Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen.
negative regulation of necroptotic process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.
positive regulation of synaptic transmission Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.
efferent axon development in a lateral line nerve The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an efferent axon in a lateral line nerve over time from its formation to the mature structure. This process includes axonogenesis and pathfinding of the efferent axons in any lateral line nerve.
hair follicle placode formation The developmental process in which a hair placode forms. An hair follicle placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the hair follicle bud.
regulation of mitochondrial depolarization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive.
gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion The regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a cell or a tissue. The gamma-aminobutyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain but is also found in several extraneural tissues.
negative regulation of mitochondrial depolarization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive.
positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 (NOD1) pathway.
regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of symbiont cell Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a symbiont cell, the directed killing of a symbiont target cell by a neutrophil.
negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in ureteric bud formation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in ureteric bud formation.
phenylalanyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling phenylalanine to phenylalanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
anterior/posterior axis specification, embryo The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by the products of genes expressed maternally and genes expressed in the zygote.
cajal body organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of Cajal bodies, nuclear bodies that appear ultrastructurally as a tangle of coiled, electron-dense threads roughly 0.5 micrometers in diameter and are enriched in ribonucleoproteins, and certain general RNA polymerase II transcription factors.
t cell proliferation The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation.
olfactory lobe development The progression of the olfactory lobe over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory lobe is the area of the brain that process the neural inputs for the sense of smell.
behavioral response to pain Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli.
head development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.
glycerolipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone.
regulation of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells.
protein palmitoleylation The covalent attachment of a palmitoleyl group to a protein.
peripheral nervous system axon regeneration The regrowth of axons outside the central nervous system (outside the brain and spinal cord) following an axonal injury.
regulation of platelet-derived growth factor production Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the appearance of any platelet-derived growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
complement component c5a signaling pathway A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the C5a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process. C5a is a peptide derived from the C5 complement factor.
carnitine transport The directed movement of carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carnitine is a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
regulation of activated t cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.
dna replication checkpoint A cell cycle checkpoint that prevents the initiation of nuclear division until DNA replication is complete, thereby ensuring that progeny inherit a full complement of the genome.
positive regulation of dna biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.
sulfur compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
signal transduction The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.
positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process.
positive regulation of interleukin-18 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production.
negative regulation of interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.
positive regulation of sequence-specific dna binding transcription factor activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.
cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
glucose-6-phosphate transport The directed movement of glucose-6-phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glucose-6-phosphate is a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.
regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.
response to camp Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.
tripeptide transport The directed movement of a tripeptide, a compound containing three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of rna biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.
dna rewinding The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) are reformed to regenerate double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). ssDNA is often bound and stabilized by proteins such as replication protein A (RPA) to form ssDNA bubbles. The bubbles can be rewound by ATP-dependent motors to reform base pairs between strands and thus dsDNA.
3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride. It is an intermediate in the formation of a variety of sulfo compounds in biological systems.
gene conversion A DNA recombination process that results in the unidirectional transfer of genetic material from a donor sequence to a highly homologous acceptor.
ribonucleoside bisphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
branched-chain amino acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.
protein de-adp-ribosylation The process of removing one or more ADP-ribose residues from a protein.
centrosome-templated microtubule nucleation The 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates from the centrosome.
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.
xdp catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of XDP.
negative regulation of myoblast proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.
regulation of alpha-beta t cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
positive regulation of cell cycle process Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
protein biotinylation The addition of biotin (vitamin B7 / vitamin H) to a protein amino acid.
negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in the apoptotic process.
regulation of small gtpase mediated signal transduction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.
negative regulation of mast cell cytokine production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production.
embryonic eye morphogenesis The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized.
positive regulation of protein linear polyubiquitination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein linear polyubiquitination.
endodermal cell fate determination The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an endoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
interleukin-17 production The appearance of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
cytokine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytokines, any of a group of proteins or glycoproteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity.
signal transduction involved in dna damage checkpoint A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA damage checkpoint.
regulation of cell-substrate junction assembly Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell-substrate junction assembly. Cell-substrate junction assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate.
centrosome duplication The replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.
postsynaptic density protein 95 clustering The clustering process in which postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) molecules are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane. PSD-95 is mostly located in the post synaptic density of neurons, and is involved in anchoring synaptic proteins.
regulation of protein import into nucleus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
regulation of arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation mediated by the Arp2/3 complex and interacting proteins.
protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane The process that results in the incorporation of a protein into a mitochondrial membrane.
starch metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants. It is a glucan consisting of two components, amylose and amylopectin, which are both glucose homopolymers. Starch is synthesized as a temporary storage form of carbon and can be catabolized to produce sucrose.
l-amino acid transport The directed movement of L-enantiomer amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway.
regulation of glucosylceramide catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucosylceramide catabolic process.
pml body organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of PML bodies, a class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML = promyelocytic leukemia).
mesodermal cell fate commitment The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the mesoderm.
response to fluoxetine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluoxetine stimulus. Fluoxetine increases the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by inhibiting its reuptake into the presynaptic cell, increasing the level of serotonin available to bind to the postsynaptic receptor.
regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.
rho protein signal transduction A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.
negative regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane.
positive regulation of renal water transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of renal water transport.
positive regulation of neutrophil differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil differentiation.
ribonucleotide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
putamen development The progression of the putamen over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The putamen is the lens-shaped basal ganglion involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.
regulation of toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway.
positive regulation of mitochondrial fission Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.
phospholipase c-inhibiting g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway A G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway which proceeds with inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) activity and a subsequent decrease in the levels of cellular inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
tube formation Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow.
actin filament-based process Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
eye photoreceptor cell fate commitment The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an eye photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments.
hypoxanthine salvage Any process that generates hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress.
clathrin coat disassembly The disaggregation of a clathrin coat into its constituent components; results in stripping or removing the clathrin coat from clathrin-coated vesicles (CCV) before fusing with their targets. CVVs transport cargo from plasma membrane and trans-Golgi to the endosomal system.
regulation of programmed cell death Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
endocardial cushion to mesenchymal transition involved in heart valve formation A transition where an endocardial cushion cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the formation of a cardiac valve.
carbohydrate transmembrane transport The process in which a carbohydrate is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
multinuclear osteoclast differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a multinuclear osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.
positive regulation of intracellular transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
regulation of transmembrane transporter activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity.
embryonic placenta development The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.
regulation of receptor catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor catabolic process.
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle uncoating Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle uncoating.
determination of affect Any process in which an emotional response is associated with a particular sensory stimulation.
regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion.
long-chain fatty acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of long-chain fatty acids, a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
carotene catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carotenes, hydrocarbon carotenoids.
rna biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. Refers not only to transcription but also to e.g. viral RNA replication.
positive regulation of tooth mineralization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tooth mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth structures.
mitral valve formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the mitral valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
n-terminal protein palmitoylation The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.
glucosamine-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosamine-containing compounds (glucosamines).
cold acclimation Any process that increases freezing tolerance of an organism in response to low, nonfreezing temperatures.
regulation of mammary gland involution Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mammary gland involution.
dehydroascorbic acid transport The directed movement of dehydroascorbate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Dehydroascorbate, 5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)furan-2,3,4(5H)-trione, is an oxidized form of vitamin C.
regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.
negative regulation of map kinase activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.
pathway-restricted smad protein phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a pathway restricted SMAD protein. A pathway restricted SMAD protein is an effector protein that acts directly downstream of the transforming growth factor family receptor.
positive regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity by adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction An adrenergic receptor signaling pathway that contributes to an increase in frequency or rate of cardiac muscle contraction through phosphorylation and enhancement of the ryanodine receptor, a calcium-activated calcium-release channel found in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. An adrenergic receptor-activated adenylate cyclase generates cAMP. cAMP then activates the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), which phosphorylates the ryanodine receptor (RyR). PKA-phosphorylation of RyR enhances channel activity by sensitizing the channel to cytosolic calcium. Cytosolic calcium stimulates contractile proteins to promote muscle contraction.
gabaergic neuron differentiation in basal ganglia The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a GABAergic inhibitory neuron in the basal ganglia. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a GABAergic neuron.
zinc ion transmembrane transport A process in which a zinc ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
meiotic metaphase i plate congression The alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the meiotic spindle, during meiosis I.
positive regulation of chondrocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.
retina development in camera-type eye The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.
regulation of vacuolar transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport.
regulation of centriole elongation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of centriole elongation.
meiosis ii The second nuclear division of meiosis, in which the two chromatids in each chromosome are separated, resulting in four daughter nuclei from the two nuclei produced in meiosis II.
growth of symbiont involved in interaction with host The increase in size or mass of an organism, occurring in, on or near the exterior of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
translocation of molecules into host The directed movement of a molecule(s) produced by an organism to a location inside its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of sprouting of injured axon Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting of an injured axon.
negative regulation of sperm motility Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sperm motility.
histone h4-k16 acetylation The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 16 of the histone.
regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane depolarization Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.
regulation of adrenergic receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an adrenergic receptor signaling pathway activity. An adrenergic receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1.
regulation of lamellipodium assembly Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta3.
purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
cellular response to glucagon stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus.
central nervous system interneuron axonogenesis Generation of a long process that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells from a neuron located in the central nervous system whose axons remain within a single brain region.
negative regulation of bone remodeling Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling.
ferrous iron transport The directed movement of ferrous iron (Fe(II) or Fe2+) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of adherens junction organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adherens junction organization.
water-soluble vitamin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.
establishment of synaptic specificity at neuromuscular junction The biological process in which a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle is initially formed.
protein complex biogenesis A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a protein complex. Includes the synthesis of the constituent protein molecules, and those protein modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the complex.
otic vesicle development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otic vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.
regulation of interleukin-12 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.
histone h3-t6 phosphorylation The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an phosphate group to a threonine residue at position 6 of the histone.
regulation of phosphatidylinositol dephosphorylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reaction involving the removal of one or more phosphate groups from a phosphatidylinositol.
dendrite morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendrite are generated and organized. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell.
specification of ureteric bud anterior/posterior symmetry The establishment of the ureteric bud such that there is a similar arrangement in form and relationship of parts along its anterior/posterior axis.
response to growth hormone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth hormone stimulus. Growth hormone is a peptide hormone that binds to the growth hormone receptor and stimulates growth.
positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.
long-chain fatty-acyl-coa biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths of C13 or more.
intestine smooth muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the intestine. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The intestine is the section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anal canal. It includes the large intestine and small intestine.
endothelial cell chemotaxis The directed movement of an endothelial cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
n-acetylglucosamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.
vegf-activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to a platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
negative regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.
fatty-acyl-coa catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.
nerve development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
negative regulation of cellular response to hypoxia Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hypoxia.
lactate oxidation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of lactate to other compounds, such as pyruvate, with concomitant loss of electrons.
cellular response to extracellular stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus.
n-terminal peptidyl-serine dimethylation The dimethylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins to form the derivative N,N-dimethylserine.
positive regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via electrical coupling. Cell communication via electrical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
positive regulation of posttranscriptional gene silencing Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.
positive regulation of non-canonical wnt signaling pathway via jnk cascade Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway via JNK cascade.
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development.
cellular carbohydrate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.
negative regulation of transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of sequestering of zinc ion Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of sequestering of zinc ion. Sequestering of zinc ion is the process of binding or confining zinc ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
cellular response to hydrogen peroxide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.
nitrogen catabolite regulation of transcription A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one nitrogen source leads to the modulation of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other nitrogen sources.
negative regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.
valine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.
histone-tyrosine phosphorylation The modification of histones by addition of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue.
rhombomere 3 development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 3 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
negative regulation of elastin biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of elastin.
regulation of leukocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.
regulation of transcription during meiosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription during meiosis.
negative regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process.
carbon dioxide transmembrane transport A process in which carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of neurogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the origin and formation of neurons.
pentose-phosphate shunt, non-oxidative branch The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which does not involve oxidation reactions. It comprises a series of sugar phosphate interconversions, starting with ribulose 5-P and producing fructose 6-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P.
creatine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.
negative regulation of cell projection organization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
glomerular visceral epithelial cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular visceral epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains feet that interdigitate with the feet of other glomerular epithelial cells.
positive regulation of fat cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.
blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of blood vessels.
sister chromatid biorientation The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids establish stable attachments to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles.
medium-chain fatty-acyl-coa catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of medium-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a medium-chain fatty-acyl group. A medium-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
external genitalia morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the external genitalia are generated and organized. The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals.
embryonic organ morphogenesis Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
positive regulation of protein import into mitochondrial outer membrane Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein import into mitochondrial outer membrane.
positive regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle assembly Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle assembly. High-density lipoprotein particle assembly is the aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids to form a high-density lipoprotein particle.
t-helper 17 cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a T-helper 17 (Th17) cell. A Th17 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive that produces IL-17.
positive regulation of lymphotoxin a biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cytokine lymphotoxin A.
neural crest cell fate commitment The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a neural crest cell.
response to bile acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bile acid stimulus.
negative regulation of jak-stat cascade Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter involved in heart development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the development of the heart over time.
pre-replicative complex assembly involved in cell cycle dna replication Any pre-replicative complex assembly that is involved in cell cycle DNA replication.
dna damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.
l-proline biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-proline, an L-enantiomer of a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration.
amygdala development The progression of the amygdala over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The amygdala is an almond-shaped set of neurons in the medial temporal lobe of the brain that play a key role in processing emotions such as fear and pleasure.
negative regulation of interleukin-1 secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 from a cell.
regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
negative regulation of rrna processing Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of rRNA processing.
negative regulation of g0 to g1 transition A cell cycle process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of the transition from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase.
dopamine uptake The directed movement of dopamine into a cell.
pinocytosis An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, called pinosomes, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane.
regulation of translational termination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.
histone mrna metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving an mRNA encoding a histone.
platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to an alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFalpha) on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
metanephric nephron tubule development The progression of a metanephric nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros.
positive regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.
negative regulation of secretion of lysosomal enzymes Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of secretion of lysosomal enzymes, the controlled release of lysosomal enzymes by a cell.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
apoptotic process involved in patterning of blood vessels Any apoptotic process that is involved in patterning of blood vessels.
asparagine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.
methylglyoxal biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.
regulation of histone h3-k36 trimethylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K36 trimethylation.
'de novo' protein folding The process of assisting in the folding of a nascent peptide chain into its correct tertiary structure.
regulation of cellular carbohydrate catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, carried out by individual cells.
limbic system development The progression of the limbic system over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The limbic system is a collection of structures in the brain involved in emotion, motivation and emotional aspects of memory.
positive regulation of snare complex assembly Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of assembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.
ossification involved in bone remodeling The formation or growth of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in response to injury or other physical, physiological or environmental stress stimuli.
epinephrine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.
regulation of t cell anergy Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
mannose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins.
response to interferon-gamma Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.
negative regulation of response to extracellular stimulus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an extracellular stimulus.
fc receptor mediated inhibitory signaling pathway A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.
specification of loop of henle identity The process in which the loop of Henle of the kidney nephron acquires its identity.
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.
natural killer cell chemotaxis The directed movement of a natural killer cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
sodium ion transport The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin transferase activity.
chromatin organization involved in negative regulation of transcription Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription by chromatin organization.
negative regulation of cell adhesion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.
isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.
cellular response to hyperoxia Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension.
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the embryonic mitotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of cortisol secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cortisol from a cell.
auditory receptor cell fate specification The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an auditory hair cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
positive regulation of anion transport
mrna cleavage Any process in which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner.
negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.
endoplasmic reticulum localization Any process in which endoplasmic reticulum is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
regulation of proteinase activated receptor activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proteinase activated receptor activity.
positive regulation of programmed cell death Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
indolalkylamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.
positive regulation of response to stimulus Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.
pancreatic juice secretion The regulated release of pancreatic juice by the exocrine pancreas into the upper part of the intestine. Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach.
catecholamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
slow endocytic recycling The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from deep (non-peripheral) compartments endocytic compartments back to the plasma membrane where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.
response to defense-related nitric oxide production by other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of nitric oxide produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.
regulation of dna damage checkpoint Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.
endocardial cushion cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endocardial cushion cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.
endodermal cell fate specification The cell fate determination process that results in a cell becoming capable of differentiating autonomously into an endoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
direct ossification The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance, that does not require the replacement of preexisting tissues.
regulation of relaxation of muscle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of muscle.
deadenylation-independent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mrna Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that is independent of poly(A) tail shortening.
cellular response to hypoxia Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.
skeletal muscle tissue regeneration The regrowth of skeletal muscle tissue to repair injured or damaged muscle fibers in the postnatal stage.
embryonic ectodermal digestive tract development The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectodermal gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
fatty acid omega-oxidation A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation.
removal of rna primer involved in mitotic dna replication Any DNA replication, removal of RNA primer that is involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.
protein neddylation Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 (RUB1) to another protein.
cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.
negative regulation of platelet activation Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.
polysaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
negative regulation of histone deacetylation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.
positive regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
regulation of chronic inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
skeletal muscle tissue development The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers.
positive regulation of ammonia assimilation cycle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ammonia assimilation cycle.
epithelial cell maturation The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.
3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate transmembrane transport The directed movement of 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate across a membrane.
regulation of ovarian follicle development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian follicle development.
negative regulation of oocyte maturation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.
single-organism membrane organization A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane, involving only one organism.
regulation of eosinophil extravasation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil extravasation.
positive regulation of cilium assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cilium.
regulation of short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity A process that modulates short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change in the short-term as circumstances require. Short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increasing or decreasing synaptic sensitivity.
regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase.
mononuclear cell migration The movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
l-aspartate transport The directed movement of L-aspartate, the L-enantiomer of the anion of (2R)-2-aminobutanedioic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
nk t cell activation The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
import across plasma membrane The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
positive regulation of exosomal secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.
positive regulation of protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.
regulation of cytokine activity Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the activity of a molecule that controls the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.
positive regulation of neurotrophin production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a neurotrophin.
negative regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis.
establishment of protein localization to chromatin The directed movement of a protein to a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.
regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
positive regulation of apoptotic cell clearance Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic cell clearance.
regulation of l-arginine import Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-arginine import. L-arginine import is the directed movement of L-arginine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, into a cell or organelle.
regulation of monooxygenase activity Any process that modulates the activity of a monooxygenase.
negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.
trna splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation Splicing of tRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.
positive regulation of bone resorption Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.
positive regulation of t-helper 2 cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell activation.
negative regulation of intracellular transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
regulation of secretion of lysosomal enzymes Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of secretion of lysosomal enzymes, the controlled release of lysosomal enzymes by a cell.
energy homeostasis Any process involved in the balance between food intake (energy input) and energy expenditure.
regulation of gamma-delta t cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation.
positive regulation of acrosomal vesicle exocytosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of acrosomal vesicle exocytosis.
negative regulation of udp-glucose catabolic process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of UDP-glucose catabolism. UDP-glucose catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
cellular response to oxidative stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the formation of the endocardial cushion.
negative regulation of oxidative phosphorylation Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.
ventral trunk neural crest cell migration The movement of trunk neural crest cells from the neural tube, travelling ventrally through the anterior half of each sclerotome. Trunk neural crest cells that remain in the sclerotome form the dorsal root ganglia containing the sensory neurons. Trunk neural crest cells that continue more ventrally form the sympathetic ganglia, the adrenal medulla, and the nerve clusters surrounding the aorta.
cannabinoid signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cannabinoid binding to a cell surface receptor. The pathway proceeds with the receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Cannabinoids are a class of diverse chemical compounds that include the endocannabinoids and the phytocannabinoids.
regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation The process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation.
activation of protein kinase activity Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive protein kinase.
threonylcarbamoyladenosine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of threonylcarbamoyladenosine, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.
regulation of stem cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.
detection of nodal flow The series of events by which an endogenous stimulus is received by a cilium on a cell and converted to a molecular signal contributing to left/right asymmetry.
regulation of interleukin-1 beta production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.
negative regulation of cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state.
regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.
hair follicle development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open.
photoreactive repair The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T and C-C dimers by directly reversing the damage to restore the original pyrimidines.
polarized epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a polarized epithelial cell. The polarized epithelial cell can be any of the cells within an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.
positive regulation of monooxygenase activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of a monooxygenase.
response to salt Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salt stimulus.
eosinophil fate commitment The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a eosinophil cell. A eosinophil is any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin.
positive regulation of interleukin-1 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.
intracellular cholesterol transport The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, within cells.
metal ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of metal ions within an organism or cell.
mrna metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.
antigen processing and presentation, endogenous lipid antigen via mhc class ib The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen of endogenous origin in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family.
positive regulation of neuron maturation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway.
wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells The migration of an epidermal cell along or through a wound gap that contributes to the reestablishment of a continuous epidermis.
reactive oxygen species metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.
response to glucose Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.
negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter by glucose Any process involving glucose that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
negative regulation of lipase activity Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.
dna methylation on cytosine The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 or N-4 of cytosine in a DNA molecule.
hepatocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a hepatocyte. A hepatocyte is specialized epithelial cell that is organized into interconnected plates called lobules, and is the main structural component of the liver.
developmental maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state.
regulation of dna-templated transcription, initiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.
nose morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the nose are generated and organized. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity).
negative regulation of chloride transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chloride transport.
calcium ion-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitter The release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, where the release step is dependent on the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+). The neurotransmitter is contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle, and is released by fusion of the vesicle with the presynaptic plasma membrane of a nerve cell.
canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the progression of the heart over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.
insecticide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving insecticides, chemicals used to kill insects.
adaptation of rhodopsin mediated signaling The process in which a rhodopsin-mediated signaling pathway is adjusted to modulate the sensitivity and response of a visual system to light stimuli (that might vary over more than 6 magnitudes in intensity) without response saturation.
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.
positive regulation of b cell apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of synapse structural plasticity Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic structural plasticity.
post-embryonic organ morphogenesis Morphogenesis, during the post-embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis pertains to process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
negative regulation of striated muscle contraction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.
platelet degranulation The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine and serotonin by a platelet.
regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.
protein carboxylation The addition of a carboxy group to a protein amino acid.
tetrahydrobiopterin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.
specification of axis polarity The pattern specification process in which the polarity of a body or organ axis is established and maintained.
bronchus morphogenesis The process in which the bronchus is generated and organized. The bronchus is the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs.
detection of biotic stimulus The series of events in which a biotic stimulus, one caused or produced by a living organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.
positive regulation of sodium-dependent phosphate transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium-dependent phosphate transport.
cytoplasmic sequestering of protein The selective interaction of a protein with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its transport into other areas of the cell.
sulfur amino acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
protein demalonylation The removal of a malonyl group (CO-CH2-CO), from an amino acid residue within a protein or peptide.
positive regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.
positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) pathway.
regulation of rac protein signal transduction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction.
negative regulation of g2/m transition of mitotic cell cycle Any cell cycle regulatory process that decreases the rate or extent of progression of a cell from G2 to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation involved in inactivation of protein kinase activity Any peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation that is involved in inactivation of protein kinase activity.
cellular response to mycophenolic acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycophenolic acid stimulus.
cmp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CMP, cytidine monophosphate.
positive regulation of cell cycle Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
amp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of AMP, adenosine monophosphate.
dcdp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dCDP, deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphate.
central nervous system myelination The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.
multicellular organism reproduction The biological process in which new individuals are produced by one or two multicellular organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.
embryonic neurocranium morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the neurocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The neurocranium is the portion of the vertebrate skull surrounding the brain.
mitotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles occurs. This mediates by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during mitosis.
negative regulation of eye pigmentation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of a pattern of pigment in the eye of an organism.
negative regulation of cellular component organization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
dendritic spine development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.
nad transport The directed movement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore; transport may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
positive regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2.
microvillus assembly Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.
regulation of necroptotic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.
regulation of extracellular matrix assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.
cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
translational frameshifting A mechanism whereby different proteins may result from a single mRNA molecule, due to a change in the parsing of three nucleotides per codon relative to an initiating AUG codon.
postganglionic parasympathetic fiber development
axon choice point recognition The recognition of molecules at a choice point by an axon growth cone; at a choice point the growth cone determines the direction of its future growth.
lysosome localization Any process in which a lysosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
positive regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase.
regulation of protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.
susceptibility to t cell mediated cytotoxicity The process of causing a cell to become susceptible to T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
multicellular organism growth The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.
ether lipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving ether lipids, lipids that contain (normally) one lipid alcohol in ether linkage to one of the carbon atoms (normally C-1) of glycerol.
threonine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 5 production The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
lateral mesoderm formation The process that gives rise to the lateral mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
high-density lipoprotein particle clearance The process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
negative regulation of transcription regulatory region dna binding Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.
regulation of sphingomyelin catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sphingomyelin catabolic process.
indole-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
insulin receptor internalization A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of an insulin receptor from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell.
regulation of transporter activity Any process that modulates the activity of a transporter.
beta-amyloid clearance The process in which beta-amyloid is removed from the brain via receptors.
regulation of sensory perception Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception, the series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.
calcium activated galactosylceramide scrambling The movement of a population of galactosylceramide molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet as a result of a calcium stimulus.
cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contraction An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell and is involved in its contraction.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development.
srp-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane.
isoquinoline alkaloid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoquinoline alkaloids, alkaloid compounds that contain bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings and are derived from a 3,4-dihydroxytyramine (dopamine) precursor that undergoes a Schiff base addition with aldehydes of different origin.
establishment of protein localization to peroxisome The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a peroxisome.
positive regulation of lipid transport across blood brain barrier Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid transport across blood brain barrier.
positive regulation of dopamine metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.
cardiolipin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving cardiolipin, 1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol.
cell-substrate junction assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate.
positive regulation of myd88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
cell proliferation in hindbrain The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the hindbrain.
angiotensin maturation The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of angiotensin by conversion of renin substrate into mature angiotensin in the blood.
vacuolar transport The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole.
d-ribose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-ribose (ribo-pentose).
metal incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster The formation of a cluster of several metal atoms, including iron, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, or copper, with one or more bridging (mu-bond) sulfur atoms; amino acids residues in proteins that may ligate the metal sulfur cluster are cysteine, histidine, aspartate, glutamate, serine and cysteine persulfide.
trna-type intron splice site recognition and cleavage RNA processing that begins when the tertiary structure of a tRNA type intron is recognized, and ends when the endonucleolytic cleavage of the RNA at both the 5' and 3' splice sites occurs.
protein k33-linked deubiquitination A protein deubiquitination process in which a K33-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 33 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.
positive regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
peptidyl-glycine modification The modification of peptidyl-glycine.
regulation of melanosome organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of melanosome organization.
regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation.
regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
negative regulation of tor signaling Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.
sensory perception of sweet taste The series of events required to receive a sweet taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
negative regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.
spermidine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.
diadenosine polyphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diadenosine polyphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with phosphate groups attached.
pericardium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pericardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the aorta, vena cava and the pulmonary artery.
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. G-CSF binds to the receptor (CSF3R).
positive regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
siderophore biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances made by aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, especially when growing under iron deficient conditions. The complexes of Fe(3+)-siderophores have very high stability constants and are taken up by specific transport systems by microorganisms; the subsequent release of iron requires enzymatic action.
regulation of blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway.
protein retention in golgi apparatus The retention of proteins within the Golgi apparatus. Golgi-localized carbohydrate-modifying enzymes have a short N-terminal domain that faces the cytosol, a single transmembrane alpha helix, and a large C-terminal domain that faces the Golgi lumen and that contains the catalytic site. How the membrane-spanning alpha helix in a Golgi enzyme causes its localization and prevents its movement to the plasma membrane is not known.
posttranslational protein targeting to membrane, translocation The process in which a protein translocates through the ER membrane posttranslationally.
glutathione derivative biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione derivative.
positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.
formaldehyde biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), the simplest aldehyde.
mevalonate transport The directed movement of mevalonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of cytokine production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine.
positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the plasma membrane.
protein lipoylation The addition of a lipoyl group to an amino acid residue in a protein.
regulation of behavioral fear response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavioral fear response.
low-density lipoprotein receptor particle metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving low-density lipoprotein receptors.
negative regulation of ion transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle dna replication Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.
aldehyde catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O.
negative regulation of root hair elongation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of root hair elongation.
fatty acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.
receptor recycling The process that results in the return of receptor molecules to an active state and an active cellular location after they have been stimulated by a ligand. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a signal.
t-helper 2 cell cytokine production Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T-helper 2 cell.
cellular response to blue light Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a blue light stimulus. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm.
negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.
intestinal cholesterol absorption Uptake of cholesterol into the blood by absorption from the small intestine.
anterior neuropore closure The joining together of the neural folds of the rostral opening of the neural tube. The anterior neuropore appears before the process of neural tube closure is complete.
meiotic mismatch repair A system for the identification and correction of base-base mismatches, small insertion-deletion loops, and regions of heterology that are present in duplex DNA formed with strands from two recombining molecules. Correction of the mismatch can result in non-Mendelian segregation of alleles following meiosis.
chemical homeostasis within a tissue Any process involved in the maintenance of the internal steady state of the amount of a chemical at the level of the tissue.
chromatin assembly The assembly of DNA, histone proteins, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA, into chromatin structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the nucleus.
positive regulation of cellular metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
gdp catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter involved in definitive endodermal cell fate specification Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that ultimately results in a cell being specified to adopt a definitive endodermal cell fate.
superoxide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.
negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
cellular response to gamma radiation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
defense response to tumor cell Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell that act to protect the cell or organism.
positive regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.
cellular copper ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of copper ions at the level of a cell.
histone h4-r3 demethylation The modification of histone H4 by the removal of a methyl group from arginine at position 3 of the histone.
organic heteropentacyclic compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic heteropentacyclic compound.
negative regulation of protein activation cascade Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein activation cascade.
barbed-end actin filament uncapping The removal of capping protein from the barbed (or plus) end of actin filaments to free the ends for addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits.
dendritic cell differentiation The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell. A dendritic cell is a leukocyte of dendritic lineage specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation.
toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 8.
negative regulation of sarcomere organization Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
positive regulation of myotome development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotome development.
protein metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification.
response to fructose Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fructose stimulus.
positive regulation of oxygen metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.
trna transcription from rna polymerase iii promoter The synthesis of transfer RNA (tRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter.
positive regulation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion.
sulfide oxidation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of sulfide to elemental sulfur in a higher oxidation state, or to sulfite or sulfate.
face development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head.
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via mhc class i The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
renal tubule development The progression of the renal tubule over time from its formation to the mature form. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis.
positive regulation of macrophage fusion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage fusion.
positive regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission.
regulation of cd8-positive, alpha-beta t cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.
cysteine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.
arachidonic acid metabolite production involved in inflammatory response The synthesis or release of products of arachidonic acid metabolism following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels.
rrna base methylation The addition of a methyl group to an atom in the nucleoside base portion of a nucleotide residue in an rRNA molecule.
macromolecule deacylation The removal of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, from a macromolecule.
aorta development The progression of the aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
glycolipid transport The directed movement of glycolipids, compounds containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
cellular glucuronidation The modification of an organic chemical by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The substances resulting from glucuronidation are known as glucuronosides (or glucuronides) and are often much more water-soluble than the non-glucuronic acid-containing precursor.
regulation of cell shape Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell.
positive regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 alpha production.
homotypic cell-cell adhesion The attachment of a cell to a second cell of the identical type via adhesion molecules.
negative regulation of fibrinolysis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.
external encapsulating structure organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of external structures that lie outside the plasma membrane and surround the entire cell.
somatostatin receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a somatostatin receptor (SSTR) binding to one of its physiological ligands and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
bronchus development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchus from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchus and ends with the mature structure. The bronchus is the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs.
ubiquinone metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.
inhibition of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity Any process that prevents the activation of an inactive cysteine-type endopeptidase.
negative regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.
farnesol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the sesquiterpenoid alcohol farnesol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10,dodecatrien-1-ol.
modulation of molecular function in other organism The process in which an organism effects a change in the function of proteins in a second organism.
nucleic acid phosphodiester bond hydrolysis The nucleic acid metabolic process in which the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides are cleaved by hydrolysis.
regulation of rna polymerase ii transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly.
regulation of translation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA.
cellular response to caloric restriction Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a of caloric restriction, insufficient food energy intake.
regulation of interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interleukin-6-mediated binding to a cell surface receptor.
cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.
neuron differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron.
erythrophore differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an erythrophore cell. Erythrophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain pteridine and/or carotenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or erythrosomes. This gives them an orange to red appearance.
common bile duct development The progression of the common bile duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The common bile duct is formed from the joining of the common hepatic duct running from the liver, and the cystic duct running from the gall bladder. The common bile duct transports bile from the liver and gall bladder to the intestine.
positive regulation of interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interleukin-6 binding to a cell surface receptor.
morphogenesis of an endothelium The process in which the anatomical structure of an endothelium is generated and organized. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.
snrna transport The directed movement of snRNA, small nuclear ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
l-asparagine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-asparagine, (2S)-2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.
establishment of localization The directed movement of a cell, substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, to a specific location.
riboflavin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
cell differentiation involved in metanephros development The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
vegf-activated neuropilin signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to a neuropilin protein on the surface of a target cell, followed by transmission of the signal, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
positive regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response.
central nervous system vasculogenesis The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes in the central nervous system. The capillary endothelial cells in the brain are specialized to form the blood-brain barrier.
synaptic transmission, cholinergic The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
intracellular ph reduction Any process that reduces the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
udp-glucose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
positive regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process Any process that activates or increases frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways in multicellular organisms that occur at the tissue, organ, or organismal level.
calcineurin-nfat signaling cascade Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the by activation of a member of the NFAT protein family as a consequence of NFAT dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The cascade begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin dephosphorylates multiple phosphoserine residues on NFAT, resulting in the translocation of NFAT to the nucleus. The cascade ends with regulation of transcription by NFAT. The calcineurin-NFAT cascade lies downstream of many cell surface receptors, including G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that signal to mobilize calcium ions (Ca2+).
organ induction The interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ.
regulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.
d-aspartate import The directed movement of D-aspartate, the L-enantiomer of the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into a cell or organelle.
histamine transport The directed movement of histamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
negative regulation of serine-type peptidase activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type peptidase activity.
cellular macromolecule metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, as carried out by individual cells.
canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of wound healing The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in positive regulation of wound healing.
detection of visible light The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.
disruption by symbiont of host cell Any process in which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the host's cells. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
central nervous system myelin maintenance The process in which the structure and material content of mature central nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state.
vesicle fusion with golgi apparatus The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle to the lipid bilayer membrane around the Golgi.
cell adhesion The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.
positive regulation of non-canonical wnt signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt-activated signaling pathway.
regulation of cell adhesion molecule production Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.
cellular response to acid chemical Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of the dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.
cellular response to osmotic stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
lipoprotein particle mediated signaling A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a lipoprotein particle.
negative regulation of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching Any process that reduces the frequency, rate or extent of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching, the growth of a branch of the ureteric bud along its axis.
positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis by vegf-activated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to a VEGFR on the surface of a cell, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.
positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of uterine smooth muscle contraction.
positive regulation of pigment cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation.
mullerian duct regression The process in which the Mullerian ducts, primordia of the oviducts, uterus and upper vagina, undergo regression in male embryos.
acetyl-coa transport The directed movement of acetyl-CoA into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acetyl-CoA is a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis.
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle transport.
regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.
negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an endoplasmic reticulum stress.
activation of jnkk activity The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) activity. JNKKs are involved in a signaling pathway that is primarily activated by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress.
bud dilation involved in lung branching The process in which a bud in the lung increases radially.
7-methylguanosine cap hypermethylation Hypermethylation of the 7-(mono)methylguanosine (m(7)G) cap structure at the 2' position of the guanosine residue to convert a mono-methylated cap to a 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine cap structure. This type of cap modification occurs on small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and is dependent on prior guanine-N7 methylation.
histidine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
succinyl-coa pathway The chemical reactions that utilize succinyl-CoA in the synthesis of protoporphyrin IX.
regulation of mapk export from nucleus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a MAP kinase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
response to sorbitol Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sorbitol stimulus.
negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
glycine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine, aminoethanoic acid.
methionine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
positive regulation of protein import into nucleus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
regulation of termination of rna polymerase ii transcription, poly(a)-coupled Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled.
vitamin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
regulation of dna recombination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a DNA metabolic process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents.
negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.
corticospinal tract morphogenesis Generation of a long process of a pyramidal cell, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in cerebral cortex layer V towards target cells in the gray matter of the spinal cord. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the corticospinal tract.
cellular response to carbohydrate stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.
regulation of chronic inflammatory response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
positive regulation of actin filament depolymerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin depolymerization.
monosaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.
peptidyl-glutamine modification The modification of peptidyl-glutamine.
negative regulation of programmed cell death Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
negative regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.
interleukin-21 secretion The regulated release of interleukin-21 from a cell.
ribosomal large subunit biogenesis A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a large ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
fluid transport The directed movement of substances that are in liquid form in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
transcription initiation from rna polymerase iii promoter Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase III preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase III promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription.
negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid.
regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junctions.
mesenchymal cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate salvage Any process that generates pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
regulation of t cell activation via t cell receptor contact with antigen bound to mhc molecule on antigen presenting cell Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.
chemokine production The appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
galactose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose.
negative regulation of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching by bmp signaling pathway A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor resulting in the reduction of the frequency, rate or extent of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching, the growth of a branch of the ureteric bud along its axis.
blood vessel endothelial cell fate commitment The commitment of a cell to a blood vessel endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a blood vessel endothelial cell.
positive regulation of small gtpase mediated signal transduction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.
positive regulation of interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.
negative regulation of tooth mineralization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tooth mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth structures.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development.
regulation of gluconeogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.
positive regulation of blood coagulation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.
random inactivation of x chromosome Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on either the paternal or maternal X-chromosome in the XX sex.
positive regulation of embryonic development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
negative regulation of cellular respiration Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration.
regulation of protein homooligomerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homooligomerization.
negative regulation of motor neuron apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process.
negative regulation of potassium ion export Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion export.
geranylgeranyl diphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a polyprenol compound involved in the biosynthesis of a variety of terpenoids including chlorophylls, carotenoids, tocopherols, plastoquinones, and the plant hormones gibberellins.
neutrophil degranulation The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil.
nitric oxide homeostasis A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of nitric oxide within an organism or cell.
negative regulation of fibroblast migration Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
regulation of histone h4-k20 methylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 20 of histone H4.
positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chemokines.
neuronal action potential An action potential that occurs in a neuron.
fatty acid derivative biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acid derivative.
catecholamine uptake The directed movement of catecholamine into a cell.
rna polymerase ii transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on an RNA polymerase II promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription by RNA polymerase.
polyadenylation-dependent mrna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target mRNA.
snrna transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II promoter.
tetrahydrofolate interconversion The chemical reactions and pathways by which one-carbon (C1) units are transferred between tetrahydrofolate molecules, to synthesise other tetrahydrofolate molecules.
pancreatic epsilon cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic epsilon cell. A pancreatic epsilon cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes ghrelin.
bmp signaling pathway involved in ureter morphogenesis A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the shaping of the ureter. The ureter is a tube that extends from the kidney to the bladder.
negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced cell death Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced cell death.
transcription factor tfiiib complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a transcription factor TFIIIB complex.
striated muscle cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle cells contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.
gdp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.
positive regulation by organism of defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
epidermal cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.
phosphatidic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.
post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway Completion of folding of alpha- and beta-tubulin; takes place subsequent to chaperonin-mediated partial folding; mediated by a complex of folding cofactors.
regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the semi-conservative replication of telomeric DNA.
osteoclast development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a osteoclast from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.
regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-12.
axon extension involved in axon guidance The long distance growth of a single cell process, that is involved in the migration of an axon growth cone, where the migration is directed to a specific target site by a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
regulation of chaperone-mediated protein folding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated protein folding.
negative regulation of protein import into nucleus, translocation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the vectorial transfer of a protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
nuclear envelope reassembly The reformation of the nuclear envelope following its breakdown in the context of a normal process.
negative regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of luteinizing hormone.
peptidyl-arginine n-methylation The addition of a methyl group onto a nitrogen atom of an arginine residue in a protein.
protein localization to chromatin Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.
positive regulation of microtubule polymerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
trna dihydrouridine synthesis The process whereby a uridine in a transfer RNA is converted to dihydrouridine.
production of sirna involved in rna interference Cleavage of double-stranded RNA to form small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) of 21-23 nucleotides, in the context of RNA interference.
somatic diversification of immune receptors via germline recombination within a single locus The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through recombination of the germline genetic elements within a single genetic locus.
regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle fusion to the presynaptic membrane.
response to leucine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leucine stimulus.
90s preribosome assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a 90S preribosome. The 90S preribosome represents the complex that forms on the primary rRNA transcript before it splits into the small subunit and large subunit portions.
negative regulation of ras protein signal transduction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.
micturition The regulation of body fluids process in which parasympathetic nerves stimulate the bladder wall muscle to contract and expel urine from the body.
adrenal gland development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adrenal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells.
positive regulation of protein deubiquitination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein deubiquitination.
spinal cord patterning The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth and establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.
negative regulation of arginine catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of arginine catabolic process.
negative regulation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.
organonitrogen compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving organonitrogen compound.
chromatin remodeling Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation.
regulation of inhibitory postsynaptic membrane potential Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) which is a temporary decrease in postsynaptic membrane potential due to the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) and makes it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential.
golgi to endosome transport The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to early sorting endosomes. Clathrin vesicles transport substances from the trans-Golgi to endosomes.
quaternary ammonium group transport The directed movement into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore of quaternary ammonium compounds, any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups.
negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoprotein receptors.
regulation of multivesicular body size Any process that modulates the volume of a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles.
positive regulation of protein binding Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
negative regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.
glycerol biosynthetic process from pyruvate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, from other compounds, including pyruvate.
negative thymic t cell selection The process of elimination of immature T cells in the thymus which react strongly with self-antigens.
histone h2a k63-linked ubiquitination A histone ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a lysine residue in histone H2A or the variant H2AX.
glial cell migration The orderly movement of a glial cell, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system.
cytokine-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
regulation of ral protein signal transduction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Ral protein signal transduction.
negative regulation of vasodilation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasodilation.
glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose 6-phosphate, a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.
epithelial fluid transport The directed movement of fluid across epithelia.
mitochondrial rna 3'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome; occurs in the mitochondrion.
regulation of cell maturation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.
3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transport The directed movement of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride synthesized from adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a target cell by a neutrophil.
positive regulation of cgmp biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cGMP.
transcription-dependent tethering of rna polymerase ii gene dna at nuclear periphery The chromosome organization process in which the DNA sequence containing a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II is maintained in a specific location at the nuclear periphery. In S. cerevisiae, this process involves cis-acting DNA sequences such as the TATA box and upstream activating sequence (UAS) elements, trans-acting transcriptional activators, and also the 3'-UTR of the transcript.
sexual reproduction A reproduction process that creates a new organism by combining the genetic material of two organisms. It occurs both in eukaryotes and prokaryotes: in multicellular eukaryotic organisms, an individual is created anew; in prokaryotes, the initial cell has additional or transformed genetic material. In a process called genetic recombination, genetic material (DNA) originating from two different individuals (parents) join up so that homologous sequences are aligned with each other, and this is followed by exchange of genetic information. After the new recombinant chromosome is formed, it is passed on to progeny.
positive regulation of centriole elongation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole elongation.
trophoblast giant cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a trophoblast giant cell of the placenta. Trophoblast giant cells are the cell of the placenta that line the maternal decidua.
cellular response to leucine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leucine stimulus.
basal protein localization Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, basal regions of the cell.
white fat cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a white adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in energy storage. White adipocytes have cytoplasmic lipids arranged in a unique vacuole.
response to acetate Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetate stimulus.
regulation of intracellular transport of viral material Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of egress of virus within host cell.
maturation of ssu-rrna Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule.
immunoglobulin production in mucosal tissue The synthesis and release of immunoglobulin in the mucosal tissue.
induction of host immune response by virus The induction by a virus of an immune response in the host organism.
glandular epithelial cell maturation The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a glandular epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.
lipid glycosylation Covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to a lipid molecule.
proximal/distal pattern formation involved in nephron development The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis of a nephron. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from the center of the kidney (proximal end) outward (distal end).
generation of ovulation cycle rhythm The process which controls the timing of the type of sexual cycle seen in female mammals.
lens fiber cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lens fiber cell, any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in the camera-type eye. The cytoplasm of a lens fiber cell is devoid of most intracellular organelles including the cell nucleus, and contains primarily crystallins, a group of water-soluble proteins expressed in vary large quantities.
atp synthesis coupled proton transport The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis.
regulation of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reactions: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate, and 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.
cardiac ventricle formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.
purine nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
cellular response to nitrogen compound Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen compound stimulus.
histone methylation The modification of histones by addition of methyl groups.
isotype switching to igg isotypes The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of an IgG isotype, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and one of the IgG constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.
positive regulation of metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell development.
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell.
xylulose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose.
organelle localization Any process in which an organelle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
regulation of cd4-positive, cd25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory t cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells.
5-methylcytosine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA.
n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor clustering The receptor clustering process in which N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.
oculomotor nerve development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the oculomotor nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This motor nerve innervates all extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and the lateral rectus muscles. The superior division supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior division supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. This nerve also innervates the striated muscles of the eyelid. Pupillary constriction and lens movement are mediated by this nerve for near vision. In the orbit the inferior division sends branches that enter the ciliary ganglion where they form functional contacts (synapses) with the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells send nerve fibers into the back of the eye where they travel to ultimately innervate the ciliary muscle and the constrictor pupillae muscle.
positive regulation of cell adhesion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.
regulation of organic acid transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
cd8-positive, alpha-beta t cell differentiation involved in immune response The process in which an antigenically naive CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
death-inducing signaling complex assembly A process of protein complex assembly in which the arrangement and bonding together of the set of components that form the protein complex is mediated by a death domain (DD) interaction, as part of the extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
sphingosine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues.
intracellular protein transmembrane transport The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
cellular response to nitric oxide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitric oxide stimulus.
positive regulation of oocyte development Any process that increases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
positive regulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues.
regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.
dsrna fragmentation Cleavage of double-stranded RNA molecules by an RNaseIII-family enzyme to produce small RNAs (generally 20-30 nucleotides, depending on species) with biological function.
specification of organ position The regionalization process in which information that determines the correct position at which organ primordia are formed is generated and perceived resulting in correct positioning of the new organ.
regulation of terminal button organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of terminal button organization.
cell proliferation in bone marrow The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the bone marrow.
phosphorylated carbohydrate dephosphorylation The process of removing a phosphate group from a phosphorylated carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y with a phosphate group attached to it.
meiotic chromosome segregation The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle.
negative regulation of neuron death Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.
vasodilation of artery involved in baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressure An increase in the internal diameter of an artery, triggered by vasomotor suppression, during the chemoreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning The process in which the neural tube is regionalized in the dorsoventral axis.
mannose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose.
chromosome movement towards spindle pole The directed movement of chromosomes in the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes.
response to water deprivation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water deprivation stimulus, prolonged deprivation of water.
synaptic transmission involved in micturition The process of communication from a neuron to a smooth muscle in the bladder that contributes to the expulsion of urine from the body.
regulation of protein import into mitochondrial outer membrane Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein import into mitochondrial outer membrane.
melanocyte proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of melanocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A melanocyte is a pigment cell derived from the neural crest. It contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which give a brown to black appearance.
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling.
branched-chain amino acid transport The directed movement of branched-chain amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Branched-chain amino acids are amino acids with a branched carbon skeleton without rings.
regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate.
renal water homeostasis Renal process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water in the body.
ornithine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.
water homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within an organism or cell.
actin filament reorganization involved in cell cycle The cell cycle process in which rearrangement of the spatial distribution of actin filaments and associated proteins occurs.
negative regulation of granulocyte chemotaxis Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of granulocyte chemotaxis. Granulocyte chemotaxis is the movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.
very long-chain fatty-acyl-coa metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving very long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a medium-chain fatty-acyl group. A very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
protein kinase d signaling A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase D, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
regulation of phospholipid metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid metabolic process.
negative regulation of keratinocyte differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.
negative regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.
wound healing involved in inflammatory response The series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue that contribute to an inflammatory response.
negative regulation of phosphatidylcholine catabolic process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of phosphatidylcholine catabolism. Phosphatidylcholine catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.
protein octanoylation The modification of a protein amino acid by formation of an ester or amide with octanoic acid.
catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission The uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.
embryonic heart tube formation The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.
establishment or maintenance of monopolar cell polarity Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of monopolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. Monopolar cell organization is directional organization along an axis.
secretory granule organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.
positive regulation of transporter activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of a transporter.
negative regulation of ruffle assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ruffle assembly.
renal system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal system maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels.
establishment of spindle orientation Any process that set the alignment of spindle relative to other cellular structures.
epinephrine secretion The regulated release of epinephrine by a cell. Epinephrine is a catecholamine hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter, released by certain neurons and active in the central nervous system.
cellular response to nitrogen dioxide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen dioxide (NO2) stimulus.
telomere maintenance Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. These processes includes those that shorten and lengthen the telomeric DNA sequences.
dna-dependent dna replication A DNA replication process that uses parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands.
positive regulation of transcription via serum response element binding Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the specifically regulated synthesis of RNA from DNA encoding a specific set of genes as a result of a transcription factor interacting with a serum response element (SRE). A serum response element is a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.
regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.
positive regulation of lipid transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity Any process that decreases the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
synaptic transmission, glycinergic The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine.
hematopoietic stem cell migration The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell from one site to another. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system.
glutamine transport The directed movement of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the plasma membrane.
negative regulation of isotype switching to ige isotypes Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes.
cholesterol storage The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
actin filament uncapping The removal of capping protein from the end of actin filaments to free the ends for addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits.
zygotic specification of dorsal/ventral axis The specification of the dorsal/ventral axis of the embryo, through the products of genes expressed in the zygote.
embryonic morphogenesis The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants.
cell differentiation in hindbrain The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cells of the hindbrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
negative regulation of endothelial cell migration Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
negative regulation of fat cell proliferation Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.
negative regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in pericardium morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in pericardium morphogenesis.
dna packaging Any process in which DNA and associated proteins are formed into a compact, orderly structure.
negative regulation of t cell cytokine production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
regulation of serotonin secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
peptidyl-diphthamide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptidyl-diphthamide, a modified histidine residue.
retrograde protein transport, er to cytosol The directed movement of unfolded or misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol through the translocon.
golgi to plasma membrane cftr protein transport The directed movement of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
cellular response to hormone stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.
positive regulation of cardiac conduction
antibiotic metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving an antibiotic, a substance produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.
acrosome assembly The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi.
cardiac chamber development The progression of a cardiac chamber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via mhc class ii Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandin.
actin filament branching The formation of daughter actin filament branches at an angle on the sides of preexisting mother filaments.
protein repair The process of restoring a protein to its original state after damage by such things as oxidation or spontaneous decomposition of residues.
development of primary female sexual characteristics The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structure. The primary female sexual characteristics are the ovaries, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.
regulation of t cell antigen processing and presentation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
negative regulation of gene silencing by rna Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing by RNA. Gene silencing by RNA is the process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development.
amide transport The directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of protein ubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein ubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.
nucleotide transport The directed movement of a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.
circadian sleep/wake cycle, rem sleep A stage in the circadian sleep cycle during which dreams occur and the body undergoes marked changes including rapid eye movement, loss of reflexes, and increased pulse rate and brain activity.
regulation of cytokinesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells.
rna interference The process in which double-stranded RNAs silence cognate genes. Involves posttranscriptional gene inactivation ('silencing') both of transgenes or dsRNA introduced into a germline, and of the host gene(s) homologous to the transgenes or dsRNA. This silencing is triggered by the introduction of transgenes or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and can occur through a specific decrease in the level of mRNA, or by negative regulation of translation, of both host genes and transgenes.
regulation of integrin-mediated signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of integrin-mediated signaling pathway.
regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of epithelial cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
progesterone metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.
negative regulation of cardioblast cell fate specification Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
bleb assembly The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusions.
negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
transformation of host cell by virus Any virus-induced change in the morphological, biochemical, or growth parameters of a cell.
positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
positive regulation of protein kinase d signaling Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase D signaling.
regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.
trigeminal nerve development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
coagulation The process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass.
monoubiquitinated protein deubiquitination The removal of the ubiquitin group from a monoubiquitinated protein.
mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in programmed cell death The process by which the mitochondrial outer membrane becomes permeable to the passing of proteins and other molecules from the intermembrane space to the cytosol as part of a programmed cell death process.
peptidyl-glutamic acid carboxylation The gamma-carboxylation of peptidyl-glutamic acid; catalyzed by the vitamin K dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase.
bmp signaling pathway involved in heart induction A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to heart induction.
eye pigment granule organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of intracellular pigment storage granules in the eye.
positive regulation of lung goblet cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lung goblet cell differentiation.
cardiac septum development The progression of a cardiac septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.
regulation of autophagic vacuole fusion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic vacuole fusion.
pronephros development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life.
negative regulation of protein polyubiquitination Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein polyubiquitination.
cell cycle arrest A regulatory process that halts progression through the cell cycle during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M).
regulation of interferon-gamma production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.
polynucleotide 5' dephosphorylation The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from the 5' end of a polynucleotide.
synapse organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).
response to dna damage checkpoint signaling A process that acts directly to delay or stop progression through the cell cycle in response to signals generated as a result of DNA damage checkpoint signaling; contributes to a DNA damage checkpoint.
relaxation of muscle A process in which the extent of muscle contraction is reduced. Muscle relaxation can involve a number of processes including the removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases. In some muscles, calcium-independent pathways also play a role in muscle relaxation by decreasing the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain.
mrna cleavage involved in gene silencing by sirna
negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in contact inhibition Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation in response to cell density.
follicular b cell differentiation The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a follicular B cell. Follicular B cells are major population of mature recirculating B cells in the spleen and are located in the B-cell follicle region.
positive regulation of pinocytosis Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process in which cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes.
regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-3.
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.
negative regulation of fat cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.
notch receptor processing The series of successive proteolytic cleavages of the Notch protein, which result in an active form of the receptor.
regulation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.
selenocysteine incorporation The incorporation of selenocysteine into a peptide; uses a special tRNA that recognizes the UGA codon as selenocysteine, rather than as a termination codon. Selenocysteine is synthesized from serine before its incorporation; it is not a posttranslational modification of peptidyl-cysteine.
synaptic transmission, gabaergic The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins.
mitotic g2 dna damage checkpoint A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression through the G2/M transition of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage.
actomyosin structure organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments.
negative regulation of response to reactive oxygen species Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.
negative regulation of cytokine production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine.
response to temperature stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus.
regulation of thymidylate synthase biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the enzyme thymidylate synthase.
regulation of root morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of root morphogenesis.
regulation of cell communication by chemical coupling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via chemical coupling. Cell communication by chemical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by the transfer of small, water-soluble molecules or metabolites between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
diol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a diol, any alcohol containing two hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.
cellular response to genistein Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a genistein stimulus.
organic substance biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.
negative regulation of cellular organohalogen metabolic process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving organohalogen compounds, as carried out by individual cells.
potassium ion transport The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
neural plate morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the neural plate are generated and organized. The neural plate is a specialized region of columnar epithelial cells in the dorsal ectoderm that will give rise to nervous system tissue.
regulation of cellular senescence Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.
positive regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.
negative regulation of cellular amine metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.
regulation of stat protein import into nucleus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of STAT protein import into nucleus.
regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
maintenance of gastrointestinal epithelium Protection of epithelial surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract from proteolytic and caustic digestive agents.
ph reduction Any process that reduces the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
negative regulation of binding of sperm to zona pellucida Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of binding of sperm to the zona pellucida.
female pregnancy The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth.
positive regulation of nuclear-transcribed mrna poly(a) tail shortening Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.
induction of negative chemotaxis Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
peptidyl-cysteine s-trans-nitrosylation Transfer of a nitric oxide (NO) group from one cysteine residue to another.
positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
nuclear polyadenylation-dependent mrna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways occurring in the nucleus and resulting in the breakdown of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target mRNA.
establishment or maintenance of microtubule cytoskeleton polarity Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures.
nucleotide-sugar biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
adenine transport The directed movement of adenine, 6-aminopurine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 2 secretion The regulated release of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) from a cell.
nitrate transport The directed movement of nitrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress The physiological enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division, as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.
regulation of peptide transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of t cell receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.
acylglycerol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.
regulation of cardioblast differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
regulation of interleukin-15 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-15 production.
regulation of lymphocyte chemotaxis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte chemotaxis.
negative regulation of camp catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
regulation of neurological system process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system.
negative regulation of zinc ion transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of zinc ions (Zn2+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6.
positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
ripoptosome assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ripoptosome, a protein complex whose formation can induce an extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway or a necroptotic signaling pathway. The composition of this protein complex may depend on several factors including nature of the signal, cell type and more.
regulation of cellular extravasation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.
response to molecule of bacterial origin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.
determination of left/right symmetry The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.
positive regulation by host of viral genome replication A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.
positive regulation of histone modification Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone.
multicellular organismal reproductive process The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs.
negative regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of complement activation by the lectin pathway.
positive regulation of plasminogen activation Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.
regulation of root hair elongation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of root hair elongation.
microtubule anchoring Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell.
synaptic vesicle endocytosis An endocytosis process that results in the invagination of the axonal plasma membrane to create a membrane-bounded vesicle. This process takes up excess membrane that would otherwise accumulate at the presynaptic terminal due to fusion of vesicle membranes during neurotransmitter release. The vesicles created may subsequently be used for neurotransmitter storage and release.
regulation of dna recombination at telomere Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination within the telomere.
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
regulation of ip-10 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of IP-10.
cellular response to estradiol stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.
neuropeptide signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor.
response to defense-related host reactive oxygen species production Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of reactive oxygen species produced as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
multi-organism reproductive process A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving another organism.
histone h3-r26 methylation The modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to arginine at position 26 of the histone.
integrin activation The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits, that lead to the increased affinity of the integrin for its extracellular ligands.
t cell differentiation in thymus The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus.
deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
cerebral cortex tangential migration using cell-axon interactions The movement of cerebral cortex neuronal precursors tangentially through the cortex using interaction of the migrating cells with axons of other neurons.
positive regulation of cholesterol esterification Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol esterification. Cholesterol esterification is the lipid modification process in which a sterol ester is formed by the combination of a carboxylic acid (often a fatty acid) and cholesterol. In the blood this process is associated with the conversion of free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester, which is then sequestered into the core of a lipoprotein particle.
positive regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of luteinizing hormone.
mitochondrial fission The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.
negative regulation of b cell activation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.
negative regulation of catenin import into nucleus Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the directed movement of a catenin protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
regulation of protein processing Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein processing, any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.
drug transmembrane transport The process in which a drug is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
transcytosis The directed movement of endocytosed material through the cell and its exocytosis from the plasma membrane at the opposite side.
9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative.
histone-threonine phosphorylation The modification of histones by addition of a phosphate group to a threonine residue.
regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.
metanephric mesenchymal cell migration The orderly movement of undifferentiated metanephric mesenchymal cells (precursors to metanephric mesangial cells) from the mesenchyme into the cleft of the developing glomerulus, during development of the metanephros.
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic signaling pathway.
response to muscle stretch Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a myofibril being extended beyond its slack length.
thyroid hormone catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
modulation by virus of host immune response The process in which a virus effects a change in the host immune response.
positive regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
response to acid chemical Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.
regulation of neutrophil extravasation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil extravasation.
pyrimidine nucleotide transport The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.
uterine epithelium development The progression of an epithelium of the uterus over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
dna dealkylation The removal of an alkyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule.
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.
pyramidal neuron development The progression of a pyramidal neuron from its initial formation to its mature state.
negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase by cyclin degradation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclins, proteins whose levels in a cell varies markedly during the cell cycle, and which play key roles in regulating cell cycle phase transitions via the negative regulation of a cyclin-dependent kinase.
response to l-glutamate Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an L-glutamate stimulus.
neurological system process A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system.
limb joint morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb joint are generated and organized. A limb joint is a flexible region that separates the rigid sections of a limb to allow movement in a controlled manner.
negative regulation of dna catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.
regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle recycling.
inositol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.
positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.
positive regulation of inclusion body assembly Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of inclusion body assembly. Inclusion body assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inclusion body.
acylglycerol homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of acylglycerol within an organism or cell.
n-terminal peptidyl-glycine n-myristoylation The myristoylation of the N-terminal glycine of proteins to form the derivative N-myristoyl-glycine.
ump metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving UMP, uridine monophosphate.
post-embryonic eye morphogenesis The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The eye is the organ of sight.
negative regulation of urine volume Any process that decreases the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.
positive regulation of progesterone secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progesterone secretion.
drug transport The directed movement of a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
interleukin-1 biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1, an interleukin produced mainly by activated macrophages. It is involved in the inflammatory response, and is identified as an endogenous pyrogen.
endosome to lysosome transport via multivesicular body sorting pathway The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the lysosome.
negative regulation of neurological system process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.
regulation of transposition Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transposition. Transposition results in the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites.
adrenal cortex formation The process that gives rise to the adrenal cortex. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The adrenogonadal primordium from which the adrenal cortex is formed derives from a condensation of coelomic epithelial cells (the urogenital ridge; the same structure from which gonads and kidney also originate).
nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
retinol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A.
negative regulation of dephosphorylation Any process the stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.
negative regulation of centriole replication Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centriole replication.
regulation of protein glycosylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein glycosylation. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.
transition metal ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of transition metal ions within an organism or cell. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.
vitamin a import The directed movement of vitamin A into a cell or organelle. Vitamin A is any of several retinoid derivatives of beta-carotene, primarily retinol, retinal, or retinoic acid.
prostate gland stromal morphogenesis The process in which the prostate gland stroma is generated and organized. The prostate gland stroma is made up of the mesenchymal or fibroblast cells of the prostate gland.
calcium activated phospholipid scrambling The movement of a population of phospholipid molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet as a result of a calcium stimulus.
positive regulation of synapse maturation Any process that increases the extent of synapse maturation, the process that organizes a synapse so that it attains its fully functional state.
regulation of blood microparticle formation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood microparticle formation.
cell-cell junction assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells.
positive regulation of chemokine (c-x-c motif) ligand 2 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.
microtubule severing The process in which a microtubule is broken down into smaller segments.
positive regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the dopamine receptor protein signaling pathway. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
sperm entry An endocytosis process that results in penetration of the egg shell through the micropyle (a specialized anterior opening in the vitelline envelope) and entry of the entire sperm, including the surrounding plasma membrane and the sperm tail, into the egg cytoplasm. This step in fertilization is seen in Drosophila, where a plasma membrane fusion event between the sperm and the egg does not occur.
synaptic vesicle maturation Steps required to form an initiated synaptic vesicle into a fully formed and transmissible synaptic vesicle.
fertilization, exchange of chromosomal proteins Replacement of sperm-specific chromosomal proteins with somatic histones, to allow the paternal genome to acquire a nucleosomal chromatin organization compatible with nuclear activity.
cellular response to oleic acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oleic acid stimulus.
reproductive system development The progression of the reproductive system over time from its formation to the mature structure. The reproductive system consists of the organs that function in reproduction.
mature ribosome assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the large and small ribosomal subunits into a functional ribosome.
sialylation The covalent attachment of sialic acid to a substrate molecule.
hematopoietic stem cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hematopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
purine nucleoside bisphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
entry into cell of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction The invasion by an organism of a cell of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of heart rate by epinephrine The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain.
viral penetration into host nucleus The crossing by the virus of the host nuclear membrane, either as naked viral genome or for small viruses as an intact capsid.
mature natural killer cell chemotaxis The directed movement of a mature natural killer cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). A mature natural killer cell is a natural killer cell that is developmentally mature and expresses a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors that recognize MHC class and other stress related molecules.
leukocyte chemotaxis involved in inflammatory response The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus contributing to an inflammatory response.
regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.
negative regulation of transporter activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a transporter.
regulation of corticosterone secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of corticosterone secretion.
small molecule catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
carbohydrate derivative transport The directed movement of a carbohydrate derivative into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry.
b cell negative selection Any process leading to negative selection in B cells. Mechanisms of negative selection include anergy and deletion.
synaptonemal complex assembly The cell cycle process in which the synaptonemal complex is formed. This is a structure that holds paired chromosomes together during prophase I of meiosis and that promotes genetic recombination.
cerebellar cortex structural organization The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cerebellar cortex. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.
regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process Any process that modulates the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in apoptosis.
negative regulation of t-helper 1 cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.
oocyte maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization.
modulation by symbiont of host immune response Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of glycolytic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.
negative regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
golgi to plasma membrane transport The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis.
cardiac cell fate determination The process involved in cardiac cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.
isoprenoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid compounds, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
response to triacyl bacterial lipopeptide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.
udp-n-acetylglucosamine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
positive regulation of dna recombination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination.
cellular chemical homeostasis Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical at the level of the cell.
positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation.
endosome to pigment granule transport The directed movement of substances from endosomes to pigment granules.
positive regulation of endopeptidase activity Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
erbb2 signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a member of the ERBB family of receptors on the surface of a cell, where the signal is transmitted by ERBB2. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. ERBB2 receptors are themselves unable to bind to ligands, but act as a signal-amplifying tyrosine kinase within a heterodimeric pair.
regulation of mitotic nuclear division
hyaluronan catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
nitric oxide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.
ovulation cycle process A process involved in the sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.
lysosome organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases.
regulation of t-helper 1 cell cytokine production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell cytokine production.
positive regulation of homocysteine metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine.
positive regulation of interferon-gamma production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.
cerebellar granular layer development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar granule layer over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.
regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.
negative regulation of neurotransmitter transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
purine nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
endochondral ossification Replacement ossification wherein bone tissue replaces cartilage.
glutathione catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.
positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter involved in smooth muscle cell differentiation Any positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that is involved in smooth muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion Any process that modulates the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained during a mitotic cell cycle.
cytokine production involved in immune response The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus contributing to an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) located on the surface of the receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.
trna thio-modification The addition a sulfur atom to a nucleotide in a tRNA molecule.
regulation of hair cycle by canonical wnt signaling pathway The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the hair cycle.
maintenance of lens transparency A homeostatic process in which the lens is maintained in a highly refractive, transparent state to allow for optimal focusing of light on the retina.
positive regulation of cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: nucleotide 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleotide 5'-phosphate.
regulation of cytoplasmic transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic transport.
regulation of protein metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.
siderophore transport The directed movement of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of dendrite morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.
meiotic chromosome condensation Compaction of chromatin structure prior to meiosis in eukaryotic cells.
positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
renin secretion into blood stream The regulated release of renin into the blood stream by juxtoglomerular cells.
negative regulation of cgmp metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cGMP.
soft palate development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the soft palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The soft palate is the posterior portion of the palate extending from the posterior edge of the hard palate.
threonine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
retinoic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.
response to host immune response Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching The growth of a branch of the ureteric bud along its axis.
positive regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.
negative regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma.
positive regulation of stem cell maintenance Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell maintenance.
positive regulation of epithelial cell migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.
aldonic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldonic acid, a monocarboxylic acid with a chain of three or more carbon atoms, derived from an aldose by oxidation of the aldehydic group.
cellular response to reactive oxygen species Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.
positive regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.
protein localization to tight junction A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a tight junction.
carbohydrate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
establishment of blood-brain barrier Establishment of the barrier between the blood and the brain. The cells in the brain are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier.
regulation of lipid transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
homocysteine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of homocysteine, 2-amino-4-sulfanylbutanoic acid.
regulation of immune effector process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
telencephalon glial cell migration The orderly movement of glial cells through the telencephalon.
sphingomyelin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine.
cellular metal ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of metal ions at the level of a cell.
response to tumor necrosis factor Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus.
positive regulation of endocytic recycling Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytic recycling.
cellular response to temperature stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus.
regulation of cellular glucuronidation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular glucuronidation.
actin rod assembly The assembly of actin rods, a cellular structure consisting of parallel, hexagonally arranged actin tubules.
sperm capacitation A process required for sperm to reach fertilization competence. Sperm undergo an incompletely understood series of morphological and molecular maturational processes, termed capacitation, involving, among other processes, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and increased intracellular calcium.
cellular response to jasmonic acid stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a jasmonic acid stimulus.
udp-glucosylation The covalent attachment of a UDP-glucose residue to a substrate molecule.
positive regulation of b cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.
positive regulation of superoxide dismutase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of superoxide dismutase activity.
negative regulation of cyclase activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a cyclase.
cervix development The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cervix over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
contact inhibition The cellular process in which cells stop growing or dividing in response to increased cell density.
thiocyanate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiocyanate, the anion of thiocyanic acid, a toxic cyanide derivative commonly formed as a by-product in the production of gas for fuel, coke, and substances for chemical industries.
negative regulation of bmp signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the BMP signaling pathway.
lipoprotein metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.
cellular hyperosmotic salinity response Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, an increase in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.
positive regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction.
regulation of apolipoprotein binding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apolipoprotein binding.
respiratory tube development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the respiratory tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The respiratory tube is assumed to mean any tube in the respiratory tract.
endonucleolytic cleavage to generate mature 3'-end of ssu-rrna from (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna) Endonucleolytic cleavage at the 3'-end of the SSU-rRNA from an originally tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript, to produce the mature end of the SSU-rRNA.
chondrocyte proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
establishment of meiotic spindle localization The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of the meiotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs.
canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin and contributing to cardiac muscle cell fate commitment. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
cellular amine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
misfolded or incompletely synthesized protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded or attenuated proteins.
eye photoreceptor cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms.
rna phosphodiester bond hydrolysis, endonucleolytic The chemical reactions and pathways involving the hydrolysis of internal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of ribonucleotides.
aminophospholipid transport The directed movement of aminophospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Aminophospholipids contain phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester and an amino (NH2) group.
cofactor catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cofactor, a substance that is required for the activity of an enzyme or other protein.
histamine-induced gastric acid secretion The regulated release of gastric acid induced by the interaction of histamine with H2 type receptor receptors with subsequent activation of adenylate cyclase and elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP.
amacrine cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an amacrine cell, an interneuron generated in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the vertebrate retina. Amacrine cells integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the retinal ganglion cells, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer. Amacrine cells lack large axons.
regulation of steroid metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.
regulation of viral budding via host escrt complex
hematopoietic stem cell migration to bone marrow The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell into the bone marrow, and its subsequent positioning within defined functional compartments in that microenvironment. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system.
lateral inhibition Signaling between cells of equivalent developmental potential that results in these cells adopting different developmental fates. An example is the suppression by cells with a particular fate of the adoption of the same fate by surrounding cells.
positive regulation of vesicle fusion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.
protein modification by small protein conjugation A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to a target protein.
somatic diversification of immunoglobulins involved in immune response The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins after induction, and contributes to an immune response.
protein retention in er lumen The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER.
pigment biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.
semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway involved in bone trabecula morphogenesis Any semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway that contributes to bone trabecula morphogenesis.
negative regulation of production of sirna involved in rna interference Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of production of siRNA involved in RNA interference.
cellular response to vitamin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin stimulus.
igg immunoglobulin transcytosis in epithelial cells mediated by fcrn immunoglobulin receptor The process of transporting IgG immunoglobulin, via transcytosis using the FcRn (also known as the neonatal Fc receptor; gene name FCGRT), from apical surface of an epithelial cell to the basolateral surface or vice versa depending on the location. This process is used for uptake of IgG from the milk in the gut in rodents, for transplacental transport of IgG from mother to embryo in humans, and for maintenance of a steady-state distribution of IgG across epithelial boundaries in general in adult mammals.
cellular response to cytokine stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.
rhombomere development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the rhombomere over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.
propionate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of propionate, the anion derived from propionic acid.
regulation of anagen Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anagen, the growth phase of the hair cycle.
regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
type i pneumocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a Type I pneumocyte. A type I pneumocyte is a flattened cell with greatly attenuated cytoplasm and a paucity of organelles.
regulation of ruffle assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ruffle assembly.
outer mitochondrial membrane organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial outer membrane.
nucleoside metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (a ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleoside), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine).
regulation of n-methyl-d-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity.
g1 to g0 transition A cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters a specialized resting state known as G0 or quiescence.
peptidyl-methionine modification The modification of peptidyl-methionine.
diadenosine polyphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diadenosine polyphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with phosphate groups attached.
fad biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FAD, the oxidized form of flavin-adenine dinucleotide.
positive regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropin-releasing hormone from a cell.
positive regulation of pancreatic stellate cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic stellate cell proliferation.
regulation of viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a virus or viral RNA binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) located in the cytoplasm.
negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.
mesonephric epithelium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
modulation of phagocytosis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.
negative regulation of dna-templated transcription, initiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.
icosanoid transport The directed movement of icosanoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Icosanoids are unsaturated C20 fatty acids and skeletally related compounds.
fucosylation The covalent attachment of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule.
metanephric s-shaped body morphogenesis The process in which the metanephric S-shaped body is generated and organized. The metanephric S-shaped body is the successor of the metanephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros.
muscle structure development The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms.
pigment granule maturation Steps required to form a membrane-bounded organelle into a pigment granule containing pigment. Maturation is a developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell or structure to attain its fully functional state.
semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a semaphorin receptor (composed of a plexin and a neurophilin) binding to a semaphorin ligand.
negative regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleotides.
2'-deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a 2'-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2'-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
complement activation, classical pathway Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes.
positive regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.
toll signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to the receptor Toll on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
spermatid nucleus differentiation The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization.
hepoxilin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving hepoxilins, a class of bioactive icosanoids with roles in the regulation of cell physiology.
trna nucleoside ribose methylation The process that results in the modification of the sugar of a nucleoside in tRNA at the 2'O position.
positive regulation of muscle organ development Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of muscle development.
vitamin d3 metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D3, (3S,5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol.
phosphatidylserine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.
negative regulation of dna biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.
positive regulation of developmental growth Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of developmental growth.
positive regulation of sarcomere organization Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity involved in g1/s transition of mitotic cell cycle Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity contributing to the G1/S transition of the cell cycle.
toll-like receptor tlr1:tlr2 signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a heterodimeric TLR1:TLR2 complex to one of it's physiological ligands, followed by transmission of the signal by the activated receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
sperm motility Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell.
testosterone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of testosterone, an androgen having 17beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo groups, together with unsaturation at C-4 C-5.
positive regulation of nk t cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation.
negative regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.
luteinization The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation.
nuclear-transcribed mrna catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps that includes poly(A) tail shortening and that can regulate mRNA stability.
tnfsf11-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11) to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
dna recombinase assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) into higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA.
wnt signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC).
negative regulation of late endosome to lysosome transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of late endosome to lysosome transport.
regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.
negative regulation of phospholipid metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid metabolic process.
regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the metanephros.
regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-beta.
regulation of long term synaptic depression Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of long term synaptic depression.
leucine import The directed movement of leucine into a cell or organelle.
regulation of lipid binding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid binding.
glutathione transport The directed movement of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.
odontoblast differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell of neural crest origin acquires the specialized features of an odontoblast, a cell on the outer surface of the dental pulp whose biological function is the creation of dentin.
evasion or tolerance of host immune response Any process, either active or passive, by which an organism avoids the effects of the host organism's immune response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of cholesterol transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of actin nucleation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation, the initial step in the formation of an actin filament in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament.
cellular response to molecule of bacterial origin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.
regulation of wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification.
protein-dna complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and DNA molecules to form a protein-DNA complex.
detection of light stimulus involved in sensory perception The series of events in which a light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal as part of the sensory perception of light.
negative regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.
cellular response to unfolded protein Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus.
leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity The directed killing of a target cell by a leukocyte.
histone h3-k9 methylation The modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 9 of the histone.
maintenance of organ identity The process in which the identity of an organ is maintained. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.
dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in lung branching The process in which a lung bud bifurcates.
regulation of mitotic spindle checkpoint Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle checkpoint.
regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat protein Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.
secretion of lysosomal enzymes The controlled release of lysosomal enzymes by a cell.
phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 3-position.
drug export The directed movement of a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease, out of a cell or organelle.
positive regulation of multi-organism process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process in which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species.
regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
positive regulation of type iv hypersensitivity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
positive regulation of translational initiation in response to stress Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
methylation-dependent chromatin silencing Repression of transcription by methylation of DNA, leading to the formation of heterochromatin.
ammon gyrus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ammon gyrus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ammon gyrus, often subdivided into the CA1 and CA3 regions, is one of the two interlocking gyri of the hippocampus that is rich in large pyramidal neurons.
tyrosine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.
malonyl-coa metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving malonyl-CoA, the S-malonyl derivative of coenzyme A.
glucosylceramide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group. They are neutral glycolipids containing equimolar amounts of fatty acid, glucose, and sphingosine or a sphingosine derivative.
response to food Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a food stimulus; food is anything which, when taken into the body, serves to nourish or build up the tissues or to supply body heat.
negative regulation of transposon integration Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transposon integration, a process in which a transposable element is incorporated into another DNA molecule.
cellular amino acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells.
hypothalamus cell migration The directed movement of a cell into the hypothalamus region of the forebrain.
organophosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.
sperm mitochondrion organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of sperm mitochondria; the process in which they take on their characteristic morphology; they are flattened, elongated, and arranged circumferentially into a tight helical coil around the tail-dense fibers of the mature sperm.
caudate nucleus development The progression of the caudate nucleus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The caudate nucleus is the C-shaped structures of the striatum containing input neurons involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.
regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina.
regulation of growth hormone secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of growth hormone from a cell.
regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of absorption of cholesterol into the blood, and the exclusion of other sterols from absorption.
macromolecular complex remodeling The acquisition, loss, or modification of macromolecules within a complex, resulting in the alteration of an existing complex.
regulation of camp-mediated signaling Any process which modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling, a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic AMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
thymidine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.
regulation of kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation.
calcium ion transport into cytosol The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the cytosol.
mesenchymal cell development The process aimed at the progression of a mesenchymal cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.
box h/aca snorna 3'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a box H/ACA snoRNA molecule.
rna splicing, via transesterification reactions Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions.
apoptotic chromosome condensation The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis.
regulation of pre-mirna processing Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pre-microRNA processing.
organic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
box c/d snornp assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a box C/D snoRNA to form a box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex.
regulation of cellular response to growth factor stimulus Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.
negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor production Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the appearance of a fibroblast growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
inclusion body assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inclusion body.
protein localization to golgi apparatus A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the Golgi apparatus.
pyrimidine-containing compound transmembrane transport The directed movement of a pyrimidine-containing compound across a membrane. A pyrimidine-containing compound is any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.
nickel cation transmembrane transport The directed movement of nickel (Ni) cations across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
anterior compartment pattern formation The process giving rise to specification of cell identity in the anterior compartments of the segmented embryo.
positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter by galactose Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
negative regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a ceramide biosynthetic process.
cellular response to leptin stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptin stimulus. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. It plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism.
sphingoid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds.
dorsal/ventral axon guidance The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site along the dorsal-ventral body axis in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.
regulation of translational initiation in response to stress Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
b cell receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.
mirna loading onto risc involved in gene silencing by mirna The transfer of a microRNA (miRNA) strand from a miRNA:miRNA duplex onto the RNA-initiated silencing complex (RISC).
l-asparagine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine, (2S)-2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.
pathogenesis The set of specific processes that generate the ability of an organism to cause disease in another.
negative regulation of viral entry into host cell Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the entry of viral entry into a host cell.
positive regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-5.
organophosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.
proline transmembrane transport The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion.
multivesicular body assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.
negative regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.
cysteine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.
regulation of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates.
detection of hormone stimulus The series of events in which a hormone stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis An immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway that contributes to the endocytic engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes.
defense response to bacterium Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.
stromal-epithelial cell signaling involved in prostate gland development The process of transferring information from a stromal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted, as part of prostate gland development.
polyphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polyphosphate, the anion or salt of polyphosphoric acid.
cornification A type of programmed cell death that occurs in the epidermis, morphologically and biochemically distinct from apoptosis. It leads to the formation of corneocytes, i.e. dead keratinocytes containing an amalgam of specific proteins (e.g., keratin, loricrin, SPR and involucrin) and lipids (e.g., fatty acids and ceramides), which are necessary for the function of the cornified skin layer (mechanical resistance, elasticity, water repellence and structural stability).
positive regulation of viral budding via host escrt complex
autophagy in response to er overload The process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm in response to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.
regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin assembly or disassembly.
response to extracellular stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus.
regulation of cell-substrate adhesion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.
regulation of gene silencing by rna Any process that regulates the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing by RNA. Gene silencing by RNA is the process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.
negative regulation of protein export from nucleus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
regulation of elastin catabolic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of elastin catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin.
positive regulation of type ii hypersensitivity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.
regulation of immunoglobulin production in mucosal tissue Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of immunoglobulin production in mucosal tissue.
adult heart development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
positive regulation of leukocyte activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
positive regulation of mesonephros development Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process.
regulation of peripheral tolerance induction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.
regulation of cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.
medium-chain fatty-acyl-coa metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving medium-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. A medium-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
positive regulation of glucagon secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
l-serine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.
chromosome organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.
interleukin-5-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-5 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
microtubule organizing center organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microtubule organizing center, a structure from which microtubules grow.
regulation of cell cycle g2/m phase transition Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle G2/M phase transition.
regulation of cell size Any process that modulates the size of a cell.
glycerol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.
protein import into mitochondrial intermembrane space The import of proteins into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.
regulation of interleukin-1 beta biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1 beta.
mammary gland epithelium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.
bmp signaling pathway involved in heart development A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
positive regulation of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity.
ion transport The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
calcium-independent cell-matrix adhesion The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction.
negative regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation.
negative regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.
detection of hypoxia The series of events in which a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.
dopamine biosynthetic process from tyrosine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine) from L-tyrosine, via the metabolic precursor 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-dopa). Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine.
extracellular transport The transport of substances that occurs outside cells.
l-cysteine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.
cargo loading into vesicle The formation of a protein complex between the coat proteins and proteins that are going to be transported by a vesicle.
lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
regulation of neutrophil migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.
mesoderm morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesoderm are generated and organized.
regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
semicircular canal morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the semicircular canals are generated and organized.
tube closure Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure by sealing the edges of an epithelial fold.
morphogenesis of an epithelial fold The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis.
trna wobble base modification The process in which the nucleotide at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.
axon development The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation).
response to alkaline ph Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH > 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
oxidoreduction coenzyme metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzymes that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an oxidoreductase reaction to proceed.
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, wakefulness Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the wakeful phase of the circadian sleep/wake cycle. The wakeful phase is the part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is not asleep.
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway.
negative regulation of activated t cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.
udp-n-acetylglucosamine transport The directed movement of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. N-acetylglucosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
modulation by host of viral genome replication A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.
cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway in response to virus Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a virus or viral RNA binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) located in the cytoplasm. Cytosolic PRRs such as RIG-I (DDX58) and MDA-5 (IFIH1) detect RNA synthesized during active viral replication and trigger a signaling pathway to protect the host against viral infection, for example by inducing the expression of antiviral cytokines.
protein heterooligomerization The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers that are not all identical. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta.
peptidyl-serine phosphorylation The phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine.
negative regulation of protein targeting to membrane Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.
response to atp Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus.
neutrophil activation involved in immune response The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
nucleobase biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.
camp catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
cdp-choline pathway The phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process that begins with the phosphorylation of choline and ends with the combination of CDP-choline with diacylglycerol to form phosphatidylcholine.
negative regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that increases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
b cell differentiation The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
regulation of neutrophil degranulation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil degranulation.
regulation of protein lipidation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein lipidation.
metanephric interstitial fibroblast development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric interstitial fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
succinate transmembrane transport A process in which a succinate ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
detection of bacterium The series of events in which a stimulus from a bacterium is received and converted into a molecular signal.
kynurenine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving kynurenine, the amino acid 3-(2-aminobenzoyl)-alanine.
plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
self proteolysis The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their own peptide bonds.
negative regulation of lactation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lactation.
muscle system process A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers.
mesenchymal cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
thalamus development The process in which the thalamus changes over time, from its initial formation to its mature state.
positive regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines.
regulation of synapse assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.
protein targeting to vacuole The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole, usually using signals contained within the protein.
pyrimidine dimer repair The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T and C-C dimers.
response to muscle inactivity Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle inactivity stimulus.
positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
heterotrimeric g-protein complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.
learned vocalization behavior or vocal learning Vocalisation behavior that is the result of learning, or the process by which new vocalizations are learned.
negative regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation.
negative regulation of dna binding Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
labyrinthine layer morphogenesis The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta is generated and organized.
queuosine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving queuosines, any of a series of nucleosides found in tRNA and having an additional pentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methylguanosine. The pentenyl ring may carry other substituents.
peptidyl-alanine modification The modification of peptidyl-alanine.
cellular response to insulin stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.
muscle cell migration The orderly movement of a muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
insulin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving insulin.
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
cellular response to magnetism Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnetic stimulus.
positive regulation by host of viral process A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.
polyamine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.
positive regulation of translational fidelity Any process that increases the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code.
epithelial cell morphogenesis The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state.
positive regulation of protein geranylgeranylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein geranylgeranylation.
glycerol-3-phosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.
arginyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling arginine to arginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by arginyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.
negative regulation of t-helper cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.
interleukin-8 biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8.
protein deglutamylation The removal of a glutamate residue from a protein. Glutamate residues in proteins can be gene-encoded, or added as side chains during the protein modification process of polyglutamylation.
regulation of transcription involved in cell fate commitment Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion.
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
regulation of natural killer cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of natural killer cell death by apoptotic process.
positive regulation of protein complex disassembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.
regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta3.
regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via mhc class i via er pathway The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via an ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
dna strand renaturation The identification and annealing of complementary base pairs in single-strand DNA.
translational initiation The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
regulation of pro-t cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pro-T cell differentiation.
deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
regulation of nlrp3 inflammasome complex assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly.
cellular response to cell-matrix adhesion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of cell-matrix adhesion.
regulation of interleukin-1 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.
regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD) pathway.
negative regulation of locomotion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
action potential A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities.
enteric smooth muscle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell of the intestine.
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, which stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.
respiratory burst A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
killing of cells of other organism Any process in an organism that results in the killing of cells of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.
cellular response to corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a peptide hormone involved in the stress response.
induction by virus of host cell-cell fusion The process of syncytia-forming cell-cell fusion, caused by a virus.
regulation of chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 5 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5.
regulation of mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
regulation of antimicrobial humoral response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.
positive regulation of fatty acid metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.
regulation of peptidase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
histone acetylation The modification of a histone by the addition of an acetyl group.
protein targeting to golgi The process of directing proteins towards the Golgi; usually uses signals contained within the protein.
cardioblast anterior-lateral migration The orderly movement of a cardioblast toward the head and laterally to form the heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling involved in lung development Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell and contributes to the development of the lung.
response to lead ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lead ion stimulus.
inner ear morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively.
atrioventricular node development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the atrioventricular (AV) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The AV node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of ventricle contraction by receiving electrical signals from the sinoatrial (SA) node and relaying them to the His-Purkinje system.
response to disaccharide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disaccharide stimulus.
somatic diversification of immunoglobulins The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins.
negative regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.
response to cobalt ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cobalt ion stimulus.
organic acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
mitochondrial threonyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling threonine to threonyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by threonyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
gmp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate.
dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis The process in which the terminal end of a mammary duct bifurcates.
epithelial cell migration The orderly movement of an epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription.
ribosomal small subunit biogenesis A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a small ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
regulation of cd40 signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the CD40 signaling pathway.
substance p catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the neuropeptide substance P.
cellular glucan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
cardiac muscle contraction Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue.
cellular response to cycloheximide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cycloheximide stimulus. Cycloheximide (actidione) is an antibiotic produced by some Streptomyces species which interferes with protein synthesis in eukaryotes.
blood vessel development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
replication fork processing The process in which a DNA replication fork that has stalled (due to DNA damage, DNA secondary structure, bound proteins, dNTP shortage, or other causes) is repaired and replication is restarted.
establishment of golgi localization The directed movement of the Golgi to a specific location.
membrane invagination The infolding of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.
alanine transport The directed movement of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
amyloid precursor protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.
i-kappab kinase/nf-kappab signaling The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of NF-kappaB. The cascade begins with activation of a trimeric IKK complex (consisting of catalytic kinase subunits IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta, and the regulatory scaffold protein NEMO) and ends with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.
regulation of pancreatic stellate cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic stellate cell proliferation.
regulation of glucagon secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
regulation of lymphocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.
cilium or flagellum-dependent cell motility Cell motility due to movement of eukaryotic cilia or bacterial-type flagella or archaeal-type flagella.
positive regulation of activation of membrane attack complex Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
caveola assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a caveola. A caveola is a plasma membrane raft that forms a small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane.
intercellular bridge organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the intracellular bridge. An intracellular bridge is a direct link between the cytoplasms of sister cells that allows cells to communicate with one another.
dna double-strand break processing involved in repair via single-strand annealing The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang that results in the repair of a double strand break via single-strand annealing.
lymphocyte aggregation The adhesion of one lymphocyte to one or more other lymphocytes via adhesion molecules.
cardiac right atrium morphogenesis The process in which the right cardiac atrium is generated and organized.
negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death.
diadenosine tetraphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving diadenosine tetraphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with four phosphate groups attached.
modification of morphology or physiology of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
divalent inorganic anion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent inorganic anions within an organism or cell.
negative regulation of rna-directed rna polymerase activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity.
glomerular capillary formation The process that gives rise to a glomerular capillary. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
glucoside transport The directed movement of glucosides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue.
protein localization to nuclear envelope A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within a nuclear envelope.
regulation of mitotic centrosome separation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the separation of duplicated centrosome components at the beginning of mitosis.
nucleobase transport The directed movement of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of sclerotome development Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.
positive regulation of termination of rna polymerase ii transcription, poly(a)-coupled Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, poly(A)-coupled.
regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat5 protein Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein.
positive regulation of semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway involved in outflow tract morphogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
response to fatty acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fatty acid stimulus.
negative regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 (NOD1) pathway.
negative regulation of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
atp synthesis coupled electron transport The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP.
positive regulation of glutamate neurotransmitter secretion in response to membrane depolarization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate secretion in response to membrane depolarization, where glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter.
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class i Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
primitive streak formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the primitive streak from unspecified parts. The primitive streak is a ridge of cells running along the midline of the embryo where the mesoderm ingresses. It defines the anterior-posterior axis.
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat protein Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.
regulation of kidney development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
regulation of calcium:sodium antiporter activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium:sodium antiporter activity.
negative regulation of translational initiation in response to stress Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
cytoplasm-associated proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm, which are targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation.
negative regulation of endoribonuclease activity Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
positive regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
urea transport The directed movement of urea into, out of or within the cell. Urea is the water-soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2.
myeloid cell activation involved in immune response A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
negative regulation of growth of symbiont involved in interaction with host Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the increase in size or mass of an organism occurring in, on or near the exterior of its host organism.
dicarboxylic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
paramesonephric duct development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paramesonephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mullerian ducts (or paramesonephric ducts) are paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin.
leukocyte migration The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
negative regulation of protein autophosphorylation Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues.
cellular process regulating host cell cycle in response to virus Any cellular process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle in response to a virus.
melanin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.
retinal bipolar neuron differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a bipolar cell, the last neuron to be generated in the retina.
regulation of rna stability Any process that modulates the propensity of RNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize RNAs.
schwann cell development The process aimed at the progression of a Schwann cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.
regulation of membrane potential Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
regulation of growth plate cartilage chondrocyte proliferation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes in a growing endochondral bone, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
macromolecule metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
positive regulation of cap-independent translational initiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cap-independent translational initiation.
threonine transport The directed movement of threonine, (2R*,3S*)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.
regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.
proximal convoluted tubule segment 2 development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the S2 portion of the proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The S2 portion of the tubule is involved in reabsorption of water and sodium chloride.
negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.
muscle cell fate specification The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a muscle cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
negative regulation of lyase activity Any process that stops or reduces the rate of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.
regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis.
positive regulation of hippo signaling Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.
regulation of interleukin-18 biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-18.
srebp signaling pathway A series of molecular signals from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus generated as a consequence of decreased levels of one or more sterols (and in some yeast, changes in oxygen levels) and which proceeds through activation of a sterol response element binding transcription factor (SREBP) to result in up-regulation of target gene transcription.
negative regulation of lipid binding Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid binding.
regulation of antigen processing and presentation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
cell proliferation involved in metanephros development The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the metanephros.
acyl-coa biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group.
directional locomotion Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another along an axis.
positive regulation of erk1 and erk2 cascade via tnfsf11-mediated signaling Any TNFSF11-mediated signaling process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.
smad protein complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins.
acyl carnitine transmembrane transport The directed movement of acyl carnitine across a membrane.
regulation of bundle of his cell action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell of the bundle of His. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin, in response to a glucose stimulus.
kynurenic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of kynurenic acid, 4-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid.
positive regulation of dendritic cell dendrite assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell dendrite assembly.
benzene-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzene, C6H6, a volatile, very inflammable liquid, contained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distillation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional distillation, or any of its derivatives.
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex iv biogenesis The biogenesis of a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase complex), a protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Includes the synthesis of constituent proteins and their aggregation, arrangement and bonding together.
nephric duct elongation The process in which the nephric duct grows along its axis. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.
regulation of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
negative regulation of cellular amide metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.
type i interferon biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any type I interferon. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
protein targeting to er The process of directing proteins towards the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) using signals contained within the protein. One common mechanism uses a 16- to 30-residue signal sequence, typically located at the N-terminus of the protein and containing positively charged amino acids followed by a continuous stretch of hydrophobic residues, which directs the ribosome to the ER membrane and initiates transport of the growing polypeptide across the ER membrane.
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
sequestering of tgfbeta in extracellular matrix Confining TGFbeta to the extracellular matrix (ECM) such that it is separated from other components of the signaling pathway, including its cell surface receptor. TGFbeta is secreted as part of a latent complex that is targeted to the extracellular matrix through latent-TGFbeta-binding protein (LTBP)-mediated association with matrix proteins.
protein delipidation The breakage of covalent bonds to detach lipid groups from a protein.
positive regulation of regulatory t cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells.
negative regulation of endocytosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
positive regulation of transcription by glucose Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription.
retina layer formation The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia.
inorganic anion transport The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
response to hypoxia Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.
positive regulation of protein localization to early endosome Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to early endosome.
cellular potassium ion transport The directed movement of potassium (K) ions into, out of, or within a cell.
dolichol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dolichols, any 2,3-dihydropolyprenol derived from four or more linked isoprene units.
regulation of mitochondrial dna metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.
regulation of mitotic attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore
peptidyl-histidine dephosphorylation The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-L-histidine to form peptidyl-histidine.
regulation of ureteric bud formation Any process that modulates the developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct.
regulation of phosphatase activity Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.
mitral valve morphogenesis The process in which the structure of the mitral valve is generated and organized.
positive regulation of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells.
myelination The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.
inorganic diphosphate transport The directed movement of inorganic diphosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
stem cell fate specification The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a stem cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
heat acclimation Any process that increases heat tolerance of an organism in response to high temperatures.
positive regulation of astrocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of monocyte extravasation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte extravasation.
positive regulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis.
regulation of endothelial cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
neuron projection guidance The process in which the migration of a neuron projection is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
plasma membrane raft organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of plasma membrane rafts.
tetrapyrrole metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
nuclear envelope organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.
regulation of metalloenzyme activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a metalloenzyme. A metalloenzyme is any enzyme that contains metal.
d-alanine family amino acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-alanine and related amino acids.
regulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational elongation.
aromatic amino acid transport The directed movement of aromatic amino acids, amino acids with aromatic ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 21 signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-C chemokine CCL21 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
thermoception The series of events required for an organism to receive a temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Thermoception in larger animals is mainly done in the skin; mammals have at least two types of sensor, for detecting heat (temperatures above body temperature) and cold (temperatures below body temperature).
myeloid progenitor cell differentiation The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages.
positive regulation of cd8-positive, alpha-beta t cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.
serotonin secretion The regulated release of serotonin by a cell. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells.
metanephric distal convoluted tubule development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric distal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric distal convoluted tubule is the first segment of the metanephric nephron lying just downstream from the loop of Henle, immediately after the macula densa. Among other functions, in humans it is responsible for the reabsorption of about 5% of filtered sodium via the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl symporter.
nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
negative regulation of b cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
protein transport into membrane raft The directed movement of a protein into a membrane raft. Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.
locomotory behavior The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.
embryonic skeletal joint morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of skeletal joints are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. A skeletal joint is the connecting structure between the bones of the skeleton.
desmosome disassembly The controlled breakdown of a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.
reproductive behavior The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction.
cell projection assembly Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
ceramide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid.
positive regulation of gluconeogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.
defense response to gram-positive bacterium Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.
positive regulation of interleukin-10 secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-10 secretion.
feeding behavior Behavior associated with the intake of food.
positive regulation of immunoglobulin biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin biosynthesis.
bile acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.
mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c The transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex III.
carbohydrate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule.
regulation of sterol import Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sterol import.
positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of brown fat cell differentiation. Brown fat cell differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.
positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization.
pulmonary valve morphogenesis The process in which the structure of the pulmonary valve is generated and organized.
response to endogenous stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism.
substantia nigra development The progression of the substantia nigra over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The substantia nigra is the layer of gray substance that separates the posterior parts of the cerebral peduncles (tegmentum mesencephali) from the anterior parts; it normally includes a posterior compact part with many pigmented cells (pars compacta) and an anterior reticular part whose cells contain little pigment (pars reticularis).
embryonic process involved in female pregnancy A reproductive process occurring in the embryo or fetus that allows the embryo or fetus to develop within the mother.
brain renin-angiotensin system The process in which an angiotensin-mediated signaling system present in the brain regulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.
b-1 b cell homeostasis The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells of the B-1 subset such that the total number of B-1 B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
acetate ester transport The directed movement of an acetate ester into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of endothelial cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.
gdp-l-fucose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP-L-fucose, a substance composed of L-fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
negative regulation of cellular response to growth factor stimulus Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.
snrna import into nucleus The directed movement of snRNA, small nuclear ribonucleic acid into the nucleus.
chondrocyte differentiation The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
negative regulation of translational initiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.
regulation of gtp cyclohydrolase i activity Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase I.
regulation of calcium ion import Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.
macromolecule biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
negative regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
chaperone-mediated protein folding The process of inhibiting aggregation and assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that is dependent on interaction with a chaperone.
sterol transmembrane transport The directed movement of a sterol across a membrane into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Sterols are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
negative regulation of protein localization to cilium Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.
monosaccharide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms.
ureter epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell in the urothelium. The urothelium is the epithelial tube of the ureter.
establishment of chromosome localization The directed movement of a chromosome to a specific location.
metanephric tubule formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric tubule.
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
negative regulation of hemostasis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.
cellular response to biotic stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism.
nucleoside diphosphate phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into a nucleoside diphosphate to produce a nucleoside triphosphate.
regulation of protein geranylgeranylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein geranylgeranylation.
regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by neurological system process A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates.
tryptophan catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.
artery smooth muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the artery. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The artery is a vessel carrying blood away from the heart.
regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.
positive regulation by organism of defense-related nitric oxide production in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of rna splicing Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing.
cilium movement The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
hormonal regulation of the force of heart contraction The process in which the hormones modulates the force of heart muscle contraction. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.
response to epinephrine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3; it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system.
regulation of cholesterol transporter activity Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol transporter activity.
s-adenosylmethioninamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-adenosylmethioninamine, (5-deoxy-5-adenosyl)(3-aminopropyl) methylsulfonium salt.
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production.
development of primary sexual characteristics The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary sexual characteristics are the testes in males and the ovaries in females and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.
cellular carbohydrate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.
negative regulation of gtp cyclohydrolase i activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase I.
forebrain neuroblast division The division of a neuroblast located in the forebrain. Neuroblast division gives rise to at least another neuroblast.
positive regulation of dna binding Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
establishment of cell polarity involved in ameboidal cell migration The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell.
positive regulation of cell killing Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing.
protein processing Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. Protein maturation is the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.
regulation of nad(p)h oxidase activity Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.
regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
cellular triglyceride homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of triglyceride within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.
adenine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving adenine, 6-aminopurine, one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of numerous important derivatives of its corresponding ribonucleoside, adenosine.
negative regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.
pyrimidine nucleobase catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.
positive regulation of cyclase activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cyclase.
regulation of cargo loading into copii-coated vesicle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cargo loading into COPII-coated vesicle.
negative regulation of cytokine secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cytokines from a cell.
regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.
mesodermal to mesenchymal transition involved in gastrulation The epithelial to mesenchymal transition process in which a mesodermal cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell as part of the process of gastrulation.
positive regulation of neutrophil extravasation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil extravasation.
positive regulation of tor signaling Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.
negative regulation of cell adhesion molecule production Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.
rrna methylation The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in an rRNA molecule.
regulation of alternative mrna splicing, via spliceosome Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alternative splicing of nuclear mRNAs.
regulation of cofactor metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a cofactor.
positive regulation of phospholipid transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid transport.
nuclear-transcribed mrna catabolic process, no-go decay The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA with stalls in translation elongation.
regulation of trail biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand.
positive regulation of peptide secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
polysaccharide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
negative regulation of dna damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.
regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.
regulation of defense response to virus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the antiviral response of a cell or organism.
histone h2b conserved c-terminal lysine ubiquitination A histone ubiquitination process in which a ubiquitin monomer is added to a conserved lysine residue in the C-terminus of histone H2B. The conserved lysine residue is K119 in fission yeast, K123 in budding yeast, or K120 in mammals.
movement in environment of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction The directed movement of an organism or motile cell on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
localization Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to or maintained in a specific location.
inner ear receptor cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of inner ear receptor cells. Inner ear receptor cells are mechanorecptors found in the inner ear responsible for transducing signals involved in balance and sensory perception of sound.
helper t cell extravasation The migration of a helper T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. A helper T-cell is an effector T cell that provides help in the form of secreted cytokines to other immune cells.
negative regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
positive regulation of mitochondrial depolarization Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive.
rna destabilization Any process that decreases the stability of an RNA molecule, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes.
cell migration involved in mesendoderm migration The orderly movement of epithelial cells from one site to another that contributes to the migration of mesendodermal tissue.
mrna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.
mitochondrial membrane organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion.
microtubule cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
interleukin-10 secretion The regulated release of interleukin-10 from a cell.
dna conformation change A cellular process that results in a change in the spatial configuration of a DNA molecule. A conformation change can bend DNA, or alter the, twist, writhe, or linking number of a DNA molecule.
negative regulation of circadian rhythm Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions.
maintenance of protein location in nucleus Any process in which a protein is maintained in the nucleus and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the nucleus, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the nucleus.
apoptotic process involved in luteolysis The apoptotic process that contributes to luteolysis.
red, far-red light phototransduction The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from red or far-red light into a molecular signal; the red, far-red light range is defined as having a wavelength within the range 660-730 nm.
cellular response to iron ion starvation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of iron ions.
positive regulation of neurofibrillary tangle assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurofibrillary tangle assembly.
peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation The phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.
positive regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that increases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.
unsaturated monocarboxylic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-) and one or more unsaturated C-C bonds.
positive regulation of necrotic cell death Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of necrotic cell death. Necrotic cell death is a cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents.
sympathetic neuron projection guidance The process in which the migration of a sympathetic neuron projection is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development.
positive regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
positive regulation of catagen Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of catagen, the regression phase of the hair cycle.
'de novo' amp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP).
lung secretory cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung secretory cell. A lung secretory cell is a specialized epithelial cell of the lung that contains large secretory granules in its apical part.
negative regulation of t cell migration Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.
positive regulation of gene expression, epigenetic Any epigenetic process that activates or increases the rate of gene expression.
positive regulation of protein k48-linked ubiquitination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein K48-linked ubiquitination.
metanephric tubule development The progression of a metanephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros.
pyrimidine nucleoside metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
pyrimidine nucleobase transport The directed movement of pyrimidine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in ventricular septum morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in ventricular septum morphogenesis.
cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.
positive regulation of cellular component organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
signal transduction involved in dna integrity checkpoint A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA integrity checkpoint.
tricuspid valve development The progression of the tricuspid valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract.
putrescine biosynthetic process from ornithine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane by decarboxylation of ornithine.
organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic cyclic compound.
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.
chaperone-mediated protein transport The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, mediated by chaperone molecules that bind to the transported proteins.
pigmentation The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.
activation-induced cell death of t cells A T cell apoptotic process that occurs towards the end of the expansion phase following the initial activation of mature T cells by antigen and is triggered by T cell receptor stimulation and signals transmitted via various surface-expressed members of the TNF receptor family such as Fas ligand, Fas, and TNF and the p55 and p75 TNF receptors.
vesicle docking involved in exocytosis The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, that contributes to exocytosis.
regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a ceramide biosynthetic process.
protein myristoylation The covalent attachment of a myristoyl group to a protein.
optic nerve morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the optic nerve is generated and organized. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.
central nervous system morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the central nervous system is generated and organized. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
negative regulation of osteoclast proliferation Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population.
syncytiotrophoblast cell differentiation involved in labyrinthine layer development The process in which a chorionic trophoblast cell acquires specialized features of a syncytiotrophoblast of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta.
positive regulation of t cell costimulation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell costimulation.
regulation of immune system process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
respiratory system process A system process carried out by the organs and tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange.
dgmp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate).
intra-s dna damage checkpoint A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that slows DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage by the prevention of new origin firing and the stabilization of slow replication fork progression.
retinal pigment epithelium development The progression of the retinal pigment epithelium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The retinal pigment epithelium is the melanin-containing layer of cells between the retina and the choroid that absorbs scattered and reflected light and removes waste products produced by the photoreceptor cells.
regulation of cation channel activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.
negative regulation of hypersensitivity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
lateral sprouting involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis The process in which a branch forms along the side of a mammary duct.
positive regulation of protein modification process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
corpus callosum development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corpus callosum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provide communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
somatic recombination of immunoglobulin gene segments The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, as known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus.
aldonic acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldonic acid, a monocarboxylic acid with a chain of three or more carbon atoms, derived from an aldose by oxidation of the aldehydic group.
interleukin-1 alpha secretion The regulated release of interleukin-1 alpha from a cell.
embryonic axis specification The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or a point in an embryo.
regulation of cellular protein metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
isotype switching The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of other isotypes of immunoglobulin, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion involving switch regions that reside 5' of each constant region gene segment in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.
lysosomal lumen ph elevation Any process that increases the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
regulation of intracellular signal transduction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
mesoderm structural organization The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the mesoderm. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure.
retrograde transport, endosome to plasma membrane The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the plasma membrane, a trafficking pathway that promotes the recycling of internalized transmembrane proteins.
aspartate transport The directed movement of aspartate, the anion of aspartic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
diaphragm development The progression of the diaphragm over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs.
cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell differentiation involved in immune response The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
negative regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell activation.
taxis The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus.
purine ribonucleotide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
regulation of chromatin silencing at rdna Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the repression of transcription of ribosomal DNA by altering the structure of chromatin.
regulation of pronephros size Any process that modulates the size of a pronephric kidney.
negative regulation of lipid transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of corticotropin secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropin hormone from a cell.
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process.
programmed necrotic cell death A necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.
angiotensin-activated signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of angiotensin II binding to an angiotensin receptor on the surface of the cell, and proceeding with the activated receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
protein catabolic process in the vacuole The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases.
behavioral response to cocaine Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a cocaine stimulus.
vasculature development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism.
prostanoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostanoids, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure.
oxidative rna demethylation The removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule involving oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.
response to glucagon Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus.
regulation of nk t cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell proliferation.
tolerance induction to lipopolysaccharide Tolerance induction directed at lipopolysaccharide antigens.
monocyte aggregation The adhesion of one monocyte to one or more other monocytes via adhesion molecules.
negative regulation of response to stimulus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.
cdp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving CDP, cytidine (5'-)diphosphate.
type b pancreatic cell fate commitment The commitment of a cell to a type B pancreatic cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.
mammary gland lobule development The progression of the mammary gland lobule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mammary gland lobule is a small rounded projection of the mammary gland.
metanephric glomerular mesangial cell proliferation involved in metanephros development The multiplication or reproduction of glomerular mesangial cells in the metanephros, resulting in the expansion of the population.
regulation of myd88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
negative regulation of transcription elongation from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.
regulation of multi-organism process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process in which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species.
nucleolus to nucleoplasm transport The directed movement of substances from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm.
endocardial cushion cell fate commitment The commitment of a cell to an endocardial cushion cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an endocardial cushion cell.
regulation of cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state.
dtmp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate).
glycoside catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound.
signal complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a complex capable of relaying a signal within a cell.
muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.
regulation of translational initiation by eif2 alpha phosphorylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation in response to stress by the phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha.
cell cycle The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.
eye morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized.
spongiotrophoblast layer development The process in which the spongiotrophoblast layer of the placenta progresses from its formation to its mature state.
negative regulation of cytokinesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.
regulation of angiogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.
protein alkylation The addition of an alkyl group to a protein amino acid. An alkyl group is any group derived from an alkane by removal of one hydrogen atom.
positive regulation of nfat protein import into nucleus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of an NFAT protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
toll-like receptor tlr6:tlr2 signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a heterodimeric TLR6:TLR2 complex to one of it's physiological ligands, followed by transmission of the signal by the activated receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
establishment of integrated proviral latency A process by which the virus integrates into the host genome and establishes as a stable provirus or prophage.
chemokine receptor transport within lipid bilayer The directed movement of a chemokine receptor within a lipid bilayer.
negative regulation of amino acid transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
constitutive protein ectodomain proteolysis The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain that occurs constantly, regardless of environmental conditions or demands.
hypotonic salinity response Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.
negative regulation of protein complex assembly Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
mitochondrial trna 3'-end processing The process in which the 3' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA in the mitochondrion.
ketone body biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone. Biosynthesis involves the formation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA, which is cleaved to acetate and acetyl-CoA.
positive regulation of cell maturation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.
icosanoid secretion The controlled release of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids from a cell or a tissue.
macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of macrophage migration inhibitory factor to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
regulation of atp metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.
negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.
cellular biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
cell migration involved in gastrulation The migration of individual cells within the blastocyst to help establish the multi-layered body plan of the organism (gastrulation). For example, the migration of cells from the surface to the interior of the embryo (ingression).
positive regulation of protein secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.
l-glutamate transmembrane transport The directed movement of L-glutamate across a membrane.
type b pancreatic cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of pancreatic B cells, resulting in the expansion of an pancreatic B cell population. Pancreatic B cell are cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin.
establishment of protein localization to chromosome The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome.
regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
signal transduction involved in cell cycle checkpoint A signal transduction process that contributes to a cell cycle checkpoint.
chondrocyte morphogenesis involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte that will contribute to bone development are generated and organized.
double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. This term covers instances of separate pathways, called classical (or canonical) and alternative nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ and A-NHEJ). These in turn may further branch into sub-pathways, but evidence is still unclear.
negative regulation of smad protein import into nucleus Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein import into the nucleus, i.e. the directed movement of a SMAD proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
mitochondrial rna surveillance The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant RNAs that takes place in the mitochondrion.
hyaluronan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
cytotoxic t cell degranulation The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as perforin and granzymes by a cytotoxic T cell.
anoikis Apoptosis triggered by inadequate or inappropriate adherence to substrate e.g. after disruption of the interactions between normal epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix.
astrocyte activation A change in morphology and behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
sensory neuron axon guidance The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a sensory neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. A sensory neuron is an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses.
negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
microtubule-based movement A microtubule-based process that is mediated by motor proteins and results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other particles along microtubules.
muscle cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle cell development does not include the steps involved in committing an unspecified cell to the muscle cell fate.
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of epithelial cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
negative regulation of histone modification Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone.
negative regulation of calcium ion import into sarcoplasmic reticulum Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion import into sarcoplasmic reticulum.
pro-t cell differentiation The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-T cell. Pro-T cells are the earliest stage of the T cell lineage but are not fully committed.
negative regulation of activation of jak2 kinase activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of activation of JAK2 kinase activity.
vesicle-mediated transport A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.
axon cargo transport The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in nerve cell axons.
reduction of food intake in response to dietary excess An eating behavior process whereby detection of a dietary excess results in a decrease in intake of nutrients.
er overload response The series of molecular signals generated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB.
negative regulation of necrotic cell death Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of necrotic cell death. Necrotic cell death is a cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents.
mitochondrial rna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.
endosomal lumen acidification Any process that reduces the pH of the endosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
beta-alanine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins.
immunoglobulin production The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
gpi anchor metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, molecular mechanisms for attaching membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Structurally they consist of a molecule of phosphatidylinositol to which is linked, via the C-6 hydroxyl of the inositol, a carbohydrate chain. This chain is in turn linked to the protein through an ethanolamine phosphate group, the amino group of which is in amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein chain, the phosphate group being esterified to the C-6 hydroxyl of the terminal mannose of the core carbohydrate chain.
positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
regulation of muscle organ development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.
response to potassium ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a potassium ion stimulus.
positive regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation.
pulmonary vein morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the pulmonary venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart.
regulation of i-kappab phosphorylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB phosphorylation.
purine nucleobase salvage Any process that generates purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.
adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains An immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of germline gene segments encoding immunoglobulin superfamily domains, and allowing for enhanced responses upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). Recombined receptors for antigen encoded by immunoglobulin superfamily domains include T cell receptors and immunoglobulins (antibodies). An example of this is the adaptive immune response found in Mus musculus.
regulation of carbohydrate utilization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of carbohydrate utilization.
progesterone secretion The regulated release of progesterone, a steroid hormone, by the corpus luteum of the ovary and by the placenta.
cellular response to organonitrogen compound Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
male gamete generation Generation of the male gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a female gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.
carbohydrate derivative metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate derivative.
regulation of phosphate transmembrane transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport.
negative regulation of cyclin catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin catabolic process.
negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.
positive t cell selection The process of sparing immature T cells which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.
muscle cell cellular homeostasis The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a muscle cell in a stable functional or structural state.
mitochondrial mrna surveillance The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading messenger RNA (mRNA) within the mitochondrion.
endochondral bone growth The increase in size or mass of an endochondral bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone.
intraciliary transport The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins.
regulation of plasma cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma cell differentiation.
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
acetyl-coa catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated.
cellular component disassembly A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component.
regulation of fertilization Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.
nuclear export The directed movement of substances out of the nucleus.
galactosylceramide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission The directed movement of dopamine into a presynaptic neuron or glial cell. In this context, dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a tumor necrosis factor to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
hormone metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
histone h2a-k15 ubiquitination The modification of histone H2A by addition of ubiquitin group at lysine 15 (H2A-K15) in metazoans, and at the equivalent residue in other organisms. Monoubiquitin is first attached to H2A-K15 and K63-linked ubiquitin chains are then extended from this monoubiquitin.
10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
triglyceride transport The directed movement of triglyceride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.
regulation of hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.
cellular response to staurosporine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a staurosporine stimulus.
negative regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.
cell volume homeostasis Any process involved in maintaining the steady state of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell.
regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.
regulation of immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.
cytoplasmic sequestering of transcription factor The selective interaction of a transcription factor with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus.
release of cytochrome c from mitochondria The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation.
positive regulation of rubidium ion transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of rubidium ion transport.
golgi disassembly A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a Golgi apparatus that contributes to Golgi inheritance.
positive regulation of superoxide anion generation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.
positive regulation of centriole replication Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole replication.
asparagine transport The directed movement of asparagine, alpha-aminosuccinamic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
chronic inflammatory response Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously. Although it may follow acute inflammation, chronic inflammation frequently begins insidiously, as a low-grade, smoldering, often asymptomatic response.
regulation of dipeptide transmembrane transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dipeptide transmembrane transport.
proteasomal protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.
negative regulation of dendritic cell dendrite assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell dendrite assembly.
mitochondrial electron transport, nadh to ubiquinone The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I.
t cell activation involved in immune response The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
response to acidic ph Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH < 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
regulation of l-dopa biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa biosynthetic process.
initiation of primordial ovarian follicle growth Increase in size of primordial follicles including proliferation and shape changes of granulosa and/or theca cells until oocyte is surrounded by one layer of cuboidal shaped granulosa cells (primary follicle).
negative regulation of rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
cellular response to oxygen-containing compound Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus.
catenin import into nucleus The directed movement of a catenin protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
regulation of timing of neuron differentiation The process controlling the activation and/or rate at which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires features of a neuron.
'de novo' actin filament nucleation The actin nucleation process in which actin monomers combine in the absence of any existing actin filaments; elongation of the actin oligomer formed by nucleation leads to the formation of an unbranched filament.
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
prostate gland morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a prostate gland are generated and organized.
negative regulation of er-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.
response to low light intensity stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low light intensity stimulus. Low light intensity is defined as a level of electromagnetic radiation at or below 0.1 micromols/m2.
hyaluronan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
activation of phospholipase c activity The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand.
amino acid salvage Any process which produces an amino acid from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
phytosphingosine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytosphingosine, (2S,3S,4R)-2-aminooctadecane-1,3,4-triol.
multicellular organismal macromolecule catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any large molecule including proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates, in multicellular organisms occurring at the tissue, organ, or organismal level.
cellular response to mycotoxin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycotoxin stimulus. A mycotoxin is a toxic chemical substance produced by fungi.
floor plate morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the floor plate is generated and organized.
cellular response to fluoride Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluoride stimulus.
mannosamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannosomine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose; the D-isomer is a constituent of neuraminic acids as well as mucolipids and mucoproteins.
regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2.
negative regulation of natural killer cell chemotaxis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell chemotaxis.
regulation of camp-dependent protein kinase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.
positive regulation of mhc class i biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I.
glucuronate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucuronate, any salt or ester of glucuronic acid, the uronic acid formally derived from glucose by oxidation of the hydroxymethylene group at C-6 to a carboxyl group.
negative regulation of positive chemotaxis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
modulation by organism of defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, the response mounted by that organism in response to the presence of the first organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of glial cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.
hormone secretion The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells.
gene looping The formation and maintenance of DNA loops that juxtapose sequentially separated regions of RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes.
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
corticotropin hormone secreting cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a corticotropic hormone secreting cell. An corticotropic hormone secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces corticotropin.
desmosome assembly A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.
tachykinin receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a tachykinin, i.e. a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2), binding to a cell surface receptor.
posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript.
b cell homeostatic proliferation The non-specific expansion of B cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of B cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus.
platelet activating factor biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli.
imidazole-containing compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of imidazoles, five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
regulation of cyclase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclase activity.
retinal blood vessel morphogenesis The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
negative regulation of hair cycle Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.
negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.
response to cytokine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.
cellular component biogenesis A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component.
lamellipodium morphogenesis A process that is carried out at the cellular level and in which the structure of a lamellipodium is organized.
negative regulation of positive thymic t cell selection Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of positive thymic T cell selection.
positive regulation of phospholipid translocation Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the translocation, or flipping, of phospholipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.
aggresome assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an aggresome; requires the microtubule cytoskeleton and dynein.
positive regulation of inhibitory postsynaptic membrane potential Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). IPSP is a temporary decrease in postsynaptic membrane potential due to the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) and makes it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential.
phosphatidylinositol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which a sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.
peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-tyrosine to form peptidyl-tyrosine.
floor plate formation The formation of a ventral region of glial cells in the neural tube that provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types. The floor plate is evident at the ventral midline by the neural fold stage.
positive regulation of dendrite development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.
foregut morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized.
maintenance of organelle location Any process in which an organelle is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
protein autophosphorylation The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation).
cellular response to hydrostatic pressure Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrostatic pressure stimulus. Hydrostatic pressure is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is at rest (as opposed to moving). The weight of the fluid above the object creates pressure on it.
immunoglobulin transcytosis in epithelial cells The process of transporting immunoglobulin, via transcytosis, from one side of an epithelial cell to the other.
cd8-positive, alpha-beta t cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.
endocrine hormone secretion The regulated release of a hormone into the circulatory system.
cis assembly of pre-catalytic spliceosome Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the intact pre-mRNA and all of the spliceosomal snRNPs. This occurs when the tri-snRNP associates with the pre-mRNA and associated snRNPs in an ATP-dependent manner.
viral protein processing Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a viral protein.
thymocyte apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a thymocyte, an immature T cell located in the thymus.
regulation of t cell mediated immunity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
regulation of macroautophagy Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.
negative regulation of mitochondrial fission Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.
limb epidermis development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis of the limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The limb epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of the limb, it is a complex stratified squamous epithelium.
l-fucose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-fucose (6-deoxy-Lgalactose).
positive regulation of myoblast fusion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast fusion.
thiamine transport The directed movement of thiamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
uterus morphogenesis The process in which anatomical structures of the uterus are generated and organized.
regulation of cd8-positive, alpha-beta t cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
negative regulation by host of viral glycoprotein metabolic process A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral glycoprotein metabolic process.
n-terminal peptidyl-serine trimethylation The trimethylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins to form the derivative N,N,N-trimethylserine.
alkaloid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
negative regulation of type b pancreatic cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cardiac adrenergic receptor signaling pathway.
protein-carbohydrate complex subunit organization Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-carbohydrate complex.
negative regulation of beta-amyloid clearance Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of beta-amyloid clearance.
dgdp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate).
regulation of actin filament bundle assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.
antibacterial humoral response An immune response against bacteria mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are the antibacterial humoral responses in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.
cell-cell adhesion via plasma-membrane adhesion molecules The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that are at least partially embedded in the cell membrane.
regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of stat protein Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.
nuclear retention of unspliced pre-mrna at the site of transcription The process involved in retention of incorrectly or incompletely spliced pre-mRNA within the nucleus at the site of transcription.
enzyme-directed rrna 2'-o-methylation The addition of methyl groups to the 2'-oxygen atom of nucleotide residues in an rRNA molecule during ribosome biogenesis where the methylase specifies the site that becomes methylated without using a guide RNA.
regulation of protein phosphatase type 2a activity Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 2A.
multi-organism process A biological process which involves another organism of the same or different species.
gastric emptying The process in which the liquid and liquid-suspended solid contents of the stomach exit through the pylorus into the duodenum.
energy coupled proton transport, down electrochemical gradient The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that provides energy for the synthesis of ATP or GTP.
regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
cytolysis The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm.
cerebral cortex neuron differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron residing in the cerebral cortex.
positive regulation of heart contraction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction.
venous blood vessel development The progression of the venous blood vessel over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. Venous blood vessels carry blood back to the heart after the capillary bed.
phosphatidylcholine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. They are important constituents of cell membranes.
postsynaptic density organization A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynaptic density, a region that lies adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane at excitatory synapse.
regulation of dopamine secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.
positive regulation of isotype switching Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.
negative regulation of tau-protein kinase activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.
glucan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
response to luteinizing hormone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a luteinizing hormone stimulus.
regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.
negative regulation of camp metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
malonyl-coa biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of malonyl-CoA, the S-malonyl derivative of coenzyme A.
glucose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
secondary metabolite biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of secondary metabolites, the compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.
regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.
viral genome replication Any process involved directly in viral genome replication, including viral nucleotide metabolism.
positive regulation of interleukin-3 biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-3.
cellular component organization or biogenesis A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
gastric inhibitory peptide signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) binding to a cell surface receptor. The pathway proceeds with the receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
trophectodermal cell proliferation The proliferation of cells in the trophectoderm.
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation.
positive regulation of amino acid transport Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
monoubiquitinated histone deubiquitination The removal of the ubiquitin group from a monoubiquitinated histone protein.
galactitol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactitol, the hexitol derived by the reduction of the aldehyde group of either D- or L-galactose.
tissue morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a tissue are generated and organized.
lymphocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.
regulation of histone modification Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone.
detection of oxygen The series of events in which an oxygen stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.
negative regulation of small gtpase mediated signal transduction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.
rna surveillance The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant RNAs.
negative regulation of translation, ncrna-mediated Any process, mediated by small non-coding RNAs, that stops, prevents or reduces the rate that mRNAs are effectively translated into protein.
positive regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.
platelet morphogenesis Generation and organization of a platelet, a non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation.
leptin-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of leptin to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body.
male genitalia development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
apical protein localization Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, apical regions of the cell.
negative regulation of glial cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.
amylopectin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amylopectin, the (1->4) linked alpha glucose units with alpha-(1->6) linkages.
negative regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.
jun phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into a JUN protein.
negative regulation of interleukin-10 secretion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-10 secretion.
defense response to fungus, incompatible interaction A response of an organism to a fungus that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
cartilage condensation The condensation of mesenchymal cells that have been committed to differentiate into chondrocytes.
response to chlorate Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chlorate stimulus.
b-1a b cell differentiation The process in which B cells acquire the specialized features of B-1a B cells. B-1a B cells are B-1 cells that express CD5 and arise from fetal liver precursors.
telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication The process in which telomeric DNA is synthesized semi-conservatively by the conventional replication machinery and telomeric accessory factors as part of cell cycle DNA replication.
polyprenol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyprenols, prenols with more than 4 isoprenoid residues, which may be all-trans, or a mixture of cis and trans.
negative regulation of determination of dorsal identity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of determination of dorsal identity.
regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.
negative regulation of entry of bacterium into host cell Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of entry of bacterium into host cell.
maternal aggressive behavior Aggressive behavior of a female to protect her offspring from a threat.
peptidyl-lysine trimethylation The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine.
regulation of complement activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.
regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in heart morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in heart morphogenesis.
regulation of osteoblast differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.
proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein as part of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells.
regulation of lyase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.
hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
cellular polysaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides, polymers of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
regulation of sa node cell action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an SA node cardiac myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
copii-coated vesicle budding The evagination of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane, resulting in formation of a COPII-coated vesicle.
intestinal epithelial cell migration The orderly movement of an intestinal epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
negative regulation of steroid hormone secretion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.
liposaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving liposaccharide.
regulation of response to stress Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to stress. Response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
elastic fiber assembly Assembly of the extracellular matrix fibers that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching.
positive regulation of erythrocyte aggregation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of erythrocyte aggregation.
positive regulation of single-stranded telomeric dna binding Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of single-stranded telomeric DNA binding.
vestibular nucleus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vestibular nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
regulation of feeding behavior Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the behavior associated with the intake of food.
positive regulation of immature t cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation.
regulation of interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway.
stress granule assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule.
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development.
regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.
pattern specification involved in kidney development Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
lipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.
regulation of mast cell degranulation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell degranulation.
protein export from nucleus The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
positive regulation of vasculogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.
positive regulation of testosterone secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone secretion.
positive regulation of mast cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.
intermediate filament bundle assembly The formation of the bundles of intermediate filaments. Intermediate filament-associated proteins (IFAPs) cross-link intermediate filaments with one another, forming a bundle or a network, and with other cell structures, including the plasma membrane. The organization of intermediate filaments and their supportive function in various cells types depends in large part on their linkage to other cell structures via IFAPs.
negative regulation of meiotic nuclear division
negative regulation of memory t cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of memory T cell differentiation.
ovarian cumulus expansion Increase in size of the cumulus surrounding the oocyte including change in morphology due to proliferation and dispersion of cumulus cells.
autophagy The process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation.
glycosylceramide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.
somite development The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.
protein maturation Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.
angiotensin-mediated drinking behavior The drinking behavior that is mediated by the action of angiotensin in the brain. Angiotensin stimulates the brain centers that control thirst.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
regulation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle phase transition.
negative regulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
positive regulation of guanylate cyclase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.
negative regulation of catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
mononuclear cell proliferation The expansion of a mononuclear cell population by cell division. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.
negative regulation of transmembrane transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
regulation of signal transduction by receptor internalization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by the movement of a signaling receptor from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. Receptor internalization can have a positive or negative effect on a signaling pathway.
mrna cleavage involved in gene silencing by mirna The process in which microRNAs (miRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA will typically direct cleavage by base pairing with near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA. Many plant miRNAs downregulate gene expression through this mechanism.
intraciliary anterograde transport The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the cell body toward the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum), mediated by motor proteins.
flavin-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a flavin, any derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position.
regulation of cardiac cell fate specification Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac cell fate specification.
protein localization to photoreceptor connecting cilium A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a photoreceptor connecting cilium.
melanocyte adhesion The attachment of a melanocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules.
positive regulation of central b cell tolerance induction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction.
regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle.
negative regulation of cell fate commitment Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling to convert a signal into a response. Phosphatidylinositols include phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives.
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class ii Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
enucleate erythrocyte differentiation The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of an erythrocyte without a nucleus. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
nucleolus organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleolus.
omega-hydroxylase p450 pathway The chemical reactions and pathways by which arachidonic acid is converted to other compounds initially by omega-hydroxylation.
cerebellar purkinje cell layer morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer is generated and organized. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.
columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell maturation The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
nuclear pore distribution Any process that establishes the spatial arrangement of nuclear pores within the nuclear envelope.
protein homooligomerization The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.
modulation by host of viral catalytic activity The process in which a host organism effects a change in the enzyme activity of a virus with which it is infected.
negative regulation of protein metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.
regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic nucleotides.
homeostatic process Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state.
phospholipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
negative regulation of lung goblet cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lung goblet cell differentiation.
regulation of cohesin localization to chromatin Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cohesin complex is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.
menaquinone catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of menaquinones, any of the quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
morphogenesis of an epithelial bud The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from an epithelial sheet. A bud is a protrusion that forms form the sheet by localized folding.
mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling involved in prostate gland development Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted contributing to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
negative regulation of cortisol secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cortisol from a cell.
regulation of endocannabinoid signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocannabinoid signaling pathway.
regulation of mitotic cell cycle dna replication Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.
endocytosis involved in viral entry into host cell Any endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell.
regulation of mrna modification Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity.
positive regulation of transferase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.
regulation of synaptic vesicle priming Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle priming. Synaptic vesicle priming is the formation of SNARE-containing complexes, bringing synaptic vesicle membrane and plasma membranes into close proximity and thereby facilitating membrane fusion.
positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.
negative regulation of interleukin-2 production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.
post-anal tail morphogenesis The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance.
rrna transcription The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template.
modulation by host of viral process A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.
positive regulation of response to wounding Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.
positive regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.
glycosaminoglycan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. Formerly known as mucopolysaccharides, they include hyaluronic acid and chondroitin, which provide lubrication in joints and form part of the matrix of cartilage. The three-dimensional structure of these molecules enables them to trap water, which forms a gel and gives glycosaminoglycans their elastic properties.
regulation of dna strand elongation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of DNA strand elongation. DNA strand elongation is the DNA metabolic process in which a DNA strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing DNA stand.
negative regulation of lymphocyte migration Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.
negative regulation of corticotropin secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropic hormone from a cell.
heterochromatin organization involved in chromatin silencing Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic heterochromatin and contributes to chromatin silencing.
maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity The maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.
regulation of mirna catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA catabolic process.
t cell extravasation The migration of a T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.
phosphagen metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphagen, any of a group of guanidine phosphates that occur in muscle and can be used to regenerate ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.
phytoalexin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytoalexins, any of a range of substances produced by plants as part of their defense response.
molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.
regulation of type iii interferon production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type III interferon production. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far.
steroid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
single fertilization The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuronal migration to the hypothalamus The directional movement of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone producing neuron from the nasal placode to the hypothalamus.
negative regulation of hepatocyte differentiation Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrine Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream or released from the nerve endings.
regulation of blood pressure Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
neural tube development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium.
regulation of histone phosphorylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of one or more phosphate groups to a histone protein.
actin cytoskeleton reorganization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of constituent parts of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
positive regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine biosynthetic process.
rrna pseudouridine synthesis The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in an rRNA molecule.
endodermal cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an endoderm cell, a cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.
regulation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction.
regulation of endosome size Any process that modulates the volume of an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis.
cerebrospinal fluid secretion The regulated release of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the choroid plexus of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles. The cerebrospinal fluid is a clear liquid that located within the ventricles, spinal canal, and subarachnoid spaces.
regulation of glucocorticoid mediated signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid mediated signaling pathway.
regulation of activation of membrane attack complex Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
gonad morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the gonads are generated and organized. A gonad is an animal organ producing gametes, e.g. the testes or the ovary in mammals.
regulation of blood vessel size Any process that modulates the size of blood vessels.
negative regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine receptor protein signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
meiotic cytokinesis A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.
extracellular matrix disassembly A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
glycoside transport The directed movement of a glycoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors A series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with a ligand binding to a death domain receptor on the cell surface, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
barbed-end actin filament capping The binding of a protein or protein complex to the barbed (or plus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits.
positive regulation of histone h3-k9 acetylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 acetylation.
cellular response to bile acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bile acid stimulus.
negative regulation of creb transcription factor activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor CREB.
somatic diversification of immune receptors The somatic process allowing for the production of immune receptors whose specificity is not encoded in the germline genomic sequences.
l-methionine biosynthetic process from methylthioadenosine The generation of L-methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid) from methylthioadenosine.
wnt signaling pathway involved in somitogenesis The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state that contributes to somitogenesis.
negative regulation of vesicle fusion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.
meiotic spindle organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.
negative regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity Any process that stops or reduces the rate of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
positive regulation of cell volume Any process that increases cell volume.
regulation of cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic nucleotides.
hippo signaling The series of molecular signals mediated by the serine/threonine kinase Hippo or one of its orthologs. In Drosophila, Hippo in complex with the scaffold protein Salvador (Sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (Wts), which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (Yki) transcriptional activator. The core fly components hippo, sav, wts and mats are conserved in mammals as STK4/3 (MST1/2), SAV1/WW45, LATS1/2 and MOB1.
b cell activation The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
sodium ion transmembrane transport A process in which a sodium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of protein k63-linked ubiquitination Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked ubiquitination.
trachea cartilage development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tracheal cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
cellular response to heat Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.
regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance The process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
midbrain-hindbrain boundary initiation The regionalization process that gives rise to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
pulmonary valve formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the pulmonary valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class i Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
fructose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose.
positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.
anthranilate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving anthranilate (2-aminobenzoate).
fructose 6-phosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 6-phosphate, also known as F6P. The D-enantiomer is an important intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fructose metabolism.
cellular divalent inorganic anion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent inorganic anions at the level of a cell.
negative regulation of golgi to plasma membrane protein transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
regulation of lipid kinase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid.
production of small rna involved in gene silencing by rna The process in which a double-stranded RNA precursor is processed into short (20-30 nt) fragments. RNA cleavage is catalyzed by a Dicer endonuclease.
dna demethylation The removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule.
modulation of signal transduction in other organism The process in which an organism effects a change in a signal transduction process - a cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell - in a second organism.
maintenance of cell number Any process by which the numbers of cells of a particular type in a tissue are maintained.
positive regulation of c-c chemokine receptor ccr7 signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of C-C chemokine receptor CCR7 signaling pathway.
regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha.
positive regulation of rhodopsin gene expression Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin gene expression.
negative regulation of collateral sprouting of intact axon in response to injury Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting of an intact axon as a result of injury to an axon.
cyclic purine nucleotide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue and the base is a purine.
sensory perception of chemical stimulus The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
regulation of hair follicle maturation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle maturation.
cell migration involved in metanephros development The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the metanephric kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
labyrinthine layer blood vessel development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply.
mitochondrial trna 3'-trailer cleavage, endonucleolytic Endonucleolytic cleavage of the 3'-end of the pre-tRNA as part of the process of generating the mature 3'-end of the tRNA in the mitochondrion.
acrosome reaction The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following the sperm's attachment to the zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the exocytosis of the acrosomal contents into the egg.
regulation of odontogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.
regulation of vitamin d 24-hydroxylase activity Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity. Vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity catalyzes the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D.
mating The pairwise union of individuals for the purpose of sexual reproduction, ultimately resulting in the formation of zygotes.
coenzyme a catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.
negative regulation of pinocytosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process in which cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes.
rna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
purine deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
cellular response to aluminum ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aluminum ion stimulus.
single-organism reproductive behavior The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction involving a single organism.
protein palmitoylation The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a protein.
oligodendrocyte apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in an oligodendrocyte. Oligodendrocytes belong to a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, where they form the insulating myelin sheath of axons.
astrocyte cell migration The orderly movement of an astrocyte, a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord.
forebrain development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).
positive regulation of hexokinase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hexokinase activity.
negative regulation of notch signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.
positive regulation of mrna 3'-utr binding
camp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
peptidyl-l-cysteine s-palmitoylation The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a sulfur (S) atom within a cysteine residue to form peptidyl-S-palmitoyl-L-cysteine.
smooth muscle hyperplasia A process, occurring in smooth muscle, in which there is an increase in cell number by cell division, often leading to an increase in the size of an organ.
phospholipid transfer to membrane The transfer of a phospholipid from its site of synthesis to the plasma membrane.
alcohol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.
protein kinase c signaling A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
mitotic cell cycle checkpoint A cell cycle checkpoint that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage.
activation of anaphase-promoting complex activity Any process that initiates the ubiquitin ligase activity of the anaphase-promoting complex.
glucosamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.
bud elongation involved in lung branching The process in which a bud in the lung grows out from the point where it is formed.
'de novo' cotranslational protein folding The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent assembly of the ribosome-bound nascent chains of a multidomain protein whilst other parts of the protein are still being translated.
regulation of eosinophil differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil differentiation.
peptidyl-lysine n6-acetylation The acetylation of the peptidyl-lysine of proteins to form the derivative peptidyl-N6-acetyl-L-lysine.
development of secondary sexual characteristics The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. In humans, these include growth of axillary, chest, and pubic hair, voice changes, testicular/penile enlargement, breast development and menstrual periods. Development occurs in response to sex hormone secretion.
negative regulation of chondrocyte proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
positive regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
chromosome attachment to the nuclear envelope
biological adhesion The attachment of a cell or organism to a substrate or other organism.
metanephric nephron epithelium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros.
circulatory system process A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism.
negative regulation of interleukin-5 production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.
s-adenosylmethionine cycle A cyclic series of interconversions involving S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, L-cysteine, and L-methionine. Couples utilization of the methyl group of SAM with recycling of the homocysteinyl group and regeneration of methionine.
positive regulation of glomerular filtration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the processs whereby blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.
glucuronate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucuronate, any salt or ester of glucuronic acid.
regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.
regulation of cellular amine catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.
spermidine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.
skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering The accumulation of acetylcholine-gated cation channels in a narrow, central region of muscle fibers, in apposition to nerve terminals.
regulation of cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
alpha-tubulin acetylation The addition of an acetyl group to the lysine 40 residue of alpha-tubulin.
regulation of receptor localization to synapse Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor localization to synapse.
regulation of chemokine production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.
n-terminal peptidyl-serine methylation The methylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins.
generation of precursor metabolites and energy The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.
histone h2b ubiquitination The modification of histone H2B by addition of ubiquitin groups.
histone h3-k27 demethylation The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 27 of the histone.
negative regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator.
negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
regulation of proteolysis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.
learning or memory The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time.
hyaloid vascular plexus regression The developmental process in which the hyaloid vascular plexus is destroyed as a part of its normal progression.
regulation of myelination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.
ascending aorta morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the ascending aorta are generated and organized. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
regulation of cgmp metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cGMP.
base conversion or substitution editing Any base modification or substitution events that result in alterations in the coding potential or structural properties of RNAs as a result of changes in the base-pairing properties of the modified ribonucleoside(s).
positive regulation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
mo-molybdopterin cofactor metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.
post-embryonic retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the post-embryonic life stage.
glycerophosphate shuttle The process of transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesise glycerol 3-phosphate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) using FAD; DHAP then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle.
arterial endothelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of an arterial endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of arteries.
positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.
regulation of apoptotic cell clearance Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic cell clearance.
mandelate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving mandelate, the anion of mandelic acid. Mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid) is an 8-carbon alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that is used in organic chemistry and as a urinary antiseptic.
negative regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.
positive regulation vascular endothelial growth factor production Any process that increases or activates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor.
regulation of endopeptidase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
suckling behavior Specific behavior of a newborn or infant mammal that results in the derivation of nourishment from the breast.
positive regulation of immune effector process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
positive regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
muscle hypertrophy in response to stress The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.
proximal/distal pattern formation involved in metanephric nephron development The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis of a nephron in the metanephros. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from the center of the kidney (proximal end) outward (distal end).
negative regulation of platelet aggregation Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.
germ cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.
modulation of programmed cell death in other organism A process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism.
skeletal muscle tissue growth The increase in size or mass of a skeletal muscle. This may be due to a change in the fiber number or size.
positive regulation of transcription of notch receptor target The activation of transcription of specific genes as a result of Notch signaling, mediated by the Notch intracellular domain.
regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
galactolipid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.
neuron projection regeneration The regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites in response to their loss or damage.
superior olivary nucleus maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the superior olivary nucleus to attain its fully functional state. The superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.
optic vesicle morphogenesis The developmental process pertaining to the formation and shaping of the optic vesicle. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup.
response to ethanol Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.
glycosylceramide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.
regulation of pathway-restricted smad protein phosphorylation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
negative regulation of cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
negative regulation of cell junction assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.
neuron projection extension involved in neuron projection guidance Any neuron projection extension that is involved in neuron projection guidance.
regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
lateral semicircular canal development The progession of the lateral semicircular canal from its initial formation to the mature structure.
anatomical structure maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure to attain its fully functional state.
regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction by changing the calcium ion signals that trigger contraction.
heme transport The directed movement of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
fertilization The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
protein localization to nucleolus A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nucleolus.
dna alkylation The addition of alkyl groups to many positions on all four bases of DNA. Alkylating agents can also modify the bases of incoming nucleotides in the course of DNA synthesis.
cellular response to hydroxyisoflavone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyisoflavone stimulus.
multicellular organismal protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in a multicellular organism, occurring at the tissue, organ, or organismal level.
protein refolding The process carried out by a cell that restores the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, using helper proteins such as chaperones.
negative regulation of feeding behavior Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of feeding behavior.
tryptophan catabolic process to acetyl-coa The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including acetyl-CoA.
cellular response to purine-containing compound Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine-containing compound stimulus.
spindle midzone assembly The cell cycle process in which aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle midzone. The spindle midzone is the area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.
cell motility Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another.
regulation of sphingolipid mediated signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sphingolipid signaling.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart valve morphogenesis Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.
negative regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.
aorta morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of an aorta are generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
regulation of neuronal action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a neuron. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
regulation of citrulline biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of citrulline biosynthetic process.
protein c-linked glycosylation A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via a C atom.
pigment cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a pigmented cell, such as a melanocyte.
peristalsis A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along a tubelike structure, such as the intestine, impelling the contents onwards.
alpha-beta t cell activation involved in immune response The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
positive regulation of histone deubiquitination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone deubiquitination.
nucleobase-containing small molecule catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.
antibacterial peptide secretion The regulated release of an antibacterial peptide from a cell or a tissue.
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol The process in which calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria are released into the cytosolic compartment.
cellular response to prostaglandin d stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin D stimulus.
regulation of activation of jak2 kinase activity Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK2 protein. The activation of JAK2 protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK2 (Janus Activated Kinase 2) protein, thereby activating it.
renal water transport The directed movement of water (H2O) by the kidney.
negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
amine transport The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning.
vascular smooth muscle contraction A process, occurring in the vascular tissue, whereby actin/myosin complex activity generates force through ATP hydrolysis resulting in a change in smooth muscle geometry. This process is always coupled to chemo-mechanical energy conversion.
nitrogen compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium.
innate immune response-activating signal transduction The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to activation or perpetuation of an innate immune response.
hsp90 deacetylation The modification of an Hsp90 protein by removal of acetyl groups.
regulation of interleukin-1 alpha secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 alpha from a cell.
cellular monovalent inorganic anion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monovalent inorganic anions at the level of a cell.
pallium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pallium is the roof region of the telencephalon.
negative regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
response to corticosteroid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosteroid hormone stimulus. A corticosteroid is a steroid hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. They include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
mrna polyadenylation The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript.
response to parathyroid hormone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a parathyroid hormone stimulus.
negative regulation of cellular response to testosterone stimulus Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to testosterone stimulus.
positive regulation of secretion by cell Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.
neurotransmitter catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
negative regulation of neutrophil degranulation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of neutrophil degranulation.
regulation of calcium ion import into sarcoplasmic reticulum Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion import into sarcoplasmic reticulum.
regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.
hemangioblast cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the characteristics of a mature hemangioblast. Hemangioblasts are the proposed common precursor of blood and endothelial lineages.
protein trimerization The formation of a protein trimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.
regulation of establishment of planar polarity involved in neural tube closure Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the establishment of planar polarity involved in neural tube closure, the coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium that contributes to the closure of the neural tube.
aspartate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.
skeletal muscle atrophy A process, occurring in skeletal muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.
blood vessel endothelial cell migration involved in intussusceptive angiogenesis The orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels during intussusceptive angiogenesis.
positive regulation of chemokine (c-x-c motif) ligand 1 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 production.
glucosylceramide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.
response to mycophenolic acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycophenolic acid stimulus.
carbon catabolite repression of transcription A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources. Carbon catabolite repression is a mechanism of genetic regulation which the accumulation of catabolites of one substance in the cell represses the formation of enzymes that contribute to the catabolism of other substances.
indole-containing compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
l-ornithine import across plasma membrane The directed movement of L-ornithine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
positive regulation of collateral sprouting in absence of injury Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting in the absence of injury.
sinoatrial node cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.
nerve growth factor production The appearance of nerve growth factor (NGF) due to biosynthesis or secretion by cells in a neuron's target field, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
regulation of cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell costimulation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation.
creatine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of creatine, N-[amino(imino)methyl]-N-methylglycine. Creatine is formed by a process beginning with amidino group transfer from L-arginine to glycine to form guanidinoacetate, followed by methyl group transfer from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to guanidinoacetate; it is then is phosphorylated to form a pool that stores high energy phosphate for the replenishment of ATP during periods of high, or fluctuating energy demand. In animals, most creatine is transported to and used in muscle.
positive regulation of appetite Any process that increases appetite.
positive regulation of isotype switching to iga isotypes Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgA isotypes.
neuron maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state.
amino acid import The directed movement of amino acids into a cell or organelle.
negative regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.
dolichol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichols, any 2,3-dihydropolyprenol derived from four or more linked isoprene units.
halogenated hydrocarbon metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving halogenated hydrocarbons, any hydrocarbon with one or more halogen atoms attached to it. Halogens include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
xanthine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.
pre-b cell allelic exclusion Expression of a single heavy chain allele during pre-B cell differentiation.
regulation of sumo transferase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of SUMO ligase activity.
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway.
mitochondrial rna modification Any RNA modification that takes place in mitochondrion.
hair cycle phase The cyclical periods of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.
cardiac cell fate specification The process involved in the specification of cardiac cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.
central nervous system myelin formation The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by an oligodendrocyte in the central nervous system.
negative regulation of canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin in the anterior end of the neural plate. This regulation sets up a Wnt signaling gradient along the anterior/posterior axis.
inorganic ion import into cell The directed movement of inorganic ions from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.
positive regulation of sister chromatid cohesion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.
mitochondrial membrane fission
stem cell fate determination The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a stem cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
intein-mediated protein splicing The removal of an internal amino acid sequence (an intein) from a protein during protein maturation; the excision of inteins is precise and the N- and C-terminal exteins are joined by a normal peptide bond. Protein splicing involves 4 nucleophilic displacements by the 3 conserved splice junction residues.
heart valve development The progression of a heart valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A heart valve is a structure that restricts the flow of blood to different regions of the heart and forms from an endocardial cushion.
sodium ion import The directed movement of sodium ions into a cell or organelle.
heme export The directed movement of heme out of a cell or organelle.
double-strand break repair via homologous recombination The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.
endothelial cell activation The change in morphology and behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
multi-organism nuclear import A nuclear import which involves another organism.
negative regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity.
regulation of chemotaxis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.
mitotic nuclear division A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell.
regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the alternative pathway of complement activation.
positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors.
single-organism transport The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore, involving a single organism.
lipopolysaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consist three covalently linked regions, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and an O side chain. Lipid A is responsible for the toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide.
negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process Any cellular process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
lipoxin b4 metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoxin B4. Lipoxin B4 is a C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (14R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (6E)- (8Z)-, (10E)- and (12E)-double bonds.
modulation of signal transduction in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, occurring in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
iron ion import The directed movement of iron ions into a cell or organelle.
pericentric heterochromatin assembly The assembly of chromatin into heterochromatin that is located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by the modified histone H3K9me3.
positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to calcium ion Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter in response to a calcium ion stimulus.
myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis The movement of a myeloid dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.
positive regulation of interferon-beta production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.
cellular response to nutrient Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.
germ cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of germ cells, reproductive cells in multicellular organisms, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
neurotransmitter-gated ion channel clustering The receptor clustering process in which neurotransmitter-gated ion channels are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.
cellular water homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within a cell.
acetylcholine transport The directed movement of acetylcholine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.
positive regulation of histone deacetylase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone deacetylase activity.
lysophospholipid transport The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A lysophospholipid is a phospholipid that lacks one of its fatty acyl chains; it is an intermediate formed during digestion of dietary and biliary phospholipids.
ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential An action potential that occurs in a ventricular cardiac muscle cell.
female meiosis sister chromatid cohesion The joining of the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the entire length of the chromosome that occurs during meiosis in a female.
dtdp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.
establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.
positive regulation of intracellular protein transport Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
tongue morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the tongue are generated and organized. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in man other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.
cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a cytoplasmic microtubule.
intracellular protein transmembrane import The directed movement of proteins into an intracellular organelle, across a membrane.
dimeric g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular signal combining with a dimeric receptor on the surface of the target cell, and proceeding with the activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. Heterodimeric and homodimeric GPCRs may have different functional properties from those of the respective monomers.
leucine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.
regulation of postsynaptic membrane organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynaptic membrane organization.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
regulation of phospholipid efflux Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid efflux.
alcohol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.
regulation of microvillus organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus.
mitochondrion distribution Any process that establishes the spatial arrangement of mitochondria between and within cells.
negative regulation of glucocorticoid secretion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid secretion.
regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain).
response to retinoic acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.
negative regulation of centrosome duplication Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.
histone h3-k79 methylation The modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 79 of the histone.
nuclear matrix organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear matrix, the dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane.
positive regulation of catalytic activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme.
female pronucleus assembly Assembly of the haploid nucleus of the unfertilized egg.
mitotic centrosome separation Separation of duplicated centrosome components at the beginning of mitosis. The centriole pair within each centrosome becomes part of a separate microtubule organizing center that nucleates a radial array of microtubules called an aster. The two asters move to opposite sides of the nucleus to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle.
cellular response to l-ascorbic acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) stimulus.
negative regulation of protein catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
organic substance transport The directed movement of organic substances into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic substance is a molecular entity that contains carbon.
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway.
regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
peptidyl-lysine modification The modification of peptidyl-lysine.
cop9 signalosome assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a COP9 signalosome.
axon extension Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in cellular development.
defense response to other organism Reactions triggered in response to the presence of another organism that act to protect the cell or organism from damage caused by that organism.
positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
negative regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx.
negative regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process.
kidney epithelium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
positive regulation of cell cycle checkpoint Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.
histone mrna 3'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a histone mRNA molecule.
male courtship behavior The behavior of a male, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
ketone body catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone. Ketone bodies can be used as an energy source as an alternative to glucose. Utilization of ketone bodies in peripheral tissues involves conversion of acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA, which is then converted to two molecules of acetyl-CoA.
rhombomere 4 development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 4 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
striatal medium spiny neuron differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a medium spiny neuron residing in the striatum.
arabinose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving arabinose, arabino-pentose. L-Arabinose occurs both free, for example in the heartwood of many conifers, and in the combined state, as a constituent of plant hemicelluloses, bacterial polysaccharides etc. D-arabinose is a constituent of arabinonucleosides.
peptidyl-s-diacylglycerol-l-cysteine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-diacylglycerol-L-cysteine; the oleate and palmitate actually represent mixtures of saturated (generally at 3') and unsaturated (generally at 2') fatty acids.
positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.
positive regulation of adiponectin secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of adiponectin from a cell.
regulation of b cell receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.
s-methylmethionine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving S-methyl-methionine (SMM). SMM can be converted to methionine by donating a methyl group to homocysteine, and concurrent operation of this reaction and that mediated by MMT sets up the SMM cycle.
nucleoside monophosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
negative regulation of muscle adaptation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle adaptation.
regulation of acrosomal vesicle exocytosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of acrosomal vesicle exocytosis.
regulation of gliogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
anatomical structure development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
cellular polysaccharide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polysaccharides, polymers of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically, as carried out by individual cells.
putrescine acetylation The modification of putrescine by addition of acetyl groups.
dna double-strand break processing The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang.
phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine.
establishment of glial blood-brain barrier Establishment of the glial barrier between the blood and the brain. The glial cells in the brain are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier.
positive regulation of creb transcription factor activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor CREB.
cellular response to azide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an azide stimulus.
cellular response to growth factor stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.
positive regulation of rig-i signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RIG-I signaling pathway.
positive regulation of odontogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.
sensory processing Any neural process required for an organism to sense and interpret the dimensions of a sensory experience: modality, location, intensity and affect.
venous blood vessel morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the body and its organs to the heart.
pentose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.
histone biotinylation The modification of a histone by the addition of a biotinyl group.
mitochondrion transport along microtubule The directed movement of a mitochondrion along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.
regulation of grooming behavior Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of grooming behavior.
gastrin-induced gastric acid secretion The regulated release of gastric acid induced by the interaction of gastrin with its receptor.
positive regulation of bone development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.
nuclear mrna surveillance The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant mRNAs within the nucleus.
nk t cell differentiation The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell.
hindlimb morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindlimb are generated and organized.
ganglioside metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.
basophil differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of a basophil cell.
positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter during mitosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis.
calcium ion import into cell The directed movement of calcium ions from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.
maternal placenta development Maternally driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.
mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint A cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
positive regulation of protein phosphorylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress.
l-alanine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid.
protein deneddylation The removal of a ubiquitin-like protein of the NEDD8 type from a protein.
establishment of blood-nerve barrier The establishment of the barrier between the perineurium of peripheral nerves and the vascular endothelium of endoneurial capillaries. The perineurium acts as a diffusion barrier, but ion permeability at the blood-nerve barrier is still higher than at the blood-brain barrier.
glycoside metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound.
regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in cardiac right atrium morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in cardiac right atrium morphogenesis.
lymphocyte migration into lymphoid organs The movement of a lymphocyte within the lymphatic system into lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen or Peyer's patches, and its subsequent positioning within defined functional compartments such as sites of cell activation by antigen.
positive regulation of trail production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of TRAIL production.
regulation of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
visceral mesoderm-endoderm interaction involved in midgut development The process of cell-cell signaling between visceral mesoderm cells and endoderm cells that is involved in the differentiation of cells in the midgut.
phospholipid scrambling The movement of a population of phospholipid molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet, resulting in loss of lipid asymmetry and surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).
hormone-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone, and which triggers the apoptotic signaling pathway in a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a hormone signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
polyol transport The directed movement of polyols, any polyhydric alcohol, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
post-embryonic hemopoiesis The stages of blood cell formation that take place after completion of embryonic development.
regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
negative regulation of keratinocyte apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte apoptotic process.
cellular response to dna damage stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.
release of cytoplasmic sequestered nf-kappab The release of NF-kappaB from specific molecules in the cytoplasm to which it was bound, thereby allowing its translocation into the nucleus.
antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class i The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against gram-positive bacteria Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria.
planar cell polarity pathway involved in heart morphogenesis The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
positive regulation of protein metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.
positive regulation of type iii interferon production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type III interferon production. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far.
regulation of zinc ion transmembrane import Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of zinc ions (Zn2+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
positive regulation of glucose import Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.
short-chain fatty acid transport The directed movement of short-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Short-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.
snorna 3'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a snoRNA molecule.
peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own tyrosine amino acid residues, or a tyrosine residue on an identical protein.
intracellular protein transport The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.
regulation of synaptic vesicle uncoating Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle uncoating.
plasma lipoprotein particle assembly The aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids to form a plasma lipoprotein particle.
regulation of penile erection Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of penile erection. Penile erection is the hardening, enlarging and rising of the penis which often occurs in the sexually aroused male and enables sexual intercourse. Achieved by increased inflow of blood into the vessels of erectile tissue, and decreased outflow.
peptidyl-lysine desuccinylation The removal of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) from a succinylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.
chromatin silencing Repression of transcription by altering the structure of chromatin, e.g. by conversion of large regions of DNA into an inaccessible state often called heterochromatin.
response to estrogen Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics.
regulation of hypoxia-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hypoxia-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
nicotinate nucleotide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinate (pyridine 3-carboxylic acid, or niacin).
regulation of natural killer cell chemotaxis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell chemotaxis.
nuclear inner membrane organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner membrane.
activation of mapk activity by adrenergic receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of a MAP kinase.
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1 beta.
regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.
bmp signaling pathway involved in nephric duct formation A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to nephric duct formation.
hypothalamus development The progression of the hypothalamus region of the forebrain, from its initial formation to its mature state.
iron chelate transport The directed movement of iron chelates into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An iron chelate is a heterocyclic compound having a metal ion attached by coordinate bonds to at least two nonmetal ions.
establishment of spindle localization The directed movement of the spindle to a specific location in the cell.
adenohypophysis development The progression of the adenohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus.
positive regulation of catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
monoubiquitinated histone h2a deubiquitination The removal of the ubiquitin group from a monoubiquitinated histone H2A protein.
positive regulation of glial cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.
positive regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
cap-independent translational initiation The process where translation initiation recruits the 40S ribosomal subunits in a Cap and 5' end independent fashion before an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate mRNA translation.
regulation of hemopoiesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.
torc2 signaling A series of intracellular molecular signals mediated by TORC2; TOR (rapamycin-insensitive companion of TOR) in complex with at least Rictor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, and other signaling components.
regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.
positive regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
positive regulation of atpase activity Any process that activates or increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase.
somite specification The process in which individual somites establish identity during embryogenesis.
protein localization to microtubule cytoskeleton A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within the microtubule cytoskeleton.
positive regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway.
ketone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
negative regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
regulation of neuron migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.
mitochondrial trna modification The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a mitochondrial tRNA molecule to produce a mitochondrial tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
positive regulation of vascular permeability Any process that increases the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.
regulation of ribonuclease activity Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ribonuclease activity, catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.
leukotriene metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.
cranial ganglion development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
regulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis.
positive regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation.
pyrimidine dimer repair by nucleotide-excision repair The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T, and C-C dimers by the recognition and removal of the damaged DNA strand from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.
diadenosine polyphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving diadenosine polyphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with phosphate groups attached.
regulation of androgen receptor activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of androgen receptor activity.
negative regulation of renal output by angiotensin The process in which angiotensin directly decreases the rate of natriuresis and diuresis in the kidney.
regulation of myeloid cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.
rostrocaudal neural tube patterning The process in which the neural tube is divided into specific regions along the rostrocaudal axis.
lymphangiogenesis Lymph vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing vessels.
chondroitin sulfate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate. They usually occur linked to a protein to form proteoglycans. Two subgroups exist, one in which the sulfate is on the 4-position (chondroitin sulfate A) and the second in which it is in the 6-position (chondroitin sulfate C). They often are polydisperse and often differ in the degree of sulfation from tissue to tissue. The chains of repeating disaccharide are covalently linked to the side chains of serine residues in the polypeptide backbone of a protein by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide unit galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl. Chondroitin sulfate B is more usually known as dermatan sulfate.
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex i assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I.
tissue remodeling The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling.
response to xenobiotic stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a xenobiotic compound stimulus. Xenobiotic compounds are compounds foreign to living organisms.
cell wall chitin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of cells.
positive regulation of hydrolase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.
renal system process involved in regulation of blood volume A slow mechanism of blood pressure regulation that responds to changes in pressure resulting from fluid and salt intake by modulating the quantity of blood in the circulatory system.
negative regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.
positive regulation of ossification Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone formation.
cell communication by chemical coupling The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by the transfer of small, water-soluble molecules or metabolites between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell communication The process that mediates interactions between a Purkinje myocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the Purkinje myocyte communicating with a ventricular cardiac muscle cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
interleukin-1 secretion The regulated release of interleukin-1 from a cell. Interleukin 1 is produced mainly by activated macrophages; it stimulates thymocyte proliferation by inducing interleukin 2 release and it is involved in the inflammatory response.
inositol phosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.
regulation of heart rate by cardiac conduction A cardiac conduction process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.
free ubiquitin chain polymerization The process of creating free ubiquitin chains, compounds composed of a large number of ubiquitin monomers. These chains are not conjugated to a protein.
stem cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
response to insecticide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insecticide stimulus. Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects.
regulation of cell diameter Any process that modulates the diameter of a cell, the length of a line segment that crosses through the center of a circular section through a cell.
regulation of establishment of protein localization to chromosome Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome.
hair cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hair cell.
positive regulation of reproductive process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
regulation of cytoplasmic translation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.
cgmp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.
hindbrain tangential cell migration The migration of a cell in the hindbrain in which cells move orthogonal to the direction of radial migration.
negative regulation of focal adhesion assembly Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion assembly, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions.
regulation of glutamate secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
renal water absorption A renal system process in which water is taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures.
nicotinate nucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinate (pyridine 3-carboxylic acid).
histone h3-k4 demethylation The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 4 of the histone.
positive regulation of secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
single-organism cellular process Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, occurring within a single organism.
regulation of type b pancreatic cell development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development.
angiotensin mediated vasoconstriction involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure The decrease in blood vessel diameter as a result of the release of angiotensin into the blood stream.
purine-containing compound salvage Any process that generates a purine-containing compound, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a purine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.
tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate, a folate derivative comprising tetrahydrofolate attached to a chain of glutamate residues.
neural crest formation The formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes.
tor signaling A series of molecular signals mediated by TOR (Target of rapamycin) proteins, members of the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase related kinase (PIKK) family that act as serine/threonine kinases in response to nutrient availability or growth factors.
negative regulation of telomeric rna transcription from rna pol ii promoter Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric RNA transcription from RNA pol II promoter.
positive regulation of t cell migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex.
activation of plasma proteins involved in acute inflammatory response Any process activating plasma proteins by proteolysis as part of an acute inflammatory response.
positive regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator.
heart trabecula formation The process of creating a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from organic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released.
negative regulation of serine-type endopeptidase activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.
depurination The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the A or G base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depurinated sugar.
multi-organism behavior Any process in which an organism has a behavioral effect on another organism of the same or different species.
monocarboxylic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group.
regulation of genetic imprinting Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of genetic imprinting.
mammary gland development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk. Its development starts with the formation of the mammary line and ends as the mature gland cycles between nursing and weaning stages.
regulation of exocyst localization Any process that modulates the localization of exocysts. An exocyst is a protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse.
regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of luteinizing hormone.
positive regulation of mapkkk cascade by fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands resulting in an increase in the rate or frequency of a MAPKKK cascade.
positive regulation of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process.
response to stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism.
negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
negative regulation of sequence-specific dna binding transcription factor activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.
eyelid development in camera-type eye The progression of the eyelid in a camera-type eye from its formation to the mature state. The eyelid is a membranous cover that helps protect and lubricate the eye.
poly-n-acetyllactosamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a carbohydrate composed of N-acetyllactosamine repeats (Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-beta-1,3)n.
negative regulation of cytoplasmic mrna processing body assembly Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.
positive regulation of triglyceride lipase activity Any process that increases the activity of triglyceride lipase.
facial nerve morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the facial nerve is generated and organized. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.
regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair The nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway.
negative regulation of neuron migration Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.
sinoatrial node cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.
negative regulation of dense core granule biogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dense core granule biogenesis.
protein kinase a signaling A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity.
adp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.
transitional one stage b cell differentiation The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow acquire the specialized features of T1 stage B cells in the spleen. T1 stage B cells do not express either CD23 or CD21.
regulation of membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization during a cardiac muscle cell action potential.
skeletal muscle thin filament assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the actin-based thin filaments of myofibrils in skeletal muscle.
regulation of nuclear-transcribed mrna poly(a) tail shortening Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.
immortalization of host cell The modification of a host cell into an immortal cell line as a consequence of infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
nephrogenic mesenchyme morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a nephrogenic mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron.
female meiosis i The cell cycle process in which the first meiotic division occurs in the female germline.
cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration The radial migration of neuronal or glial precursor cells along radial glial cells during the development of the cerebral cortex.
regulation of golgi organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Golgi organization.
intrahepatic bile duct development The progression of the intrahepatic bile ducts over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Intrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts within the liver) collect bile from bile canaliculi in the liver, and connect to the extrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts outside the liver).
interleukin-15-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-15 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in renal vesicle formation A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the renal vesicle.
av node cell action potential An action potential that occurs in an atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell.
serine transport The directed movement of L-serine, 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
response to oxygen radical Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion.
regulation of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway involved in ureteric bud formation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway involved in ureteric bud formation.
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the bone marrow.
regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation Any process in which skeletal muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
organic anion transport The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
histidyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling histidine to histidyl-tRNA, catalyzed by histidyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
response to osmotic stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
mitochondrial mrna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.
negative regulation of peptidase activity Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
regulation of detection of glucose Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of detection of glucose.
response to hepatocyte growth factor Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.
spermatid development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
embryonic digestive tract morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized during embryonic development. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.
adherens junction maintenance The maintenance of an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell junction at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.
positive regulation of collagen binding Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen binding.
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway.
sodium-dependent organic cation transport The directed, sodium-dependent, movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
cellular response to fibroblast growth factor stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an fibroblast growth factor stimulus.
neuroligin clustering The clustering process in which neuroligins are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane. Neuroligins are neuronal cell surface proteins on the postsynaptic membrane that mediate synapse formation between neurons.
posterior compartment specification The process involved in the specification of cell identity in the posterior compartments of the segmented embryo.
alpha-ketoglutarate transport The directed movement of alpha-ketoglutarate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
thyroid hormone generation The formation of either of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, mainly thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This is achieved by the iodination and joining of tyrosine molecules to form the precursor thyroglobin, proteolysis of this precursor gives rise to the thyroid hormones.
rhythmic process Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism.
cellular modified amino acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
actomyosin contractile ring organization A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actomyosin contractile ring.
cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal elements such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell.
lipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
regulation of meiosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis, the process in which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes.
negative regulation of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.
positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death.
pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
regulation of fear response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fear response.
vitamin b6 metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin B6 compounds: pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.
regulation of single stranded viral rna replication via double stranded dna intermediate Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate.
positive regulation of protein localization to synapse Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse.
establishment of vesicle localization The directed movement of a vesicle to a specific location.
smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition The process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in the urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue involved in the expulsion urine from the body.
myoblast fate determination The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a myoblast regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
negative regulation of digestive system process Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
nucleotide-sugar metabolic process The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter involved in myocardial precursor cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the differentiation of a myocardial precursor cell.
negative regulation of interferon-beta production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.
response to vitamin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin stimulus.
protein lipidation The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein.
spermidine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine deoxynucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
negative regulation of convergent extension involved in axis elongation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of convergent extension involved in axis elongation.
negative regulation of dendrite development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.
sensory organ morphogenesis Morphogenesis of a sensory organ. A sensory organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to receive and transmit signals from external or internal stimuli. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
response to biotin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotin stimulus.
lysine transport The directed movement of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
macromolecule catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
regulation of cell projection organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
regulation of synapse structural plasticity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse structural plasticity. Synapse structural plasticity is a type of cytoskeletal remodeling; this remodeling is induced by stimuli that can lead to long term potentiation and it can be activity-dependent or -independent. Examples of cytoskeletal changes include the formation of new spines and increase in spine size; this can be accompanied by the insertion of greater numbers of glutamate (or other neurotransmitter) receptors into the post-synaptic membrane.
ventricular trabecula myocardium morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
nuclear-transcribed mrna catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins.
cortisol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving cortisol, the steroid hormone 11-beta-17,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal gland and controls carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and has anti-inflammatory properties.
sphingosine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues.
mrna 3'-splice site recognition Recognition of the intron 3'-splice site by components of the assembling U2- or U12-type spliceosome.
apoptotic mitochondrial changes The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by mitochondria during apoptosis.
arf protein signal transduction A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the ARF family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.
mitotic metaphase plate congression The cell cycle process in which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the mitotic spindle, during mitosis.
positive regulation of ovarian follicle development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian follicle development.
regulation of rna polymerase ii regulatory region sequence-specific dna binding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.
aminoglycan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
protein import into peroxisome membrane The targeting of proteins into the peroxisomal membrane. The process is not well understood, but both signals and mechanism differ from those involved in peroxisomal matrix protein import.
cell migration involved in vasculogenesis The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form de novo blood vessels and tubes.
formaldehyde metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), a colorless liquid or gas with a pungent odor, commonly used as a fixative or an antibacterial agent.
t cell aggregation The adhesion of one T cell to one or more other T cells via adhesion molecules.
regulation of protein secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.
positive regulation of fibronectin-dependent thymocyte migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibronectin-dependent thymocyte migration.
pyruvate family amino acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
extracellular matrix-cell signaling Any process that mediates the transfer of information between the extracellular matrix and a cell.
glucosamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.
covalent chromatin modification The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin by the covalent addition or removal of chemical groups.
protein oxidation The modification of a protein amino acid by oxidation.
neurotransmitter biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
prostate gland morphogenetic growth The differential increase in size or mass of the prostate gland that contributes to the gland attaining its form.
stem cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter during mitosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis.
regulation of reciprocal meiotic recombination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of recombination during meiosis. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
histone h3-k36 methylation The modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 36 of the histone.
aerobic electron transport chain A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to oxygen to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
negative regulation of cardiac cell fate specification Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac cell fate specification.
nucleoside transmembrane transport The directed movement of nucleoside across a membrane.
tubulin complex assembly The aggregation and bonding together of alpha- and beta-tubulin to form a tubulin heterodimer.
regulation of synaptic activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic activity, the controlled release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft and their subsequent detection by a postsynaptic cell.
sialic acid transport The directed movement of sialic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of muscle contraction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.
olfactory bulb development The progression of the olfactory bulb over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory bulb coordinates neuronal signaling involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the sensory neurons and outputs to the olfactory cortex.
positive regulation of glucose transport Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of eosinophil migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil migration.
d-serine transport The directed movement of D-serine, the D-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
second-messenger-mediated signaling Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via a second messenger; a small molecule or ion that can be quickly generated or released from intracellular stores, and can diffuse within the cell. Second-messenger signaling includes production or release of the second messenger, and effectors downstream of the second messenger that further transmit the signal within the cell.
regulation of axon extension Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon extension.
negative regulation of immunoglobulin production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
negative regulation of peptidyl-cysteine s-nitrosylation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation.
regulation of type i interferon-mediated signaling pathway Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway. A type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of a type I interferon binding to a cell surface receptor.
tropane alkaloid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving tropane alkaloids, compounds containing the 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane ring system.
cgmp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.
regulation of interleukin-1 alpha biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1 alpha.
negative regulation of protein modification process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
skeletal muscle organ development The progression of a skeletal muscle organ over time from its initial formation to its mature state. A skeletal muscle organ includes the skeletal muscle tissue and its associated connective tissue.
pressure natriuresis The process in which the volume of blood increases renal pressure and thereby results in both an increase in urine volume (diuresis) and an increase in the amount of sodium excreted in the urine (natriuresis).
secretory granule localization Any process in which a secretory granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
cell proliferation in external granule layer The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the external granule layer of the hindbrain. The external granule layer is the layer that originates from the rostral half of the rhombic lip in the first rhombomere.
telencephalon development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the telencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The telencephalon is the paired anteriolateral division of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis from which the olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex, and subcortical nuclei are derived.
positive regulation of cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell costimulation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation.
positive regulation of histone h3-k9 methylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 9 of histone H3.
single-organism membrane invagination A membrane invagination which involves only one organism.
negative regulation of signal transduction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
positive regulation of fibril organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibril organization.
positive regulation of phospholipid catabolic process Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of phospholipid catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
protein localization to myelin sheath abaxonal region Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, the abaxonal region of the myelin sheath. The abaxonal region is the region of the myelin sheath furthest from the axon.
regulation of rab protein signal transduction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rab protein signal transduction.
insulin catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of insulin.
negative regulation of protein lipidation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein lipidation.
macroautophagy The major inducible pathway for the general turnover of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells, it is also responsible for the degradation of active cytoplasmic enzymes and organelles during nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane-bounded autophagosomes which enclose the cytoplasmic constituent targeted for degradation in a membrane-bounded structure, which then fuse with the lysosome (or vacuole) releasing a single-membrane-bounded autophagic bodies which are then degraded within the lysosome (or vacuole). Though once thought to be a purely non-selective process, it appears that some types of macroautophagy, e.g. macropexophagy, macromitophagy, may involve selective targeting of the targets to be degraded.
regulation of epithelial cell migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.
negative regulation of biomineral tissue development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds.
positive regulation of golgi to plasma membrane protein transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
regulation of hexokinase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hexokinase activity.
positive regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.
aminoglycan catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
positive regulation of killing of cells of other organism Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism.
chondroitin sulfate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.
leukocyte chemotaxis The movement of a leukocyte in response to an external stimulus.
negative regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.
g-protein coupled receptor internalization The process that results in the uptake of a G-protein coupled receptor into an endocytic vesicle.
temperature homeostasis A homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature.
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.
globoside biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ceramide with a core structure of GalNAc-beta-(1->3)-Gal-alpha-(1->4)-Glc(I).
negative regulation of cell communication Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
regulation of dna demethylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA demethylation.
nucleotide-excision repair, dna incision A process that results in the endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound.
nucleobase-containing compound transport The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
neuron projection morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites.
muscle organ development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.
negative regulation of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.
regulation of hindgut contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine.
superior vena cava morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of superior vena cava generated and organized. The superior vena cava is a blood vessel that transports blood from the upper body to the heart.
regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the pentose-phosphate shunt, the process in which glucose is oxidized, coupled to NADPH synthesis.
regulation of stress-activated mapk cascade Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.
regulation of mismatch repair Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mismatch repair.
response to histamine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a histamine stimulus. Histamine, the biogenic amine 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine, is involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.
hexitol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hexitols, any alditol with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
muscle adaptation A process in which muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat3 protein Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein.
outer medullary collecting duct development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the outer medullary collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The outer medullary collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that lies in the renal outer medulla.
endoplasmic reticulum membrane fusion The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the endoplasmic reticulum.
l-glutamate uptake involved in synaptic transmission The uptake of L-glutamate by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.
protein import into mitochondrial matrix The import of proteins across the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes into the matrix. Unfolded proteins enter the mitochondrial matrix with a chaperone protein; the information required to target the precursor protein from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix is contained within its N-terminal matrix-targeting sequence. Translocation of precursors to the matrix occurs at the rare sites where the outer and inner membranes are close together.
positive regulation of t cell tolerance induction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
alpha-amino acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alpha-amino acid.
intracellular signal transduction involved in g1 dna damage checkpoint Any intracellular signal transduction that is involved in G1 DNA damage checkpoint.
response to organophosphorus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organophosphorus stimulus. Organophosphorus is a compound containing phosphorus bound to an organic molecule; several organophosphorus compounds are used as insecticides, and they are highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitors.
positive regulation of l-dopa biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa biosynthetic process.
regulation of homeostatic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a homeostatic process.
positive regulation of signaling Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
sensory perception of smell The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process.
inorganic anion transmembrane transport A process in which an inorganic anion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
thymocyte aggregation The adhesion of one thymocyte (an immature T cell) to one or more other thymocytes via adhesion molecules.
fat-soluble vitamin catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.
regulation of microvillus assembly A process that modulates the formation of a microvillus.
microglial cell activation The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
ornithine transport The directed movement of ornithine, 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
borate transport The directed movement of borate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Borate is the anion (BO3)3-; boron is a group 13 element, with properties which are borderline between metals and non-metals.
cellular response to superoxide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion.
flavin adenine dinucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavin adenine dinucleotide, which acts as a coenzyme or prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes.
positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor production Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the appearance of any platelet-derived growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
pharyngeal arch artery morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a pharyngeal arch artery is generated and organized. The pharyngeal arch arteries are a series of six paired embryological vascular structures, the development of which give rise to several major arteries, such as the stapedial artery, the middle meningeal artery, the internal carotid artery and the pulmonary artery.
cellular response to lipid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.
positive regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic process Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.
regulation of jak-stat cascade Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.
negative regulation of lipid storage Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.
protein localization to kinetochore Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the kinetochore.
negative regulation of glutamate metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate metabolic process.
cerebral cortex tangential migration The migration of cells in the cerebral cortex in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration.
replicative senescence A cell aging process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to telomere shortening and/or cellular aging.
modulation by organism of immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
cellular response to estrogen stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics.
fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-coa dehydrogenase A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway in which the initial step of each oxidation cycle, which converts an acyl-CoA to a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, is catalyzed by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; the electrons removed by oxidation pass through the respiratory chain to oxygen and leave H2O as the product. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).
menaquinone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the menaquinones. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones that have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
regulation of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.
positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process involved in cellular response to hypoxia Any positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process that is involved in a cellular response to hypoxia.
regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity. Calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity is catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcitriol + NADP+ + H2O.
carnitine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
utp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate.
epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway via positive regulation of nf-kappab transcription factor activity The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, where the signal is passed on within the cell via activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.
camera-type eye photoreceptor cell fate commitment The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye.
cellular response to redox state Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating redox state. Redox state refers to the balance of oxidized versus reduced forms of electron donors and acceptors in an organelle, cell or organ; plastoquinone, glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and nicotinamide nucleotides (NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH) are among the most important.
mitochondrion degradation by induced vacuole formation The process in which cells degrade mitochondria by inducing a vacuole-like structure which directly engulfs and degrades the unhealthy mitochondria by accumulating lysosomes.
glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a glucocorticoid binding to its receptor.
sequestering of extracellular ligand from receptor The process of binding or confining an extracellular signaling ligand, such that the ligand is unable to bind to its cell surface receptor.
fat pad development The progression of a fat pad from its initial formation to its mature structure. A fat pad is an accumulation of adipose tissue.
peptidyl-tryptophan modification The chemical alteration of a tryptophan residue in a peptide.
positive regulation of kidney development Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
zymogen inhibition Any process that prevents the proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form.
l-ascorbic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-ascorbic acid; L-ascorbic acid ionizes to give L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, which is required as a cofactor in the oxidation of prolyl residues to hydroxyprolyl, and other reactions.
embryonic hindgut morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized, during the embryonic phase.
endosome localization Any process in which endosomes are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
tirap-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor where the TIRAP/MAL adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.
negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.
regulation of vascular permeability involved in acute inflammatory response Any process that modulates the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid contributing to an acute inflammatory response.
detection of uv The series of events in which an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
regulation of hair follicle development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.
myeloid cell homeostasis The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
proximal tubule development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.
negative regulation of response to cytokine stimulus Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.
fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-coa oxidase A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway in which the initial step, which converts an acyl-CoA to a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, is catalyzed by acyl-CoA oxidase; the electrons removed by oxidation pass directly to oxygen and produce hydrogen peroxide, which is cleaved by peroxisomal catalases. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).
negative regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
negative regulation of lymphocyte chemotaxis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte chemotaxis.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter by galactose Any process involving galactose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
atrioventricular bundle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell of the atrioventricular bundle. These cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that transmit signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers.
negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytodol.
cranial nerve morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
virion attachment to host cell The process by which a virion protein binds to molecules on the host cellular surface or host cell surface projection.
immature b cell differentiation The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an immature B cell.
negative regulation of cellular catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
endocrine pancreas development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.
cerebellar purkinje cell differentiation The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar Purkinje cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a Purkinje cell fate. A Purkinje cell is an inhibitory GABAergic neuron found in the cerebellar cortex that projects to the deep cerebellar nuclei and brain stem.
terpene metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenes, any of a large group of hydrocarbons that are made up of isoprene (C5H8) units which may be cyclic, acyclic or multicyclic, saturated or unsaturated, and may contain various functional groups.
mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to ubiquinone The transfer of electrons from succinate to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex II.
organic substance catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.
regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids.
phosphatidylglycerol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol.
t-tubule organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the T-tubule. A T-tubule is an invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril.
positive regulation of beta-amyloid formation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of beta-amyloid formation.
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex iv assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase) in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
neurotrophin trk receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a neurotrophin to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
golgi vesicle budding The evagination of the Golgi membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.
toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 3.
b cell proliferation involved in immune response The expansion of a B cell population by cell division following B cell activation during an immune response.
response to defense-related host nitric oxide production Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of nitric oxide produced as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
forebrain neuron differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron that will reside in the forebrain.
n-terminal peptidyl-proline dimethylation The methylation of the N-terminal proline of proteins to form the derivative N,N-dimethyl-L-proline.
canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the positive regulation of epithelial cell to mesenchymal cell transition.
negative regulation of rna interference Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA interference.
bilirubin conjugation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bilirubin monoglucuronide or bilirubin diglucuronide, water-soluble derivatives of bilirubin.
glutathione derivative metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione derivative.
interaction with host An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term host is used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis; the various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, commensalism and mutualism.
galactolipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.
mitotic spindle checkpoint A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the spindle and delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, the completion of anaphase until chromosomes are attached to the spindle, or mitotic exit and cytokinesis when the spindle does not form.
dttp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTTP, deoxyribosylthymine triphosphate.
cellular response to exogenous dsrna Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.
positive regulation of dermatome development Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
cation transport The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
amp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving AMP, adenosine monophosphate.
regulation of nodal signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nodal signaling pathway.
positive regulation of protein ubiquitination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.
response to carbon monoxide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbon monoxide (CO) stimulus.
regulation of glomerulus development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glomerulus development, the progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.
regulation of vasoconstriction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels.
negative regulation by virus of viral protein levels in host cell Any process where the infecting virus reduces the levels of viral proteins in a cell.
hemolysis in other organism The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in one organism by another.
fear response The response of an organism to a perceived external threat.
glucosamine-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosamine-containing compounds (glucosamines).
arsonoacetate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving arsonoacetate, a synthetic, organic compound containing a single arsenic atom. Arsonoacetate and other arsenic containing compounds are used in agricultural applications as animal feed additives, cotton defoliants and post-emergence grass herbicides.
mitochondrial pyrimidine nucleotide import The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleotide across the mitochondrial outer membrane into the mitochondria.
response to oxidative stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
regulation of muscle hypertrophy Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.
extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand A series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with withdrawal of a ligand from a cell surface receptor, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
regulation of copper ion transmembrane transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of copper ion transmembrane transport.
response to glycoside Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycoside stimulus.
copper ion transport The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process.
copulation The act of sexual union between male and female, involving the transfer of sperm.
regulation of arginine metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.
respiratory system development The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange.
induction by organism of defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction The activation by an organism of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
peyer's patch development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of Peyer's patches over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.
lung lobe morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a lung lobe are generated and organized. A lung lobe is a projection that extends from the lung.
negative regulation of tissue remodeling Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.
hepatoblast differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hepatoblast. A hepatoblast is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes.
negative regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.
regulation of sodium-dependent phosphate transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium-dependent phosphate transport.
positive regulation of cd40 signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the CD40 signaling pathway.
production of mirnas involved in gene silencing by mirna Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein.
sodium-dependent organic anion transport The directed, sodium-dependent, movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
microtubule-dependent intracellular transport of viral material The directed movement of the viral genome or viral particle within the host cell cytoplasm along host microtubules. Microtubule-dependent transport involves motor proteins like dynein and kinesin and is mostly used by viruses that target their genomes to the nucleus.
negative regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.
negative regulation of type b pancreatic cell development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development.
phosphatidylinositol phosphorylation The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a phosphatidylinositol, any glycerophosphoinositol having one phosphatidyl group esterified to one of the hydroxy groups of inositol.
immune response to tumor cell An immune system process that functions in the response of an organism to a tumor cell.
regulation of t-helper 1 type immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
histone h3-k9 demethylation The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone.
motor neuron apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a motor neuron, an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.
regulation of memory t cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of memory T cell differentiation.
mitotic chromosome condensation The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells.
receptor clustering The receptor metabolic process that results in grouping of a set of receptors at a cellular location, often to amplify the sensitivity of a signaling response.
regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8.
intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an intracellular estrogen receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand binding, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process (e.g. transcription).
cellular metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
rrna metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving rRNA, ribosomal RNA, a structural constituent of ribosomes.
ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein.
tyrosine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.
organophosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.
digestive tract development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.
ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
regulation of cellular amide metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.
neuron death The process of cell death in a neuron.
neural nucleus development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neural nucleus from its initial condition to its mature state. A neural nucleus is an anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma.
response to type i interferon Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a type I interferon stimulus. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
nuclear polyadenylation-dependent rrna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways occurring in the nucleus and resulting in the breakdown of a ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule, including RNA fragments released as part of processing the primary transcript into multiple mature rRNA species, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target rRNA.
primary alcohol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis.
regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
maintenance of presynaptic active zone structure The process in which a neuronal cell maintains the organization and the arrangement of proteins at the active zone to ensure the fusion and dock of vesicles and the release of neurotransmitters.
regulation of positive chemotaxis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
positive regulation of interleukin-10 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.
negative regulation of n-terminal protein palmitoylation Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of the covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.
potassium ion import across plasma membrane The directed movement of potassium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
positive regulation of melanocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of melanocyte differentiation.
benzoate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzoate, the anion of benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid), a fungistatic compound widely used as a food preservative; it is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.
error-prone translesion synthesis The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication by using a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex to insert a defined nucleotide across the lesion. This process does not remove the replication-blocking lesions and causes an increase in the endogenous mutation level. For example, in E. coli, a low fidelity DNA polymerase, pol V, copies lesions that block replication fork progress. This produces mutations specifically targeted to DNA template damage sites, but it can also produce mutations at undamaged sites.
modulation of transcription in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by host of viral process A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.
polyamine transport The directed movement of polyamines, organic compounds containing two or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population of the ureter, that contributes to ureter development.
regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-10.
isoprenoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via mhc class ib The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
regulation of cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.
regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.
response to clozapine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a clozapine stimulus.
negative regulation of mrna modification Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
regulation of lipoprotein particle clearance Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
negative regulation by host of symbiont catalytic activity Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont enzyme activity. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction Any process that increases the force of heart muscle contraction.
noradrenergic neuron development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a noradrenergic neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
endothelin maturation The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of endothelin by conversion of Big-endothelin substrate into mature endothelin.
macromolecular complex disassembly The disaggregation of a macromolecular complex into its constituent components.
positive regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.
positive regulation of eye pigmentation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of a pattern of pigment in the eye of an organism.
regulation of molecular function Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride. It is an intermediate in the formation of a variety of sulfo compounds in biological systems.
skeletal muscle cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of skeletal muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sound The series of events involved in the perception of sound vibration in which the vibration is received and converted into a molecular signal.
nad metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid.
viral release from host cell The dissemination of mature viral particles from the host cell, e.g. by cell lysis or the budding of virus particles from the cell membrane.
detection of lipopolysaccharide The series of events in which a lipopolysaccharide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.
lipoprotein modification The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid or lipid residues occurring in a lipoprotein, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
corticosteroid receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a corticosteroid binding to its receptor.
srp-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, translocation The process during cotranslational membrane targeting wherein proteins move across a membrane. SRP and its receptor initiate the transfer of the nascent chain across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane; they then dissociate from the chain, which is transferred to a set of transmembrane proteins, collectively called the translocon. Once the nascent chain translocon complex is assembled, the elongating chain passes directly from the large ribosomal subunit into the centers of the translocon, a protein-lined channel within the membrane. The growing chain is never exposed to the cytosol and does not fold until it reaches the ER lumen.
response to yeast Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a yeast species.
membrane tubulation A modification in a plasma membrane resulting in formation of a tubular invagination.
pharyngeal system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pharyngeal system is a transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear.
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase.
purine ribonucleoside catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any purine ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
negative regulation of apolipoprotein binding Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apolipoprotein binding.
response to methyl methanesulfonate Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) stimulus.
nerve maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nerve to attain its fully functional state.
negative regulation of penile erection Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of penile erection. Penile erection is the hardening, enlarging and rising of the penis which often occurs in the sexually aroused male and enables sexual intercourse. Achieved by increased inflow of blood into the vessels of erectile tissue, and decreased outflow.
peptide antigen assembly with mhc class ii protein complex The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class II protein complex.
protein unfolding The process of assisting in the disassembly of non-covalent linkages in a protein or protein aggregate, often where the proteins are in a non-functional or denatured state.
morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized.
l-lysine catabolic process to acetyl-coa The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including acetyl-CoA.
maintenance of blood-brain barrier Preserving the permeability barrier between the blood and the brain in a stable functional or structural state. The cells in the brain are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier.
negative regulation of defense response to virus Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of antiviral mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication.
response to corticosterone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosterone stimulus. Corticosterone is a 21 carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type, produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands. In many species, corticosterone is the principal glucocorticoid, involved in regulation of fuel metabolism, immune reactions, and stress responses.
germ-line stem cell division The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the gametes.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
regulation of norepinephrine secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
forebrain radial glial cell differentiation The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the forebrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.
interferon-gamma secretion The regulated release of interferon-gamma from a cell.
cerebellar cortex formation The process that gives rise to the cerebellar cortex. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.
regulation of rna splicing Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing, the process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.
immune system process Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats.
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.
regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
methylglyoxal metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.
establishment of body hair planar orientation Orientation of body hairs, projections from the surface of an organism, such that the hairs all point in a uniform direction along the surface.
regulation of innate immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.
glutamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.
erythrocyte differentiation The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte.
chordate embryonic development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching.
protein localization to membrane raft A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a membrane raft.
fat-soluble vitamin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.
collateral sprouting in absence of injury The process in which outgrowths develop from the axons of intact undamaged neurons.
rrna modification The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an rRNA molecule to produce an rRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
ribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
notch signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
spermidine acetylation The modification of spermidine by addition of acetyl groups.
positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is a series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).
positive regulation of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation of satellite cell involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. The activation of satellite cell is the process that initiates satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate.
cellular response to amine stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
positive regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.
regulation of defense response to virus by virus Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of the host cell or organism.
positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.
inner cell mass cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an inner cell mass cell.
microglia development The process aimed at the progression of a microglial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
heme biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors.
protoporphyrinogen ix biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of protoporphyrinogen IX.
cellular response to morphine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a morphine stimulus. Morphine is an opioid alkaloid, isolated from opium, with a complex ring structure.
rna polymerase i transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly at the promoter for the nuclear large rrna transcript The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on CORE promoter element DNA of the nuclear large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript to form a transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from the large rRNA promoter, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of the large rRNA transcript.
retinoic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.
detection of carbohydrate stimulus The series of events in which a carbohydrate stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
negative regulation of dna damage checkpoint Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.
cellular potassium ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions at the level of a cell.
l-lysine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine, the L-enantiomer of (S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
cardiac myofibril assembly The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.
regulation of smoothened signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.
lymphotoxin a biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cytokine lymphotoxin A.
positive regulation by organism of apoptotic process in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
response to granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.
negative regulation of germinal center formation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
pronephric nephron tubule morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a pronephric nephron tubule are generated and organized from an epithelium. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron.
regulation of oligopeptide transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
glomerular mesangial cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of glomerular mesangial cells, resulting in the expansion of the population.
dolichol-linked oligosaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichol-linked oligosaccharide, usually by a stepwise addition of glycosyl chains to endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound dolichol-P.
interleukin-1 beta secretion The regulated release of interleukin 1 beta from a cell.
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to hypoxia (lowered oxygen tension). Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. The pathway ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
positive regulation of cilium movement Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
negative regulation of exocytosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
positive regulation of growth Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.
nucleotide-excision repair, dna duplex unwinding The unwinding, or local denaturation, of the DNA duplex to create a bubble around the site of the DNA damage.
apical junction assembly The formation of an apical junction, a functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens junction and the desmosomes, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.
interleukin-1 beta biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1 beta.
positive regulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.
cytoplasmic translational initiation The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in the cytoplasm. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
iron incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster The incorporation of iron into a metallo-sulfur cluster.
pyridine nucleotide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.
positive regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-alpha.
regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid.
negative regulation of cell cycle checkpoint Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.
t cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a T cell, a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.
optic placode formation The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of an eye.
nephron tubule morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a nephron tubule are generated and organized. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.
2-oxoglutarate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxoglutarate, the dianion of 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a key constituent of the TCA cycle and a key intermediate in amino-acid metabolism.
negative regulation of cell cycle g1/s phase transition Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle G1/S phase transition.
cellular response to organic substance Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
eosinophil activation The change in morphology and behavior of a eosinophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
response to anesthetic Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anesthetic stimulus. An anesthetic is a substance that causes loss of feeling, awareness, or sensation.
negative regulation of renal sodium excretion Any process that decreases the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time.
positive regulation of cellular response to hypoxia Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hypoxia.
establishment of ribosome localization The directed movement of the ribosome to a specific location.
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to changes in intracellular ion homeostasis, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
heterochromatin maintenance The chromatin organization process that preserves heterochromatin in a stable functional or structural state.
stress-activated mapk cascade A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated MAP kinase cascade relays one or more of the signals; MAP kinase cascades involve at least three protein kinase activities and culminate in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase.
positive regulation of t-helper cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.
rna phosphodiester bond hydrolysis, exonucleolytic The chemical reactions and pathways involving the hydrolysis of terminal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of ribonucleotides.
regulation of l-glutamate transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate transport.
snrna export from nucleus The directed movement of snRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
dna duplex unwinding The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating a region of unpaired single strands.
platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a platelet-derived growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
glycogen biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.
methylglyoxal catabolic process to d-lactate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, into D-lactate via the intermediate S-lactoyl-glutathione. Glutathione is used in the first step of the pathway and then regenerated in the second step.
tendon formation The process that gives rise to a tendon. This process pertains to the initial formation of a tendon from unspecified parts.
selenocysteine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of selenocysteine, an essential component of glutathione peroxidase and some other proteins.
peptidyl-lysine monomethylation The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-methyl-L-lysine.
regulation of gastrulation Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals.
pre-mrna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the unspliced pre-mRNA (pre-messenger RNA).
rna-dependent dna replication A DNA replication process that uses RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strands.
positive regulation of cellular respiration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration.
centrosome separation The process in which duplicated centrosome components move away from each other. The centriole pair within each centrosome becomes part of a separate microtubule organizing center that nucleates a radial array of microtubules called an aster. The two asters move to opposite sides of the nucleus to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle.
primary lung bud formation The morphogenetic process in which the foregut region specified to become the lung forms the initial left and right buds.
amelogenesis The process whose specific outcome is the formation of tooth enamel, occurring in two stages: secretory stage and maturation stage.
meiotic telomere clustering The cell cycle process in which the dynamic reorganization of telomeres occurs in early meiotic prophase, during which meiotic chromosome ends are gathered in a bouquet arrangement at the inner surface of the nuclear envelope proximal to the spindle pole body. This plays an important role in homologous chromosome pairing and therefore progression through meiosis.
negative regulation of rna polymerase ii regulatory region sequence-specific dna binding Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.
positive regulation of phosphorylation of rna polymerase ii c-terminal domain serine 2 residues Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 2 residues.
keratinocyte migration The directed movement of a keratinocyte, epidermal cells which synthesize keratin, from one site to another.
nor-spermidine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving nor-spermidine, a compound related to spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.
regulation of defense response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.
secretion by lung epithelial cell involved in lung growth The controlled release of liquid by a lung epithelial cell that contributes to an increase in size of the lung as part of its development.
regulation of synaptic vesicle membrane organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle membrane organization.
l-histidine transmembrane transport The directed movement of L-histidine across a membrane.
central nervous system neuron development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.
negative regulation of pancreatic juice secretion Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of pancreatic juice secretion, the regulated release of pancreatic juice by the exocrine pancreas into the upper part of the intestine.
membrane lipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.
establishment of protein localization to organelle The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on or in an organelle. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle.
regulation of cellular response to drug Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to drug.
anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in kidney development The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
detoxification Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.
regulation of protein targeting Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting.
negative regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.
negative regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of uptake of cholesterol into the blood by absorption from the intestine.
positive regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate.
negative regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.
negative regulation of binding Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
phosphoanandamide dephosphorylation The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphorylated anandamide.
detection of tumor cell The series of events in which a stimulus from a tumor cell is received and converted into a molecular signal.
glucosamine-containing compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosamine-containing compounds (glucosamines).
ganglion morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of ganglion are generated and organized.
mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization The process by which the mitochondrial outer membrane becomes permeable to the passing of proteins and other molecules from the intermembrane space to the cytosol as part of the apoptotic signaling pathway.
proteasome assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active proteasome complex.
mammary gland morphogenesis The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary gland are generated and organized. Morphogenesis refers to the creation of shape. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.
sex determination Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism.
substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate The formation of adhesions that stabilize protrusions at the leading edge of a migrating cell; involves integrin activation, clustering, and the recruitment of structural and signaling components to nascent adhesions.
signal transduction involved in mitotic dna damage checkpoint Any intracellular signal transduction that is involved in mitotic DNA damage checkpoint.
detection of endogenous stimulus The series of events in which an endogenous stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
lens fiber cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lens fiber cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a lens fiber cell fate. A lens fiber cell is any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.
regulation of meiotic cell cycle Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.
phenol-containing compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
positive regulation of male germ cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation.
rna repair Any process that results in the repair of damaged RNA.
neutral lipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.
optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
regulation of primary metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism involving those compounds formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.
regulation of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity.
negative regulation of multicellular organism growth Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.
inositol phosphate dephosphorylation The process of removing a phosphate group from any mono- or polyphosphorylated inositol.
minus-end-directed organelle transport along microtubule The directed movement of an organelle towards the minus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination.
positive regulation of inner ear receptor cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inner ear receptor cell differentiation.
histone h3-r17 methylation The modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to arginine at position 17 of the histone.
negative regulation of cell adhesion involved in substrate-bound cell migration The disassembly of adhesions at the front and rear of a migrating cell. At the leading edge, adhesion disassembly accompanies the formation of new protrusions; at the cell rear, it promotes tail retraction.
positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
deoxyribose phosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.
pancreas development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes.
negative regulation of double-strand break repair Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair.
regulation of histone h4 acetylation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H4 acetylation, the modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group.
negative regulation of viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a virus or viral RNA binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) located in the cytoplasm.
regulation of cell-matrix adhesion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to the extracellular matrix.
positive regulation of er to golgi vesicle-mediated transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport.
phosphocreatine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphocreatine, a phosphagen of creatine present in high concentration in striated muscle which is synthesized and broken down by creatine phosphokinase to buffer ATP concentration. It acts as an immediate energy reserve for muscle.
negative regulation of monooxygenase activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a monooxygenase.
organelle disassembly The disaggregation of an organelle into its constituent components.
actin modification Covalent modification of an actin molecule.
regulation of podosome assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of podosome assembly.
l-lysine catabolic process to acetyl-coa via saccharopine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including acetyl-CoA, via the intermediate saccharopine.
glucose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
hypothalamus cell differentiation The differentiation of cells that will contribute to the structure and function of the hypothalamus.
formation of anatomical boundary The process in which the limits of an anatomical structure are generated. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
quinolinate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid.
regulation of plasminogen activation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.
positive regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
positive regulation of innate immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.
amp transport The directed movement of AMP, adenosine monophosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
androgen receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor.
hypoxanthine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.
alpha-amino acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alpha-amino acid.
positive regulation of anoikis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anoikis.
neuroepithelial cell differentiation The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.
regulation of receptor internalization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.
peptidyl-lysine methylation The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form either the mono-, di- or trimethylated derivative.
positive regulation of granzyme b production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granzyme B.
rrna export from nucleus The directed movement of rRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; the rRNA is usually in the form of ribonucleoproteins.
cellular response to glucose stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.
ganglion mother cell fate determination The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ganglion mother cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
mesodermal cell migration The orderly movement of mesodermal cells from one site to another.
chromosome segregation The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
negative regulation of interleukin-1 production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.
glycosyl compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosyl compound.
stem cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stem cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to its specific fate.
positive regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism is the chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as FBP. The D enantiomer is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of endothelial cell migration The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the positive regulation of endothelial cell migration.
attachment of telomere to nuclear envelope
positive regulation of mast cell degranulation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mast cell degranulation.
regulation of atp citrate synthase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP citrate synthase activity.
response to protozoan Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a protozoan.
secretory columnal luminar epithelial cell differentiation involved in prostate glandular acinus development The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell acquires specialized features of a secretory columnal luminar epithelial cell of the prostate.
cell cycle g1/s phase transition The cell cycle process by which a cell in G1 phase commits to S phase.
pyrimidine-containing compound salvage Any process that generates a pyrimidine-containing compound, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a pyrimidine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.
mineralocorticoid secretion The regulated release of any mineralocorticoid into the circulatory system. Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate water and electrolyte metabolism.
positive regulation of erk1 and erk2 cascade Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.
calcium ion transport The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
cell-substrate adherens junction assembly The aggregation, arrangement, and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell-substrate adherens junction.
regulation of response to extracellular stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an extracellular stimulus.
negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.
negative regulation of sister chromatid cohesion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.
regulation of dipeptide transport Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of dipeptide transport. Dipeptide transport is the directed movement of a dipeptide, a combination of two amino acids by means of a peptide (-CO-NH-) link, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
cardioblast migration The orderly movement of a cardiac progenitor cell to form the heart field. Cardiac progenitor cells are non-terminally differentiated, mesoderm-derived cells that are committed to differentiate into cells of the heart. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
negative regulation of energy homeostasis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of energy homeostasis.
ribosomal large subunit assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the large ribosomal subunit.
negative regulation of type i interferon-mediated signaling pathway Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway. A type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of a type I interferon binding to a cell surface receptor.
cell separation after cytokinesis
lipid digestion The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by living organisms to break down ingested lipids into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
negative regulation of zinc ion transmembrane import Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of zinc ions (Zn2+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
cellular magnesium ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of magnesium ions at the level of a cell.
sphingolipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
branchiomeric skeletal muscle development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The branchiomeric muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls facial expression, pharyngeal and laryngeal function, operating the jaw. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. Branchiomeric muscles of mammals correspond to the gill musculature of fish.
dna cytosine deamination The removal of an amino group from a cytosine residue in DNA, forming a uracil residue.
regulation of mrna cleavage Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cleavage, any process in which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner.
regulation of golgi to plasma membrane protein transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.
cell junction assembly A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell junction.
recognition of apoptotic cell The process in which a cell interprets signals (in the form of specific proteins and lipids) on the surface of a dying cell which it will engulf and remove by phagocytosis.
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.
ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity.
urea homeostasis Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of urea.
cellular iron ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of iron ions at the level of a cell.
neural precursor cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of neural precursor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A neural precursor cell is either a nervous system stem cell or a nervous system progenitor cell.
lipoate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
iris morphogenesis The process in which the iris is generated and organized. The iris is an anatomical structure in the eye whose opening forms the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount of light reaching the retina.
purine nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
protein polymerization The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.
regulation of phospholipid catabolic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of phospholipid catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
synaptic vesicle membrane organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the membrane surrounding a synaptic vesicle.
endonucleolytic cleavage involved in rrna processing Any endonucleolytic cleavage involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into a mature rRNA molecule. Some endonucleolytic cleavages produce the mature end, while others are a step in the process of generating the mature end from the pre-rRNA.
regulation of fat cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretion Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
negative regulation of cell cycle phase transition Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.
negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.
phosphatidylinositol dephosphorylation The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphatidylinositol.
regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
cardiac pacemaker cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pacemaker cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.
negative regulation of regulated secretory pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.
carbohydrate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
regulation of vascular permeability Any process that modulates the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.
regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity Any process that modulates the activity of glutamate-cysteine ligase.
negative regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process.
embryonic camera-type eye morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during embryonic development.
protoporphyrinogen ix metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving protoporphyrinogen IX, the specific substrate for the enzyme ferrochelatase, which catalyzes the insertion of iron to form protoheme. It is probably also the substrate for chlorophyll formation.
transition between fast and slow fiber The process of conversion of fast-contracting muscle fibers to a slower character. This may involve slowing of contractile rate, slow myosin gene induction, increase in oxidative metabolic properties, altered electrophysiology and altered innervation. This process also regulates skeletal muscle adapatation.
dna damage induced protein phosphorylation The widespread phosphorylation of various molecules, triggering many downstream processes, that occurs in response to the detection of DNA damage.
cardiac muscle fiber development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
cellular monovalent inorganic cation homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monovalent inorganic cations at the level of a cell.
proteoglycan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.
regulation of protein dephosphorylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.
9-cis-retinoic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative.
membrane biogenesis A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a membrane.
peptidyl-asparagine modification The modification of peptidyl-asparagine.
ethanol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.
positive regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of gram-negative bacterium Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a gram-negative bacterium by a neutrophil.
wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity.
n-glycan processing The conversion of N-linked glycan (N = nitrogen) structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking.
g-protein coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, and proceeding with the activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
protein deacetylation The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.
adherens junction assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell junction at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.
neutral lipid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.
positive regulation of steroid hormone biosynthetic process Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroid hormones,compounds with a 1, 2, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus that act as hormones.
positive regulation of hindgut contraction Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine.
regulation of rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.
negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process Any negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process.
positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase iii promoter Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase III promoter.
determination of intestine left/right asymmetry Determination of the asymmetric location of the intestine loops with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.
cell killing Any process in an organism that results in the killing of its own cells or those of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.
cerebral cortex development The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon.
positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.
photoreceptor cell maintenance Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light.
citrate transport The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of osteoclast development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast development.
regulation of heart growth Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.
cgmp catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.
l-arginine transport The directed movement of a L-arginine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
early endosome to golgi transport The directed movement of substances from early endosomes to the Golgi.
maintenance of golgi location Any process in which the Golgi is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
glycine receptor clustering The receptor clustering process in which glycine receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.
esophagus smooth muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the esophagus. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The esophagus is the muscular membranous segment between the pharynx and the stomach in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
dna catabolic process The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one.
intraciliary retrograde transport The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum) toward the cell body, mediated by motor proteins.
connective tissue development The progression of a connective tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
ncrna 5'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of a non-coding RNA molecule.
development of secondary male sexual characteristics The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary male sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. In male humans, these include growth of axillary, chest, and pubic hair, voice changes, and testicular/penile enlargement. Development occurs in response to sex hormone secretion.
regulation of replicative cell aging Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of replicative cell aging.
neutrophil activation The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
regulation of glucokinase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule.
comma-shaped body morphogenesis The process in which the comma-shaped body is generated and organized. The comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron.
regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 alpha production.
glutamate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.
c-terminal protein deglutamylation The removal of a C-terminal, gene-encoded glutamate residue from a protein.
cerebral cortex regionalization The regionalization process that results in the creation of areas within the cerebral cortex that will direct the behavior of cell migration and differentiation as the cortex develops.
negative regulation of nucleoside metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleosides.
thymidine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.
positive regulation of hair follicle cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of hair follicle cell proliferation.
catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.
negative regulation of glial cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.
histone dephosphorylation The modification of histones by removal of phosphate groups.
cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the mesonephros.
transcription initiation from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase II promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription.
sterol esterification A lipid modification process in which a sterol ester is formed by the combination of a carboxylic acid (often a fatty acid) and a sterol molecule (e.g. cholesterol).
cellular response to alkaloid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active.
neuron migration The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.
regulation of water loss via skin A process that modulates the rate or extent of water loss from an organism via the skin.
sulfide oxidation, using sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase A sulfide oxidation process that proceeds via the reaction catalyzed by sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase.
cranial nerve formation The process that gives rise to the cranial nerves. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
positive regulation of receptor catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor catabolic process.
amino acid homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of amino acid within an organism or cell.
negative regulation of monocyte extravasation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte extravasation.
regulation of gene expression, epigenetic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression; the process is mitotically or meiotically heritable, or is stably self-propagated in the cytoplasm of a resting cell, and does not entail a change in DNA sequence.
n-terminal peptidyl-glutamic acid acetylation The acetylation of the N-terminal glutamic acid of proteins to form the derivate acetyl-glutamic acid.
regulation of protein phosphatase type 2b activity Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 2B.
regulation of protein binding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
positive regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron death Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron death.
regulation of lipid storage Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.
geranylgeranyl diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.
neuroblast division in subventricular zone The division of neuroblasts in the subventricular zone of the forebrain. The interneuron precursors that these cells give rise to include adult olfactory bulb interneurons and migrate tangentially.
chromosome passenger complex localization to kinetochore A cellular protein complex localization that acts on a chromosome passenger complex; as a result, the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location at the kinetochore. A chromosome passenger complex is a protein complex that contains the BIR-domain-containing protein Survivin, Aurora B kinase, INCENP and Borealin, and coordinates various events based on its location to different structures during the course of mitosis.
positive regulation of chemokine-mediated signaling pathway Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of a chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor.
proteoglycan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
engulfment of apoptotic cell The removal of the apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.
negative regulation of bone mineralization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.
protein sulfation The addition of a sulfate group as an ester to a protein amino acid.
eye pigmentation Establishment of a pattern of pigment in the eye of an organism.
fucose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fucose (6-deoxygalactose).
positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.
positive regulation of glomerular metanephric mesangial cell proliferation Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.
cardiac muscle adaptation The process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
amino acid transport The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
response to salt stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.
male germ cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of male germ cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
activation of protein kinase b activity Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase B.
negative regulation of camp biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
positive regulation of cell proliferation by vegf-activated platelet derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to a platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) on the surface of a cell, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.
isoleucyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling isoleucine to isoleucyl-tRNA, catalyzed by isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
negative regulation of macrophage differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.
negative regulation of mesonephros development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
cementum mineralization The process in which calcium salts, mainly carbonated hydroxyapatite, are deposited into the initial acellular cementum.
gdp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.
negative regulation of pancreatic a cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation.
rhombomere morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the rhombomere is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.
heparin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans of average Mr (6000-20000), consisting predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.
4-hydroxyproline catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline.
phospholipase c-activating g-protein coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled glutamate receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
negative regulation of lipid catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.
protein import into peroxisome matrix, docking The process in which a complex formed of a peroxisome targeting sequence (PTS) receptor bound to a PTS-bearing protein docks with translocation machinery in the preoxisomal membrane.
rna replication The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of RNA.
habenula development The progression of the habenula over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The habenula is the group of nuclei that makes up the stalk of the pineal gland.
nucleoside bisphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
kynurenic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving kynurenic acid, 4-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid.
blood coagulation, extrinsic pathway A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the self-limited process linking exposure and activation of tissue factor to the activation of clotting factor X.
regulation of establishment of planar polarity Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of planar polarity, the coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.
proteasome regulatory particle assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active proteasome regulatory particle complex.
dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in ureteric bud branching The process in which a ureteric bud bifurcates at its end.
peroxisome membrane biogenesis The process in which a peroxisome membrane is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together.
ph elevation Any process that increases the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
nfat protein import into nucleus The directed movement of NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) proteins, a family of transcription factors, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. NFAT proteins are dephosphorylated in the cytoplasm by activated calcineurin, which leads to their translocation across the nuclear membrane.
snorna processing Any process involved in the conversion of a primary small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) transcript into a mature snoRNA.
10-formyltetrahydrofolate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
response to defenses of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the defenses of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of granulocyte chemotaxis Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of granulocyte chemotaxis. Granulocyte chemotaxis is the movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.
regulation of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity.
response to cocaine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.
negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum.
histone h4-r3 methylation The modification of histone H4 by addition of a methyl group to arginine at position 3 of the histone.
galactolipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.
regulation of brown fat cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of brown fat cell proliferation.
positive regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.
ureter smooth muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the ureter. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The ureter is one of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder.
positive regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
chromatin silencing at rdna Repression of transcription of ribosomal DNA by altering the structure of chromatin.
sister chromatid cohesion The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are associated with each other.
negative regulation of nik/nf-kappab signaling Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling.
cell migration to the midline involved in heart development The orderly movement of a cell toward the midline that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
negative regulation of chemokine (c-x-c motif) ligand 2 production Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.
negative regulation of defense response to virus by host Any host process that results in the inhibition of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
sequestering of triglyceride The process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
acetyl-coa biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated.
uroporphyrinogen iii biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of uroporphyrinogen III.
negative regulation of growth of symbiont in host Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents or reduces its increase in size or mass within the cells or tissues of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction.
inflammatory cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in an inflammatory cell, any cell participating in the inflammatory response to a foreign substance e.g. neutrophil, macrophage.
squamous basal epithelial stem cell differentiation involved in prostate gland acinus development The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell acquires specialized features of a squamous basal epithelial stem cell of the prostate.
amino sugar biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.
trichloroethylene metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving trichloroethylene, a toxic, colorless, photoreactive, chlorinated hydrocarbon liquid, commonly used as a metal degreaser and solvent.
negative regulation of mast cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mast cell proliferation.
positive regulation of nf-kappab transcription factor activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.
regulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
regulation of glomerular filtration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the process in which blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.
ureteric bud development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureteric bud over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
l-arginine import The directed movement of L-arginine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, into a cell or organelle.
phospholipid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
response to sterol Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sterol stimulus.
positive regulation of hormone secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.
extracellular vesicular exosome assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an extracellular vesicular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane.
nucleoside bisphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
regulation of cellular biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
sertoli cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Sertoli cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a Sertoli cell fate.
cerebellar cortex morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.
cardiac chamber formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac chamber from unspecified parts. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.
positive regulation by symbiont of host defense response Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
synaptic vesicle docking The initial attachment of a synaptic vesicle membrane to the presynaptic membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the synaptic vesicle and the target membrane.
paranodal junction assembly Formation of the junction between an axon and the glial cell that forms the myelin sheath. Paranodal junctions form at each paranode, i.e. at the ends of the unmyelinated nodes of Ranvier.
s-adenosylmethioninamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving S-adenosylmethioninamine, (5-deoxy-5-adenosyl)(3-aminopropyl) methylsulfonium salt.
inorganic ion transmembrane transport A process in which an inorganic ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
immune system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.
positive regulation of pseudopodium assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia.
protein heterotetramerization The formation of a protein heterotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated subunits, of which not all are identical.
bile acid and bile salt transport The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of interleukin-5 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.
glomerular epithelial cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the glomerulus; there are two types, glomerular parietal epithelial cells and glomerular visceral epithelial cells.
centriole elongation The centrosome organization process by which a centriole increases in length as part of the process of replication.
regulation of protein adp-ribosylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein ADP-ribosylation. Protein ADP-ribosylation is the transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids.
regulation of renal system process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by the renal system.
hair cycle process A multicellular organismal process involved in the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.
regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response.
homoserine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cystathionine, threonine and methionine.
regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in neural tube closure Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in neural tube closure.
positive regulation of dna endoreduplication Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication.
regulation of mitochondrion organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.
mitochondrial iron ion transport The directed movement of iron ions into, out of or within a mitochondrion.
regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.
negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mrna catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.
positive regulation of lys63-specific deubiquitinase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Lys63-specific deubiquitinase activity.
negative regulation of cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell activation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.
stilbene metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving stilbenes, a class of polyketides formed from a molecule of cinnamic acid and three molecules of malonyl-CoA.
renal vesicle formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the renal vesicle from condensed mesenchymal cells. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.
regulation of saliva secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva from a cell or a tissue.
modulation by symbiont of defense-related host nitric oxide production Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
vitamin d catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).
negative regulation of microvillus assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microvillus assembly.
copper ion import The directed movement of copper ions into a cell or organelle.
trna wobble position uridine thiolation The process in which a uridine residue at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally thiolated at the C2 position. This process involves transfer of a sulfur from cysteine to position C2 by several steps.
basement membrane assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a basement membrane, a part of the extracellular region that consists of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue.
terminal button organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a terminal button. A terminal button is the terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters.
negative regulation of male germ cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation.
myd88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor not relying on the MyD88 adaptor molecule. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.
forelimb morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human.
response to metal ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.
carboxylic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
cell dedifferentiation The process in which a specialized cell loses the structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these cells can revert back to the features of the stem cells that were their ancestors.
negative regulation of cellular amine catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid.
response to axon injury Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an axon injury stimulus.
transcription initiation from mitochondrial promoter A transcription initiation process that takes place at a promoter on the mitochondrial chromosome, and results in RNA synthesis by a mitochondrial RNA polymerase.
negative regulation of pro-b cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pro-B cell differentiation.
potassium ion export The directed movement of potassium ions out of a cell or organelle.
positive regulation of monocyte aggregation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte aggregation.
regulation of response to nutrient levels Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.
positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues.
regulation of g0 to g1 transition A cell cycle process that modulates the rate or extent of the transition from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase.
inosine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.
thyroid gland development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thyroid gland is an endoderm-derived gland that produces thyroid hormone.
monovalent inorganic cation homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monovalent inorganic cations within an organism or cell.
positive regulation of erbb signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB signaling pathway.
positive regulation of neurotransmitter secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.
response to superoxide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion.
udp catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate.
positive regulation of g-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity.
arterial endothelial cell fate commitment The commitment of a cell to an arterial endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an arterial endothelial cell.
negative regulation of interferon-alpha production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production.
sterol import The directed movement of a sterol into a cell or organelle. Sterols are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration by platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration, by platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.
regulation of metanephric glomerular mesangial cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.
phosphate ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phosphate ions within an organism or cell.
skeletal muscle hypertrophy The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size (not length) of individual muscle fibers without cell division. In the case of skeletal muscle cells this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils.
ion transmembrane transport A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
vasopressin secretion The regulated release of vasopressin from secretory granules into the blood.
asparagine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.
regulation of thymocyte migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte migration.
regulation of mrna stability involved in response to stress Any process that modulates the propensity of mRNA molecules to degradation that is part of a change in state or activity of a cell as a result of an exogenous disturbance.
regulation of dense core granule biogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dense core granule biogenesis.
endosomal transport The directed movement of substances into, out of or mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation.
regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.
regulation of glucosylceramide biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosylceramide.
retrograde transport, plasma membrane to golgi The directed movement of substances from the plasma membrane back to the trans-Golgi network, mediated by vesicles.
interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-4 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
base-excision repair, ap site formation The formation of an AP site, a deoxyribose sugar with a missing base, by DNA glycosylase which recognizes an altered base in DNA and catalyzes its hydrolytic removal. This sugar phosphate is the substrate recognized by the AP endonuclease, which cuts the DNA phosphodiester backbone at the 5' side of the altered site to leave a gap which is subsequently repaired.
maturation of 5.8s rrna from tricistronic rrna transcript (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna) Any process involved in the maturation of an rRNA molecule originally produced as part of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis The process in which the branching structure of the mammary gland duct is generated and organized. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.
regulation of protein homotetramerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homotetramerization.
positive regulation of type b pancreatic cell apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.
lipid translocation The translocation, or flipping, of lipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.
regulation of fatty acid oxidation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.
glycosylceramide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.
protein heterotrimerization The formation of a protein heterotrimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated subunits, of which not all are identical.
regulation of macrophage fusion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage fusion.
positive regulation of ovulation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ovulation, the release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.
neutrophil mediated killing of bacterium The directed killing of a bacterium by a neutrophil.
regulation of single-stranded telomeric dna binding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding to single-stranded telomeric DNA.
negative regulation of glucosylceramide biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosylceramide.
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.
cell-cell signaling Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another.
positive regulation of schwann cell proliferation Any process that increases the frequency or rate of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.
negative regulation of production of mirnas involved in gene silencing by mirna
cellular response to cholesterol Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholesterol stimulus.
positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
natural killer cell proliferation The expansion of a natural killer cell population by cell division.
positive regulation of oocyte maturation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.
fmn metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving FMN, riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate), a coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH dehydrogenase.
hexitol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving hexitols, any alditol with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
protein folding The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.
regulation of coagulation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation, the process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass.
positive regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction.
chondrocyte development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis The progression of a chondrocyte over time from after its commitment to its mature state where the chondrocyte will contribute to the shaping of an endochondral bone.
vacuole fusion Merging of two or more vacuoles, or of vacuoles and vesicles within a cell to form a single larger vacuole.
regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.
glycoprotein transport The directed movement of a glycoprotein, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of central tolerance induction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction.
negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.
reproduction The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms.
positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter involved in unfolded protein response The activation of genes whose promoters contain a specific sequence elements such as the unfolded protein response element (UPRE; consensus CAGCGTG) or the ER stress-response element (ERSE; CCAAN(N)9CCACG), as a result of signaling via the unfolded protein response.
regulation of peroxisome size Any process that modulates the volume of a peroxisome, a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.
glycine biosynthetic process, by transamination of glyoxylate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine by the transamination of glyoxylate.
regulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 beta from a cell.
hematopoietic stem cell proliferation The expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell population by cell division. A hematopoietic stem cell is a stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop.
compound eye corneal lens development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corneal lens in the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The corneal lens is a chitinous extracellular secretion of the four underlying cone cells and the pigment cells.
regulation of negative chemotaxis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
endothelial cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in an endothelial cell. An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal.
response to abiotic stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus.
negative regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the growth hormone receptor signaling pathway. The growth hormone receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.
b cell proliferation The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation.
peptidyl-diphthamide biosynthetic process from peptidyl-histidine The modification of peptidyl-histidine to 2'-(3-carboxamido-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl)-L-histidine, known as diphthamide, found in translation elongation factor EF-2. The process occurs in eukaryotes and archaea but not eubacteria.
response to high light intensity Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a high light intensity stimulus.
bone mineralization The deposition of hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium phosphate with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, in bone tissue.
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
positive regulation of tendon cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tendon cell differentiation.
cellular response to dsrna Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded RNA stimulus.
endocardial cushion to mesenchymal transition A transition where an endocardial cushion cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
cell-cell signaling involved in cell fate commitment Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate.
positive regulation of dopamine secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.
cardiac atrium formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.
canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptotic process The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the negative regulation of apoptotic process.
positive regulation of neuron differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
apoptotic process involved in heart morphogenesis Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
t cell mediated immunity Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell.
regulation of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching, the growth of a branch of the ureteric bud along its axis.
pentitol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pentitols, any alditol with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.
regulation of nerve growth factor receptor activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor.
regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis.
cerebellar granule cell precursor tangential migration The early migration of granule cell precursors in which cells move orthogonal to the direction of radial migration and ultimately cover the superficial zone of the cerebellar primordium.
cellular oligosaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages, as carried out by individual cells.
nicotinamide riboside catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide riboside, the product of the formation of a glycosidic bond between ribose and nicotinamide.
coronal suture morphogenesis The process in which the coronal suture is generated and organized.
endosome to melanosome transport The directed movement of substances from endosomes to the melanosome, a specialised lysosome-related organelle.
deoxyhypusine biosynthetic process from spermidine The chemical reactions resulting in the formation of deoxyhypusine from spermidine by the enzyme [eIF-5A]-deoxyhypusine synthase. The reaction occurs in four steps: 1. spermidine + NAD+ = dehydrospermidine + NADH + H+; 2. dehydrospermidine + [enzyme]-lysine = 1,3-diaminopropane + [enzyme]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2; 3. [enzyme]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2 = [eIF-5A]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2; 4. [eIF-5A]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2 + NADH + H+ = [eIF-5A]-deoxyhypusine + NAD+.
metanephric distal tubule development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric distal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric distal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that begins at the metanephric macula densa and extends to the metanephric connecting tubule.
nephron epithelium morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron epithelium are generated and organized. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron.
ammonium transmembrane transport The directed movement of ammonium across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ammonium is the cation NH4+.
regulation of keratinocyte apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte apoptotic process.
regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
photoreceptor cell differentiation The specialization of organization of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
regulation of protein refolding Any process that regulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein refolding. Protein refolding is the process carried out by a cell that restores the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, using helper proteins such as chaperones.
positive regulation of mammary gland involution Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mammary gland involution.
neural fold formation The process in which the neural fold is formed. The edges of the neural plate thicken and move up to form a U-shaped structure called the neural groove.
activation of jun kinase activity The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase (JNK).
negative regulation of protein refolding Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein refolding. Protein refolding is the process carried out by a cell that restores the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, using helper proteins such as chaperones.
regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a ventricular cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
vitamin a transport The directed movement any form of vitamin A into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Vitamin A is any of several retinoid derivatives of beta-carotene, primarily retinol, retinal, or retinoic acid.
positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity that is an integral part of a G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.
flavone metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavones, a class of pigmented plant compounds based on 2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (2-phenylchromone).
positive regulation of cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.
regulation of hemostasis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.
n-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.
regulation of choline o-acetyltransferase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of choline O-acetyltransferase activity.
detection of muramyl dipeptide The series of events in which a muramyl dipeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.
regulation of hair follicle cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle cell proliferation.
cornea development in camera-type eye The progression of the cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cornea is the transparent structure that covers the anterior of the eye.
negative regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
3'-utr-mediated mrna destabilization An mRNA destabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of an mRNA.
negative regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.
dump catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dUMP, deoxyuridine (5'-)monophosphate.
myeloid dendritic cell differentiation The process in which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell, an immunocompetent cell of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin.
negative regulation of plasma lipoprotein particle oxidation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipoprotein particle oxidation, occurring in the blood plasma.
negative regulation of chromatin silencing Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin silencing.
pyridoxal phosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6.
positive regulation of memory t cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of memory T cell activation.
positive regulation of granzyme a production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of granzyme A production.
trochlear nerve formation The process that gives rise to the trochlear nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve and is the only cranial nerve to exit the brain dorsally. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle.
regulation of macrophage differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.
positive regulation of hypersensitivity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.
response to antibiotic Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms.
positive regulation of type iia hypersensitivity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
isoleucine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.
histone-serine phosphorylation The modification of histones by addition of a phosphate group to a serine residue.
sperm displacement The physical displacement of sperm stored from previous mating encounters.
cell junction maintenance The organization process that preserves a cell junction in a stable functional or structural state. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.
cholesterol esterification A lipid modification process in which a sterol ester is formed by the combination of a carboxylic acid (often a fatty acid) and cholesterol. In the blood this process is associated with the conversion of free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester, which is then sequestered into the core of a lipoprotein particle.
protein autoubiquitination The ubiquitination by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein. Ubiquitination occurs on the lysine residue by formation of an isopeptide crosslink.
camp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
terpenoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and including derivatives with various functional groups.
pons maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pons to attain its fully functional state. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
organelle organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
olfactory bulb mitral cell layer development The progression of the olfactory bulb mitral cell layer over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The mitral cell layer is composed of pyramidal neurons whose cell bodies are located between the granule cell layer and the plexiform layer.
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
positive regulation of histone h3-k27 acetylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K27 acetylation.
positive regulation of molecular function Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
phenylacetate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylacetate.
intracellular sequestering of iron ion The process of binding or confining iron ions in an intracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
postsynaptic membrane organization The maintenance of membrane composition in a postsynaptic membrane, the specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft).
negative regulation of potassium ion transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the semi-conservative replication of telomeric DNA.
blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population contributing to sprouting angiogenesis.
synaptic target recognition The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets signals produced by potential target cells, with which it may form synapses.
negative regulation of fatty acid oxidation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.
negative regulation of protein homotetramerization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein homotetramerization.
regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth.
cellular respiration The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).
cell adhesion mediated by integrin The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits.
positive regulation of integrin biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins.
heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, enzymatic modification The modification, often by sulfation, of sugars incorporated into heparan sulfate after polymerization.
vitamin d biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).
negative regulation of lamellipodium morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium morphogenesis.
signal clustering Grouping of multiple copies of a signal at a cellular location. May promote receptor clustering and alter the signal transduction response.
putrescine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be synthesized from arginine or ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
cholecystokinin signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of cholecystokinin binding to a receptor on the surface of the cell, and proceeding with the activated receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
eye pigment metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving eye pigments, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, found or utilized in the eye.
activation of store-operated calcium channel activity A process that initiates the activity of an inactive store-operated calcium channel.
natural killer cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell.
t-helper cell lineage commitment The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote various immunological processes.
regulation of microtubule depolymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.
cellular response to ergosterol Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ergosterol stimulus.
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion.
wnt-activated signaling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to the commitment of a neuroblast to aneuronal fate. The neuron will reside in the forebrain.
somatostatin secretion The regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas.
melanin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.
pteridine-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.
mitochondria-nucleus signaling pathway A series of molecular signals that forms a pathway of communication from the mitochondria to the nucleus and initiates cellular changes in response to changes in mitochondrial function.
regulation of hormone levels Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action.
ovarian follicle rupture Disruption of theca cell layer releasing follicular fluid and/or the oocyte.
regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of respiratory system process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a respiratory system process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the respiratory system.
nucleosome organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of one or more nucleosomes.
cdp phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into CDP to produce a CTP.
oxalate transport The directed movement of oxalate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals.
ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
negative regulation of relaxation of cardiac muscle Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of cardiac muscle.
multi-organism intracellular transport An intracellular transport which involves another organism.
renal filtration cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a renal filtration cell. Renal filtration cells are specialized cells of the renal system that filter fluids by charge, size or both. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
erbb2-erbb3 signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a ERBB3 receptor on the surface of a cell, followed by transmission of the signal by a heterodimeric complex of ERBB2 and ERBB3. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as ERBB3. ERBB3 also has impaired kinase activity and relies on ERBB2 for activation and signal transmission.
regulation of hormone metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter, mitotic A cell cycle process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter during mitosis.
response to mineralocorticoid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mineralocorticoid stimulus. Mineralocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol and characterized by their similarity to aldosterone. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance.
renal capsule development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal capsule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. During development, it comprises a single layer of flattened cells that lie just above the cortical stroma and the condensed mesenchyme of the nephrogenic zone. It is in this region that the early stages of nephron induction and formation of new generations ureteric bud branches occur, as the kidney expands.
musculoskeletal movement The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system.
regulation of fatty acid metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.
dcdp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dCDP, deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphate.
regulation of late endosome to lysosome transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of late endosome to lysosome transport.
axon extension involved in regeneration Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in regeneration of the neuron.
regulation of protein deacetylation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein deacetylation, the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.
regulation of chemokine (c-x-c motif) ligand 1 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 production.
regulation of integrin activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation.
ammonium transport The directed movement of ammonium into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ammonium is the cation NH4+ which is formed from N2 by root-nodule bacteria in leguminous plants and is an excretory product in ammonotelic animals.
regulation of p38mapk cascade Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of p38MAPK cascade.
regulation of dna biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.
3'-utr-mediated mrna stabilization An mRNA stabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of an mRNA.
coronary vasculature development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
cardiac muscle cell contraction The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of a cardiac muscle cell.
chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 19 signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-C chemokine CCL19 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
vitamin k biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals.
negative regulation of innate immune response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response.
phosphatidylserine acyl-chain remodeling Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylserine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylserine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.
modulation of apoptotic process in other organism A process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptosis in a second organism.
apoptotic process involved in development Any apoptotic process that is involved in anatomical structure development.
negative regulation of gonadotropin secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.
negative regulation of epinephrine secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.
renal sodium ion transport The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) by the kidney.
positive regulation of transcription, dna-templated Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
tcr signalosome assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a TCR signalosome.
regulation of renal output by angiotensin The process in which angiotensin directly modulates the rate of urine output by the kidney.
regulation of fermentation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fermentation, the anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, to other compounds, especially to ethyl alcohol, resulting in energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
regulation of opioid receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of opioid receptor signaling pathway.
negative regulation of macroautophagy Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.
atp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
high-density lipoprotein particle remodeling The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a high-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters from LDL to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride to LDL.
detection of cell density The series of events in which information about the density of cells in a population is received and converted into a molecular signal.
positive regulation of organic acid transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
schwann cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.
regulation of er-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.
phosphatidic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.
olfactory pit development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory pit from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the olfactory pit, which is an indentation of the olfactory placode, and ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx.
embryonic heart tube development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryonic heart tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart tube forms as the heart rudiment from the heart field.
mammary gland specification The regionalization process in which the mammary line is specified. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes.
regulation of atp:adp antiporter activity Any process that modulates the activity of an ATP:ADP antiporter.
sequestering of bmp in extracellular matrix Confining a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) to the extracellular matrix (ECM), such that it is separated from other components of the signaling pathway, including its cell surface receptor. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted as homodimers, non-covalently associated with N-terminal pro-peptides, and are targeted to the extracellular matrix through interaction with matrix proteins.
regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.
regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell activation.
positive regulation of semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway.
reciprocal meiotic recombination The cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate. This results in the equal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes. These reciprocal recombinant products ensure the proper segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I and create genetic diversity.
positive regulation of myosin light chain kinase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myosin light chain kinase activity.
negative regulation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion.
positive regulation of regulated secretory pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.
iron ion import into cell The directed movement of iron ions from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.
regulation of pri-mirna transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pri-miRNA transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter.
regulation of neuron apoptotic process Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.
vasculogenesis involved in coronary vascular morphogenesis The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells that contributes to blood vessel development in the heart, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.
positive regulation of lymphocyte migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.
positive regulation of lymphocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.
posttranscriptional gene silencing The inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.
regulation of dopamine metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.
response to glucocorticoid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.
regulation of peptide hormone secretion Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.
ribonucleoprotein complex subunit organization Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a ribonucleoprotein complex.
activation of immune response Any process that initiates an immune response.
negative regulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity Any process that stops or reduces the rate of endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via mhc class i, tap-dependent The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class I molecule. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
chloride transmembrane transport The directed movement of chloride across a membrane.
negative regulation of cholesterol metabolic process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
response to muscle activity involved in regulation of muscle adaptation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
rhombomere 2 development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 2 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
negative regulation of macrophage chemotaxis Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.
striated muscle hypertrophy The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of muscle cells without cell division. In the case of striated muscle, this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils.
chaperone cofactor-dependent protein refolding The process of assisting in the restoration of the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, which is dependent on additional protein cofactors. This process occurs over one or several cycles of nucleotide hydrolysis-dependent binding and release.
positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.
regulation of epidermis development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.
dgtp catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dGTP, guanosine triphosphate.
cellular response to high density lipoprotein particle stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a high density lipoprotein particle stimulus.
cerebellar molecular layer development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar molecular layer nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells.
n-acetylmannosamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylmannosamine, the acetylated derivative of mannosamine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose.
negative regulation of hormone secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.
termination of rna polymerase ii transcription The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule by RNA polymerase II using a DNA template is completed.
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by norepinephrine The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings modulates the force of heart musclecontraction.
negative regulation of translational elongation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.
response to ddt Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a DDT stimulus. DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, is a chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide moderately toxic to humans and other animals.
negative regulation of ion transmembrane transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
protein localization to peroxisome A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a peroxisome.
protein citrullination The hydrolysis of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-citrulline.
ribonucleoside catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
regulation of nuclear-transcribed mrna catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.
response to isolation stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lack of contact with other members of the same species.
positive regulation of camp-dependent protein kinase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.
negative regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the alternative pathway.
regulation of interleukin-1 secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 from a cell.
digestion The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential An action potential that occurs in an atrial cardiac muscle cell.
positive regulation of receptor internalization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.
regulation of white fat cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of white fat cell proliferation.
serine family amino acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
regulation of glycolytic process by negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis by stopping, preventing, or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
xanthine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.
positive regulation of histone ubiquitination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of a ubiquitin group to a histone protein.
response to low-density lipoprotein particle Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus.
d-serine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-serine, the D-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.
regulation of acrosome reaction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the acrosome reaction.
centriole assembly A cellular process that results in the assembly of one or more centrioles.
cardiac muscle cell differentiation The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
dermatan sulfate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dermatan sulfate, any glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.
negative regulation of dermatome development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
regulation of asymmetric cell division Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous antigen The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
cilium-dependent cell motility Cell motility due to the motion of one or more eukaryotic cilia. A eukaryotic cilium is a specialized organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
purine deoxyribonucleotide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
positive regulation of urothelial cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of urothelial cell proliferation.
dendritic spine morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.
helper t cell chemotaxis The directed movement of a helper T cell in response to an external stimulus.
negative regulation of snare complex assembly Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of assembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.
chromosome passenger complex localization to spindle midzone A cellular protein complex localization that acts on a chromosome passenger complex; as a result, the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location at the spindle midzone. A chromosome passenger complex is a protein complex that contains the BIR-domain-containing protein Survivin, Aurora B kinase, INCENP and Borealin, and coordinates various events based on its location to different structures during the course of mitosis. The spindle midzone is the area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.
guanosine-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of guanosine-containing compounds (guanosines).
positive regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction via the regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle, specialised for the sequestration of calcium ions that are released upon receipt of a signal relayed by the T tubules from the neuromuscular junction.
positive regulation of g0 to g1 transition A cell cycle process that activates or increases the rate or extent of the transition from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase.
positive regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization
cellular ketone metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway involved in axon guidance Any semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway that is involved in axon guidance.
protein localization to chromosome, centromeric region Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the centromeric region of a chromosome.
mitochondrion morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a mitochondrion are generated and organized.
protein stabilization Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation.
homocysteine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid. Homocysteine is an important intermediate in the metabolic reactions of its S-methyl derivative, methionine.
chromatin maintenance The chromatin organization process that preserves chromatin in a stable functional or structural state.
negative regulation of cardiac chamber formation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation.
peptide cross-linking The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains.
detection of cell density by contact stimulus involved in contact inhibition The series of events in which information about the density of cells in a population is received by direct cell-cell contact and is converted into a molecular signal, resulting in the cessation of cell growth or proliferation.
regulation of protein oligomerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.
negative regulation of t-helper 2 cell cytokine production Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.
regulation of lipoprotein oxidation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipoprotein oxidation.
regulation of phosphatidylcholine catabolic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of phosphatidylcholine catabolism. Phosphatidylcholine catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.
replicative cell aging The process associated with progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan that occurs as the cell continues cycles of growth and division.
positive regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.
receptor-mediated virion attachment to host cell The process by which a virion attaches to a host cell by binding to a receptor on the host cell surface.
negative regulation of mrna 3'-end processing Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing.
interleukin-1 beta production The appearance of interleukin-1 beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
negative regulation of histone h3-k27 methylation Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H3-K27 methylation. Histone H3-K27 methylation is the modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 27 of the histone.
vestibulocochlear nerve development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vestibulocochlear nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.
negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
positive regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.
n-terminal protein amino acid methylation The methylation of the N-terminal amino acid of a protein.
response to bacterial lipoprotein Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus.
maintenance of protease location in mast cell secretory granule A process in which a protease is maintained in a secretory granule in a mast cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
spermine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses, which is involved in nucleic acid packaging. Synthesis is regulated by ornithine decarboxylase which plays a key role in control of DNA replication.
regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
folic acid-containing compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.
subthalamus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the subthalamus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The subthalamus is the anterior part of the diencephalon that lies between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon, including subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, the fields of Forel, and the nucleus of ansa lenticularis.
regulation of ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis.
regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-13.
mitochondrial translational elongation The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in a mitochondrion.
regulation of morphogenesis of a branching structure Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized.
negative regulation of peptide secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
positive regulation of cd8-positive, alpha-beta t cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
single stranded viral rna replication via double stranded dna intermediate A viral genome replication where the template is single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), and which proceeds via a double stranded DNA (dsDNA) intermediate molecule. Viral genomic RNA is first reverse transcribed into dsDNA, which integrates into the host chromosomal DNA, where it is transcribed by host RNA polymerase II.
regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
positive regulation of muscle atrophy Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle atrophy.
endomitotic cell cycle A mitotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids separate, but spindle formation, nuclear membrane breakdown and nuclear division do not occur, resulting in an increased number of chromosomes in the cell.
regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.
negative regulation of interleukin-8 production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.
negative regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-beta.
regulation of l-dopa decarboxylase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa decarboxylase activity.
positive regulation of response to reactive oxygen species Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.
regulation of biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
heterochromatin organization Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic heterochromatin, a compact and highly condensed form of chromatin.
regulation of cortisol secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cortisol from a cell.
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
negative regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.
mesodermal cell fate specification The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
malate-aspartate shuttle The process of transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesise malate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to oxaloacetate using NADH, the oxaloacetate reacts with gluamate to form aspartate, and the aspartate then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle.
sperm competition Any process that contributes to the success of sperm fertilization in multiply-mated females.
positive regulation of transcription involved in g1/s transition of mitotic cell cycle Any process that activates or increases transcription as part of the G1/S transition of the mitotic cell cycle.
regulation of protein autophosphorylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues.
negative regulation of isotype switching Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.
dicarboxylic acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
actin crosslink formation The process in which two or more actin filaments are connected together by proteins that act as crosslinks between the filaments. The crosslinked filaments may be on the same or differing axes.
dentinogenesis The process whose specific outcome is the formation of dentin, the mineralized tissue that constitutes the major bulk of teeth. Dentin may be one of three types: primary dentin, secondary dentin, and tertiary dentin.
regulation of renal phosphate excretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of renal phosphate excretion.
modification of morphology or physiology of other organism The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of a second organism.
negative regulation of thymidylate synthase biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the enzyme thymidylate synthase.
sebaceous gland development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sebaceous gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
negative regulation of phospholipase activity Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.
negative regulation of protein homooligomerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein homooligomerization.
positive regulation of mucus secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.
response to other organism Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism.
angiogenesis Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
canalicular bile acid transport Catalysis of the transfer of bile acid from one side of a hepatocyte plasma membrane into a bile canaliculus. Bile canaliculi are the thin tubes formed by hepatocyte membranes. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.
cellular response to mineralocorticoid stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mineralocorticoid stimulus. Mineralocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol and characterized by their similarity to aldosterone. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance.
myoblast fate commitment The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
positive regulation of response to drug Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to drug.
regulation of dendritic spine maintenance Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic spine maintenance.
spinal cord ventral commissure morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the spinal cord ventral commissure are generated and organized.
regulation of calcium-transporting atpase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-transporting ATPase activity.
positive regulation of nervous system development Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.
non-canonical wnt signaling pathway The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via effectors other than beta-catenin.
multicellular organismal water homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within a tissue, organ, or a multicellular organism.
mating behavior The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes.
translocation of peptides or proteins into host cell cytoplasm The directed movement of peptides or proteins produced by a symbiont organism to a location within the host cell cytoplasm.
magnesium ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of magnesium ions within an organism or cell.
positive regulation of fear response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fear response.
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.
muscle cell proliferation The expansion of a muscle cell population by cell division.
striated muscle tissue development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells.
regulation of pancreatic juice secretion Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of pancreatic juice secretion, the regulated release of pancreatic juice by the exocrine pancreas into the upper part of the intestine.
regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.
cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac muscle tissue are generated and organized.
t cell homeostatic proliferation The non-specific expansion of T cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of T cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus.
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD) protein.
positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to stress Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly The cell cycle process that results in reformation of the nuclear envelope during mitotic cell division.
regulation of retinoic acid biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid biosynthetic process.
regulation of reproductive process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
neural plate mediolateral regionalization The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random mediolateral spatial arrangement of the neural plate.
chromatin organization Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin.
glycerol ether metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.
divalent metal ion export The directed movement of divalent metal cations, any metal ion with a +2 electric charge, out of a cell or organelle.
epithelial cell maturation involved in salivary gland development The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell of the salivary gland to attain its fully functional state.
determination of adult lifespan The control of viability and duration in the adult phase of the life-cycle.
taurine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative important in the metabolism of fats.
inositol phosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.
dna catabolic process, exonucleolytic The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of terminal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides.
peptide amidation The posttranslational conversion of C-terminal glycine-extended peptides to C-terminal alpha-amidated peptides. Occurs to over half of all peptide hormones to give bioactive peptides. This is a two step process catalyzed by a peptidyl-glycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase and a peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase. In some organisms, this process is catalyzed by two separate enzymes, whereas in higher organisms, one polypeptide catalyzes both reactions.
multi-multicellular organism process A multicellular organism process which involves another multicellular organism of the same or different species.
snrna modification The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within snRNA, resulting in a change in the properties of the snRNA.
chloride transport The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
neuronal ion channel clustering The process in which voltage-gated ion channels become localized to distinct subcellular domains in the neuron. Specific targeting, clustering, and maintenance of these channels in their respective domains are essential to achieve high conduction velocities of action potential propagation.
regulation of lactation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lactation.
positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.
d-alanine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid alanine, i.e. (2R)-2-aminopropanoic acid.
udp-d-xylose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-D-xylose, uridinediphosphoxylose, a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
mhc class ii biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of major histocompatibility protein class II.
chemorepulsion involved in postnatal olfactory bulb interneuron migration The creation and reception of signals that repel olfactory bulb interneurons from the subventricular zone as a component process in tangential migration.
canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the formation of the neural plate anterior/posterior pattern.
lung alveolus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the alveolus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The alveolus is a sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of air passageways.
negative regulation of bone development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.
regulation of ferrochelatase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ferrochelatase activity; catalysis of the reaction: protoporphyrin + Fe2+ = protoheme + 2 H+.
l-lysine transport The directed movement of a L-lysine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
cell cycle g2/m phase transition The cell cycle process by which a cell in G2 phase commits to M phase.
positive regulation of histone h3-k36 methylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.
positive regulation of response to food Any process that activates, maintains, or increases the rate of a response to a food stimulus.
sensory perception of temperature stimulus The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
negative regulation of cholesterol efflux Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.
positive regulation of prostaglandin secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell.
regulation of centromeric sister chromatid cohesion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion in the centromeric region of a chromosome.
positive regulation of epinephrine secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.
negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.
macromolecular complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a complex.
myeloid dendritic cell activation The change in morphology and behavior of a dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
lipoxin a4 metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoxin A4. Lipoxin A4 is a C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.
positive regulation of phagocytosis, engulfment Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.
regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
trna 5'-leader removal Generation of the mature 5'-end of the tRNA, usually via an endonucleolytic cleavage by RNase P.
atrial cardiac muscle cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an atrial cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The atrium is the part of the heart that receives blood into the organ.
mitochondrial mrna polyadenylation The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-60 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mitochondrial mRNA primary transcript. Mitochondria contain both stabilizing and destabilizing poly(A) tails.
auditory receptor cell stereocilium organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory hair cells.
telomeric 3' overhang formation The formation of the single stranded telomeric 3' overhang, a conserved feature that ranges in length from 12 nt in budding yeast to approximately 500 nt in humans.
alcohol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.
reciprocal dna recombination A DNA recombination process that results in the equal exchange of genetic material between the recombining DNA molecules.
pigment granule transport The directed movement of pigment granules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of system process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system.
negative regulation of fermentation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fermentation.
regulation of transmembrane transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
thiamine diphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.
negative regulation of glomerular filtration Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the processs whereby blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.
regulation of lipid transport across blood brain barrier Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid transport across blood brain barrier.
regulation of embryonic development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
negative regulation of triglyceride catabolic process Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.
ventral spinal cord interneuron specification The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ventral spinal cord interneuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.
'de novo' nad biosynthetic process from tryptophan The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), beginning with the synthesis of tryptophan from simpler precursors; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
adiponectin-activated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of adiponectin to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.
gmp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving GMP, guanosine monophosphate.
regulation of respiratory burst Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
guanylate kinase-associated protein clustering The clustering process in which guanylate kinase-associated proteins (GKAPs) are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane. GKAP facilitates assembly of the post synaptic density of neurons.
positive regulation of organelle assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to dna damage by p53 class mediator Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.
regulation of cholesterol metabolic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
positive regulation of postsynaptic membrane organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of postsynaptic membrane organization.
cellular metabolic compound salvage Any process which produces a useful metabolic compound from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis, as carried out by individual cells.
positive regulation of optic nerve formation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of optic nerve formation.
platelet activating factor metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli.
fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.
negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.
molybdopterin cofactor metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.
regulation of steroid hormone secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.
insulin receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin.
interleukin-11-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-11 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
locomotion Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another.
nervous system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.
positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.
positive regulation of white fat cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of white fat cell proliferation.
positive regulation of chondrocyte proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
response to bacterium Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.
nucleoside transport The directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
developmental programmed cell death The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development.
c-terminal protein lipidation The covalent attachment of a lipid group to the carboxy terminus of a protein.
dendrite development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell.
late endosome to golgi transport The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to the Golgi.
regulation of nitrogen utilization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nitrogen utilization.
negative regulation by host of viral genome replication A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.
positive regulation of histone h3-k27 methylation Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H3-K27 methylation. Histone H3-K27 methylation is the modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 27 of the histone.
mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly The cell cycle process in which the controlled breakdown of the nuclear envelope during mitotic cell division occurs.
regulation of protein k48-linked deubiquitination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein K48-linked deubiquitination.
establishment of planar polarity involved in neural tube closure Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium that contributes to the closure of the neural tube.
negative regulation of stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach.
positive regulation of constitutive secretory pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of constitutive secretory pathway.
regulation of cell communication Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.
metanephros morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephros are generated and organized.
bone trabecula morphogenesis The process of shaping a trabecula in bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
positive regulation of apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.
auditory receptor cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an auditory hair cell.
regulation of translational fidelity Any process that modulates the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code.
detection of monosaccharide stimulus The series of events in which a stimulus from a monosaccharide is received and converted into a molecular signal.
positive regulation of hair cycle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.
positive regulation of calcium:sodium antiporter activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium:sodium antiporter activity.
regulation of protein complex assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
negative regulation of hydrolase activity Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.
serine family amino acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
protein localization to site of double-strand break Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred.
iron assimilation A process in which iron is solubilized and transported into a cell.
negative regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in neural tube closure Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in neural tube closure.
regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation.
striated muscle cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of striated muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Striated muscles contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.
negative regulation of chromatin modification Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin modification.
negative regulation of arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation mediated by the Arp2/3 complex and interacting proteins.
tram-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRAM adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.
epithelial-mesenchymal signaling involved in prostate gland development Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted and contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
cmp salvage Any process that generates CMP, cytidine monophosphate, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
growth plate cartilage morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized.
positive regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
fumarate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving fumarate, the anion of trans-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid, the diastereoisomer of maleate. It is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate.
negative regulation of mda-5 signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1) binding to viral RNA.
regulation of cellular protein catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular protein catabolic process.
negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
cellular lipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells.
purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to an extracellular purine nucleotide to initiate a change in cell activity.
regulation of epithelial cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.
skeletal muscle satellite cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a satellite cell.
erbb signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a member of the ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
calcium ion transmembrane import into mitochondrion A process in which a calcium ion (Ca2+) is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into the mitochondrion by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.
cardiac cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac cell is a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.
regulation of glial cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.
positive regulation of exit from mitosis Any process that activates or increases the rate of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity).
glyoxylate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH.
lung goblet cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung goblet cell. A goblet cell is a cell of the epithelial lining that produces and secretes mucins.
fmn biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FMN, the oxidized form of flavin mononucleotide (riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)), which acts as a coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH dehydrogenase.
positive regulation of interleukin-13 biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-13.
positive regulation of glutamate secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
regulation of cellular catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
pronuclear fusion The merging of two pronuclei in a fertilized egg to fuse and produce a single zygotic genome.
ruffle assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork. The formation of ruffles (also called membrane ruffling) is thought to be controlled by a group of enzymes known as Rho GTPases, specifically RhoA, Rac1 and cdc42.
positive regulation of l-dopa decarboxylase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa decarboxylase activity.
muscular septum morphogenesis The process in which the muscular septum is generated and organized. The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum.
replication fork protection Any process that prevents the collapse of stalled replication forks.
glomerular epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular epithelial cell. Glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the glomerulus; there are two types, glomerular parietal epithelial cells and glomerular visceral epithelial cells.
neuroendocrine cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a neuroendocrine cell. A neuroendocrine cell is a cell that receives input form a neuron which controls the secretion of an endocrine substance.
glycerol-3-phosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.
regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.
negative regulation of phagocytosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.
antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via mhc class ib The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface, including lipid extraction, degradation, and transport steps for the lipid antigen both prior to and following assembly with the MHC protein complex. The lipid antigen may originate from an endogenous or exogenous source of lipid. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family.
positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic nucleotides.
double-strand break repair via alternative nonhomologous end joining An instance of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining that is independent of factors important for V(D)J recombination (as opposed to classical nonhomologous end joining). It often results in a deletion with microhomology (i.e. 5-25bp homology) at the repair junction. Among different subclasses of nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), alternative NHEJ appears to play a significant role in the etiology of mutations that arise during cancer development and treatment.
regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.
d-amino acid transport The directed movement of the D-enantiomer of an amino acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.
phylloquinone catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phylloquinone, vitamin K1, a quinone-derived compound synthesized by green plants.
negative regulation of establishment of blood-brain barrier Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of the blood-brain barrier, a selectively permeable structural and functional barrier that exists between the capillaries and the brain.
rrna 3'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an rRNA molecule.
cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell costimulation The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the T cell receptor to augment CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.
positive regulation of smad protein import into nucleus Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein import into the nucleus, i.e. the directed movement of a SMAD proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
regulation of striated muscle tissue development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.
regulation of dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolyzing) activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.
ribosome disassembly The disaggregation of a ribosome into its constituent components; includes the dissociation of ribosomal subunits.
heterotypic cell-cell adhesion The attachment of a cell to a cell of a different type via adhesion molecules.
regulation of cell division Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells.
positive regulation of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity.
positive regulation of lysosomal membrane permeability Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the lysosomal membrane.
gpi anchor biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that attaches some membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The phosphatidylinositol group is linked via the C-6 hydroxyl residue of inositol to a carbohydrate chain which is itself linked to the protein via an ethanolamine phosphate group, its amino group forming an amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein. Some GPI anchors have variants on this canonical linkage.
positive regulation of gluconeogenesis by positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
visceral serous pericardium development The progression of the visceral serous pericardium from its formation to the mature structure. The visceral serous pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium.
negative regulation of neurofibrillary tangle assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurofibrillary tangle assembly.
spleen trabecula formation The process of creating a trabecula in the spleen. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
regulation of retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, golgi to er Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to ER.
positive regulation of histone h3-k9 dimethylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 dimethylation.
cerebellar purkinje cell layer structural organization The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.
maintenance of granzyme b location in t cell secretory granule A process in which the protease granyme B is maintained in a secretory granule in a T cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
retinal rod cell development Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light.
response to interleukin-6 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-6 stimulus.
membrane budding The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.
vegf-activated neuropilin signaling pathway involved in axon guidance Any VEGF-activated neuropilin signaling pathway that is involved in axon guidance.
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sleep; a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.
regulation of b cell chemotaxis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell chemotaxis.
membrane raft distribution The process that establishes the spatial arrangement of membrane rafts within a cellular membrane.
male meiosis i A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis I, the first meiotic division in the male germline.
l-threonine catabolic process to glycine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-threonine (the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid) to form to form 2-amino-3-oxobutanoate, which is subsequently converted to glycine.
cellular organofluorine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving organofluorine compounds, as carried out by individual cells.
acylglycerol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.
branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder.
growth involved in heart morphogenesis Developmental growth that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
response to pain Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli.
protein import into nucleus The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
nitric oxide-cgmp-mediated signaling pathway Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by nitric oxide (NO) activating soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). Includes synthesis of nitric oxide, guanylyl cyclase activity, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell following activation by cGMP.
negative regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
imp salvage Any process which produces inosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
negative regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
regulation of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism.
gentamycin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving gentamycin.
chromosome organization involved in meiosis A process of chromosome organization that is involved in meiosis.
forebrain astrocyte development The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte that resides in the forebrain, from initial commitment of the cell to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.
fucose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving fucose, or 6-deoxygalactose, which has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose.
nad biosynthesis via nicotinamide riboside salvage pathway The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from the vitamin precursor nicotinamide riboside.
respiratory gaseous exchange The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms.
regulation of relaxation of cardiac muscle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of cardiac muscle.
regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
positive regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of glutamate-cysteine ligase, typically by lowering its sensitivity to inhibition by glutathione and by increasing its affinity for glutamate.
negative regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis.
regulation of optic nerve formation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of optic nerve formation.
negative regulation of myeloid cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.
regulation of protein localization to synapse Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse.
negative regulation of steroid biosynthetic process Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
blood vessel lumenization The process in which a developing blood vessel forms an endothelial lumen through which blood will flow.
positive regulation of arachidonic acid secretion Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of arachidonic acid secretion, the controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue.
aldosterone metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.
positive regulation of male gonad development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.
regulation of cell migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
positive regulation of granulocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.
progesterone receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a progesterone binding to its receptor.
response to ketone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ketone stimulus.
regulation of endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization.
positive regulation of cellular ph reduction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.
dna replication-dependent nucleosome assembly The formation of nucleosomes on newly replicated DNA, coupled to strand elongation.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
pentitol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pentitols, any alditol with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.
regulation of dendritic spine development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
meiotic gene conversion The cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another. It often occurs in association with general genetic recombination events, and is believed to be a straightforward consequence of the mechanisms of general recombination and DNA repair. For example, meiosis might yield three copies of the maternal version of an allele and only one copy of the paternal allele, indicating that one of the two copies of the paternal allele has been changed to a copy of the maternal allele.
blastocyst hatching The hatching of the cellular blastocyst from the zona pellucida.
cvt pathway A constitutive biosynthetic process that occurs under nutrient-rich conditions, in which two resident vacuolar hydrolases, aminopeptidase I and alpha-mannosidase, are sequestered into vesicles; these vesicles are transported to, and then fuse with, the vacuole. This pathway is mostly observed in yeast.
ovarian follicle atresia A periodic process in which immature ovarian follicles degenerate and are subsequently re-absorbed.
regulation of axon regeneration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon regeneration.
positive regulation of cell cycle phase transition Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.
arachidonic acid secretion The controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue.
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in phospholipase c-activating g-protein coupled signaling pathway Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol that occurs as part of a PLC-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway. G-protein-activated PLC hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol-bisphosphate (PIP2) to release diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3). IP3 then binds to calcium release channels in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to trigger calcium ion release into the cytosol.
keratinocyte development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a keratinocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
melanin biosynthetic process from tyrosine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin from other compounds, including tyrosine.
cell migration involved in endocardial cushion formation The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
response to nutrient levels Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.
planar cell polarity pathway involved in outflow tract morphogenesis The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract.
interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex The directed movement of interneurons from the subpallium to the cortex during forebrain development.
metanephric cortical collecting duct development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric cortical collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric cortical collecting duct is the portion of the metanephric collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex.
egg coat formation Construction of an egg coat, a specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the ovum of animals. The egg coat provides structural support and can play an essential role in oogenesis, fertilization and early development.
positive regulation of chromosome organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.
positive regulation of histamine secretion by mast cell Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histamine secretion by mast cell.
viral budding A viral process by which enveloped viruses acquire a host-derived membrane enriched in viral proteins to form their external envelope. The process starts when nucleocapsids, assembled or in the process of being built, induce formation of a membrane curvature in the host plasma or organelle membrane and wrap up in the forming bud. The process ends when the bud is eventually pinched off by membrane scission to release the enveloped particle into the lumenal or extracellular space.
luteinizing hormone signaling pathway The series of molecular signals mediated by luteinizing hormone.
ciliary receptor clustering involved in smoothened signaling pathway Grouping of smoothened or patched receptors in a cilium, contributing to the smoothened signaling pathway.
cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulus A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nerve growth factor stimulus.
axial mesoderm morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the axial mesoderm are generated and organized.
tonic smooth muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within tonic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the tonic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Tonic smooth muscle contraction occurs as a sustained continuous contraction.
dgdp phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, to produce dGTP.
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
'de novo' ctp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP) from simpler components.
phasic smooth muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within phasic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the phasic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Phasic smooth muscle contraction occurs in a series of discrete contractions and relaxations.
regulation of gtpase activity Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase.
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat6 protein Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat6 protein.
positive regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.
positive regulation of transmission of nerve impulse Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.
cytidine to uridine editing The conversion of a cytosine residue to uridine in an RNA molecule by deamination.
specification of posterior mesonephric tubule identity The process in which the tubules of the posterior mesonephros acquire their identity.
negative regulation of behavior Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
regulation of centrosome cycle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle, the processes of centrosome duplication and separation.
positive regulation of microtubule plus-end binding Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule plus-end binding.
salivary gland development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the salivary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Salivary glands include any of the saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity.
protein localization to early endosome A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an early endosome.
cellular response to interferon-beta Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-beta stimulus. Interferon-beta is a type I interferon.
axon regeneration The regrowth of axons following their loss or damage.
regulation of trail-activated apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway.
cardiac right ventricle morphogenesis The process in which the right cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.
epidermal stem cell homeostasis Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of epidermal stem cells within a population of cells.
regulation of serine-type endopeptidase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.
protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
detection of chemical stimulus The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
short-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.
cell-cell signaling involved in mammary gland development Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the mammary gland, from its initial state to the mature structure.
negative regulation of vitamin metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
dopamine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.
negative regulation of chromatin silencing at rdna Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the repression of transcription of ribosomal DNA by altering the structure of chromatin.
negative regulation of glutamate secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
regulation of t cell costimulation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell costimulation.
diacylglycerol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.
high-density lipoprotein particle assembly The aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids to form a high-density lipoprotein particle.
acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus An acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.
regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an atrial cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
transmembrane transport The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other.
response to hormone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.
cell redox homeostasis Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell.
intraciliary transport involved in cilium morphogenesis The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium that contributes to cilium morphogenesis.
regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 (NOD1) pathway.
negative regulation of relaxation of muscle Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of muscle.
regulation of translation in response to stress Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
positive regulation of fever generation by positive regulation of prostaglandin secretion Any process that increases the rate or extent of fever generation via positive regulation of the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell.
regulation of ligand-dependent nuclear receptor transcription coactivator activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ligand-dependent nuclear receptor transcription coactivator activity.
fatty acid derivative metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acid derivative.
negative chemotaxis The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a chemical.
positive regulation of maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion Any process that increases the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained.
negative regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros.
memory t cell proliferation The expansion of a memory T cell population by cell division.
positive regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol Any process that increases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.
negative regulation of receptor activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor activity.
bombesin receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a bombesin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
regulation of antimicrobial peptide production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
cellular response to dopamine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dopamine stimulus.
fat-soluble vitamin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.
peripheral nervous system myelin formation The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by an oligodendrocyte in the peripheral nervous system.
nucleotide-excision repair, dna incision, 5'-to lesion The endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA 5' to the site of damage. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. The incision follows the incision formed 3' to the site of damage.
positive regulation of cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.
l-methionine biosynthetic process from s-adenosylmethionine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine from other compounds, including S-adenosylmethionine.
hormone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
heart trabecula morphogenesis The process of shaping a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.
positive regulation of microtubule depolymerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.
serine phosphorylation of stat protein The process of introducing a phosphate group to a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.
cardiac muscle cell proliferation The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division.
regulation of snare complex assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of assembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.
isoprenoid transport The directed movement of isoprenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Isoprenoids comprise a group of compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
regulation of hair cycle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.
positive regulation of b cell tolerance induction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
sensory perception of taste The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells. This is a neurological process.
peptide secretion The controlled release of a peptide from a cell or a tissue.
regulation of cellular ph Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions (protons) within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.
opsonization The process in which a microorganism (or other particulate material) is rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis by coating with an opsonin, a blood serum protein such as a complement component or antibody.
primitive erythrocyte differentiation Erythrocyte differentiation which occurs as part of the process of primitive hemopoiesis.
t cell activation The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD) pathway.
regulation of eif2 alpha phosphorylation by heme Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation as a result of heme levels.
positive regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.
hepatic stellate cell activation A change in the morphology or behavior of a hepatic stellate cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, hormone, cellular ligand or soluble factor.
l-ascorbic acid transport The directed movement of L-ascorbic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.
parental behavior A reproductive behavior in which a parent cares for and rears offspring.
glucocorticoid mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a glucocorticoid hormone.
t cell receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.
sulfur amino acid transport The directed movement of amino acids containing sulfur (cystine, methionine and their derivatives) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
hepatocyte apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a hepatocyte, the main structural component of the liver.
regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation.
regulation of glutamate uptake involved in transmission of nerve impulse Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of L-glutamate into a neuron or glial cell.
chlorinated hydrocarbon metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving chlorinated hydrocarbons, any hydrocarbon with one or more chlorine atoms attached to it.
regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis.
adult locomotory behavior Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.
positive regulation of nk t cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell differentiation.
negative regulation of thrombin receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thrombin receptor protein signaling pathway activity. A thrombin receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a thrombin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
positive regulation of endocardial cushion to mesenchymal transition involved in heart valve formation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocardial cushion to mesenchymal transition involved in heart valve formation.
epithelial structure maintenance A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of epithelial structure.
regulation of nik/nf-kappab signaling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling.
maintenance of transcriptional fidelity during dna-templated transcription elongation Suppression of the occurrence of transcriptional errors, such as substitutions and/or insertions of nucleotides that do not correctly match the template base, during the process of transcription elongation on a DNA template.
arginine transport The directed movement of arginine, 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network. The ER tubular network is the ER part that comprises the membranes with high curvature in cross-section.
positive regulation of oxidative stress-induced cell death Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced cell death.
ventricular system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain ventricular system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain ventricular system consists of four communicating cavities within the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. These cavities include two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricles and is produced by the choroid plexus.
response to platelet-derived growth factor Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet-derived growth factor stimulus.
regulation of dendritic cell dendrite assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell dendrite assembly.
positive regulation of protein import into nucleus, translocation Any process that activates or increases the vectorial transfer of a protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
keratan sulfate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.
regulation of t cell mediated immune response to tumor cell Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
biological phase A distinct period or stage in a biological process or cycle.
cellular zinc ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of zinc ions at the level of a cell.
regulation of response to interferon-gamma Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a response to interferon-gamma. Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.
spindle stabilization Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of the spindle.
calcium-mediated signaling Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions.
purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
peptidyl-aspartic acid modification The modification of peptidyl-aspartic acid.
sperm individualization The resolution of the male germline syncytium or cyst into individual gametes by packaging each spermatid into its own plasma membrane.
intracellular receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an receptor located within a cell.
hemidesmosome assembly Assembly of hemidesmosomes, integrin-containing protein complexes that bind to laminin in the basal lamina. Hemidesmosomes form the contact between the basal surface of epithelial cells and the underlying basal lamina.
nucleologenesis A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a nucleolus, a small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
thymidine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.
regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin transferase activity.
primary amino compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary amino compound.
protein maturation by protein folding The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that results in the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.
positive regulation of phospholipid scramblase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid scramblase activity.
regulation of c-c chemokine receptor ccr7 signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of C-C chemokine receptor CCR7 signaling pathway.
cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus.
negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron death Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron death.
single-organism carbohydrate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, occurring within a single organism.
embryonic limb morphogenesis The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping.
metanephric glomerular mesangial cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular mesangial cell in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
xenobiotic metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide.
sterol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
positive regulation of cell communication Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.
synaptic vesicle to endosome fusion Fusion of a synaptic vesicle with the membrane of an endosome.
de novo centriole assembly Centriole assembly in which a centriole arises de novo by a process involving an electron dense structure known as a deuterosome, rather than by duplication of an existing centriole.
ceramide 1-phosphate transport The directed movement of a ceramide 1-phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
spliceosomal tri-snrnp complex assembly The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex.
fatty acid elongation, monounsaturated fatty acid Elongation of a fatty acid chain into which one C-C double bond has been introduced.
basophil activation involved in immune response A change in morphology and behavior of a basophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the basophil has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
regulation of mast cell cytokine production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production.
peptidyl-arginine omega-n-methylation The addition of a methyl group onto a terminal nitrogen (omega nitrogen) atom of an arginine residue in a protein.
atrioventricular valve morphogenesis The process in which the structure of the atrioventricular valve is generated and organized.
mitotic cell cycle Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.
cellular hypotonic response Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hypotonic environment, i.e. an environment with a lower concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.
negative regulation of heart looping Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart looping.
single-organism membrane budding A membrane budding which involves only one organism.
developmental growth involved in morphogenesis The increase in size or mass of an anatomical structure that contributes to the structure attaining its shape.
cell-cell adhesion The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.
positive regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.
positive regulation of vasodilation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasodilation.
extension of a leading process involved in cell motility in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration The rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton that result in the extension of a leading process, where this process is involved in the movement of cells along radial glial cells.
base-excision repair, gap-filling Repair of the damaged strand by the combined action of an apurinic endouclease that degrades a few bases on the damaged strand and a polymerase that synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' direction, using the undamaged strand as a template.
regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polarized epithelial cell differentiation.
metanephric mesangial cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesangial cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
striatum development The progression of the striatum over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The striatum is a region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.
cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.
facial nerve structural organization The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the facial nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.
heme oxidation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the loss of electrons from one or more atoms in heme.
sphinganine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphinganine, D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.
negative regulation of hair follicle development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.
pancreatic pp cell fate commitment The commitment of a cell to a pancreatic PP cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a pancreatic PP cell. A pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell is a cell in the pancreas that produces pancreatic polypeptide.
regulation of notch signaling pathway involved in heart induction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to heart induction.
morphogenesis of a polarized epithelium The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of a polarized epithelium are generated and organized. A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.
specification of symmetry The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism such that a similar arrangement in form and relationship of parts around a common axis, or around each side of a plane is created.
neural crest cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neural crest cell.
carbohydrate phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into a carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
methionine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
meiotic sister chromatid cohesion The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome during meiosis.
regulation of metanephric s-shaped body morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis.
regulation of lateral motor column neuron migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lateral motor column neuron migration.
adp catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.
keratinocyte activation A change in the morphology or behavior of a keratinocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. Upon activation, keratinocytes become migratory and hyperproliferative, and produce growth factors and cytokines.
regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.
detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception The series of events in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.
adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process A series of molecular signals beginning with a G-protein coupled adrenergic cell surface receptor combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine, which contributes to a circulatory system process carried out by the heart.
ventral spinal cord development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output.
cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus.
regulation of methylation-dependent chromatin silencing Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the repression of transcription by methylation of DNA, leading to the formation of heterochromatin.
negative regulation of oocyte development Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
notochord regression The developmental process in which the stucture of the notochord is destroyed in an embryo.
caveolin-mediated endocytosis An endocytosis process that begins when material is taken up into plasma membrane caveolae, which then pinch off to form endocytic caveolar carriers.
positive regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis.
membrane protein proteolysis The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of its intracellular or ecto-domains.
positive regulation of late endosome to lysosome transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of late endosome to lysosome transport.
regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of myoblast differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
regulation of neurotransmitter levels Any process that modulates levels of neurotransmitter.
negative regulation of catecholamine metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine.
ductus arteriosus closure The morphogenesis process in which the ductus arteriosus changes to no longer permit blood flow after birth. The ductus arteriosus is the shunt between the aorta and the pulmonary artery which allows blood to bypass the fetus' lungs.
regulation of cellular response to heat Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to heat.
detection of bacterial lipopeptide The series of events in which a bacterial lipopeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
positive regulation of canonical wnt signaling pathway Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.
regulation of muscle adaptation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation.
protein localization to nonmotile primary cilium A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nonmotile primary cilium.
cation homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cations within an organism or cell.
negative regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
negative regulation of cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.
positive regulation of antimicrobial humoral response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.
principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pontine nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
negative regulation of interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interleukin-6 binding to a cell surface receptor.
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate selective glutamate receptor clustering The receptor clustering process in which alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.
negative regulation of mitochondrial translation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
fructoselysine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructoselysine, a fructose molecule containing a lysine group in place of a hydroxyl group.
positive regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids.
negative regulation of leukocyte tethering or rolling Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte tethering or rolling.
positive regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription.
smoothened signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord patterning The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened that results in the spatial identity of regions along the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord.
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.
establishment of organelle localization The directed movement of an organelle to a specific location.
cell-cell signaling involved in cardiac conduction Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the heart process that regulates cardiac muscle contraction; beginning with the generation of an action potential in the sinoatrial node and ending with regulation of contraction of the myocardium.
dadp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate).
endodermal digestive tract morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the endodermal digestive tract are generated and organized. The endodermal digestive tract includes those portions of the digestive tract that are derived from endoderm.
positive regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids.
positive regulation of t-helper 1 cell cytokine production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell cytokine production.
positive regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of bacterium Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a bacterium by a neutrophil.
positive regulation of meiosis i Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of meiosis I, a cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the first phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two daughter cells.
negative regulation of neuron projection regeneration Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron projection regeneration, the regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage.
establishment of mitochondrion localization The directed movement of the mitochondrion to a specific location.
positive regulation of cholesterol metabolic process Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
positive regulation by host of viral transcription Any process is which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription, the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA.
macrophage apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a macrophage, a mononuclear phagocyte present in a variety of tissues.
insulin secretion The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin.
acidic amino acid transport The directed movement of acidic amino acids, amino acids with a pH below 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.
regulation of adiponectin secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of adiponectin from a cell.
respiratory chain complex ii assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex II.
mitotic cell cycle phase transition The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next mitotic cell cycle phase.
regulation of interleukin-10 secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-10 secretion.
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in equilibrioception The series of events involved in equilibrioception in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. During equilibrioception, mechanical stimuli may be in the form of input from pressure receptors or from the labyrinth system of the inner ears.
regulation of t cell cytokine production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
learning Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
ectoderm formation The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation.
enamel mineralization The process in which calcium salts, mainly carbonated hydroxyapatite, are deposited in tooth enamel.
epithelial cell proliferation involved in liver morphogenesis The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the liver.
neurogenesis Generation of cells within the nervous system.
negative regulation of growth Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.
positive regulation of endothelial cell migration Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
renal tubular secretion Secretion of substances from peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules to be incorporated subsequently into the urine. Substances that are secreted include organic anions, ammonia, potassium and drugs.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.
regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization
triglyceride catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
detection of oxidative stress The series of events in which a stimulus indicating oxidative stress is received and converted into a molecular signal.
phospholipase c-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
negative regulation of fatty acid transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.
regulation of filopodium assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.
response to ozone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ozone stimulus.
signal transduction by p53 class mediator An intracellular signaling process that is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53 or an equivalent protein.
lysosomal lumen acidification Any process that reduces the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
response to molecule of fungal origin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of fungal origin such as chito-octamer oligosaccharide.
sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ion transport The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
heterocycle catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).
regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis.
positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.
negative regulation of interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway.
regulation of hepatocyte growth factor production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hepatocyte growth factor production.
pentose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.
trail-activated apoptotic signaling pathway An extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway initiated by the binding of the ligand TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) to a death receptor on the cell surface.
regulation of activation of janus kinase activity Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
negative regulation of lymphocyte differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.
modulation by host of viral glycoprotein metabolic process A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral glycoprotein metabolic process.
islet amyloid polypeptide processing The formation of mature islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) by posttranslational processing of pro-islet amyloid polypeptide (pro-IAPP).
regulation of mesoderm development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.
negative regulation of transcription involved in g1/s transition of mitotic cell cycle Any process that stop, prevents or decreases transcription as part of the G1/S transition of the mitotic cell cycle.
cellular response to methyl methanesulfonate Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) stimulus.
camera-type eye development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.
atrioventricular node cell fate commitment The commitment of cells to atrioventricular (AV) node cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into AV node cells.
heart morphogenesis The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
maternal process involved in female pregnancy A reproductive process occurring in the mother that allows an embryo or fetus to develop within it.
glycoprotein metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
metanephric proximal convoluted tubule segment 2 development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the S2 portion of the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The S2 portion of the metanephric proximal tubule is involved in reabsorption of water and sodium chloride.
negative regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation.
inorganic cation import into cell The directed movement of inorganic cations from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.
positive regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process.
glycosphingolipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.
histamine uptake The directed movement of histamine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
negative regulation of arachidonic acid secretion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of arachidonic acid secretion.
protein insertion into membrane The process that results in the incorporation of a protein into a biological membrane. Incorporation in this context means having some part or covalently attached group that is inserted into the the hydrophobic region of one or both bilayers.
regulation of protein kinase c activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase C activity.
single-organism developmental process A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition, involving only one organism.
regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation.
response to redox state Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating redox state. Redox state refers to the balance of oxidized versus reduced forms of electron donors and acceptors in an organelle, cell or organ; plastoquinone, glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and nicotinamide nucleotides (NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH) are among the most important.
centromere complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and centromeric DNA molecules to form a centromeric protein-DNA complex. Includes the formation of the chromatin structures which form a platform for the kinetochore, and assembly of the kinetochore onto this specialized chromatin. In fission yeast and higher eukaryotes this process also includes the formation of heterochromatin at the outer repeat (pericentric) regions of the centromere.
endonucleolytic cleavage in 5'-ets of tricistronic rrna transcript (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna) Endonucleolytic cleavage within the 5'-External Transcribed Spacer (ETS) of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Endonucleolytic cleavage within the 5'-ETS of the pre-RNA is conserved as one of the early steps of rRNA processing in all eukaryotes, but the specific position of cleavage is variable.
synaptic vesicle targeting The process in which synaptic vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces.
regulation of glycogen (starch) synthase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen (starch) synthase activity.
cell cycle dna replication The DNA-dependent DNA replication that takes place as part of the cell cycle.
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis.
regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation. Mitotic sister chromatid separation is the process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis.
mast cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.
regulation of fractalkine production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of fractalkine production.
cell surface receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
regulation of lipid transport by regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid transport by modulating the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
positive regulation of myoblast proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.
regulation of immunoglobulin production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
cell migration The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.
pyrimidine ribonucleotide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
central nervous system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
polyol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.
negative regulation of glucagon secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
zygote asymmetric cell division The division of the zygote into two daughter cells that will adopt developmentally distinct potentials.
regulation of molecular function, epigenetic Any heritable epigenetic process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein function by self-perpetuating conformational conversions of normal proteins in healthy cells. This is distinct from, though mechanistically analogous to, disease states associated with prion propagation and amyloidogenesis. A single protein, if it carries a glutamine/asparagine-rich ('prion') domain, can sometimes stably exist in at least two distinct physical states, each associated with a different phenotype; propagation of one of these traits is achieved by a self-perpetuating change in the protein from one form to the other, mediated by conformational changes in the glutamine/asparagine-rich domain. Prion domains are both modular and transferable to other proteins, on which they can confer a heritable epigenetic alteration of function; existing bioinformatics data indicate that they are rare in non-eukarya, but common in eukarya.
mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureteric bud development The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population of the ureteric bud, that contributes to ureteric bud development.
peptidoglycan catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
iron ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of iron ions within an organism or cell.
regulation of actin filament depolymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the disassembly of actin filaments by the removal of actin monomers from a filament.
positive regulation of vacuolar transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport.
mitotic sister chromatid separation The process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis.
regulation of b cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.
mrna modification The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via mhc class ii Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
cochlea morphogenesis The process in which the cochlea is generated and organized.
gas homeostasis A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a gas within an organism or cell.
rhythmic synaptic transmission Any process involved in the generation of rhythmic, synchronous synaptic inputs in a neural circuit.
fad metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving FAD, the oxidized form of flavin adenine dinucleotide.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase i promoter Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter.
regulation of production of small rna involved in gene silencing by rna Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of small RNA involved in gene silencing by RNA.
cerebral cortex radially oriented cell migration The migration of cells in the developing cerebral cortex in which cells move from the ventricular and/or subventricular zone toward the surface of the brain.
guanosine-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving guanosine-containing compounds (guanosines).
regulation of stress fiber assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.
histidine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
long-chain fatty acid import The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into a cell or organelle. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
negative regulation of endodermal cell fate specification Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an endoderm cell.
acetyl-coa biosynthetic process from pyruvate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate.
negative regulation of formation of translation preinitiation complex Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation preinitiation complex.
activation of mapk activity The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase (MAPK).
exploration behavior The specific behavior of an organism in response to a novel environment or stimulus.
negative regulation of reproductive process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
chemotaxis The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
symbiosis, encompassing mutualism through parasitism An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term host is usually used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis. The smaller (micro) member is called the symbiont organism. Microscopic symbionts are often referred to as endosymbionts. The various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, in which the association is disadvantageous or destructive to one of the organisms; mutualism, in which the association is advantageous, or often necessary to one or both and not harmful to either; and commensalism, in which one member of the association benefits while the other is not affected. However, mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism are often not discrete categories of interactions and should rather be perceived as a continuum of interaction ranging from parasitism to mutualism. In fact, the direction of a symbiotic interaction can change during the lifetime of the symbionts due to developmental changes as well as changes in the biotic/abiotic environment in which the interaction occurs.
regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat6 protein Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat6 protein.
negative regulation of catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of catecholamine neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell.
misfolded protein transport The directed movement of misfolded proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell.
pigment catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.
regulation of catalytic activity Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme.
regulation of peroxisome organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peroxisome organization.
protein branching point deglutamylation The removal of a branching point glutamate residue. A branching point glutamate connects a glutamate side chain to a gene-encoded glutamate residue.
sterol transport The directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Sterols are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
visual behavior The behavior of an organism in response to a visual stimulus.
cellular response to tumor necrosis factor Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus.
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production.
mitotic spindle organization in nucleus A process resulting in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle in the nucleus. The process occurs during a mitotic cell cycle and takes place at the cellular level.
death A permanent cessation of all vital functions: the end of life; can be applied to a whole organism or to a part of an organism.
morphogenesis of a branching epithelium The process in which the anatomical structures of a branched epithelium are generated and organized.
positive regulation of nucleoside transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sweet taste The series of events required for a sweet taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
positive regulation of neuron death Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.
development involved in symbiotic interaction The progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring when the organism is in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of cartilage development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
complement activation Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway.
regulation of ubiquitin-protein ligase activity involved in mitotic cell cycle A cell cycle process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity that contributes to the mitotic cell cycle.
response to activity Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an activity stimulus.
phosphorus metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4).
hepoxilin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hepoxilins, a class of bioactive icosanoids with roles in the regulation of cell physiology.
metanephric tubule morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric tubule are generated and organized from an epithelium. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter involved in spinal cord motor neuron fate specification Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that results the commitment of a cell to become a motor neuron in the ventral spinal cord.
cellular response to hydroperoxide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroperoxide stimulus. Hydroperoxides are monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH.
nls-bearing protein import into nucleus The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
positive regulation of abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
odontogenesis The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.
quinone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of quinone.
mammary placode formation The developmental process in which the mammary placode forms. The mammary placode is a transient lens shaped structure that will give rise to the mammary bud proper.
positive regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of mitochondrion degradation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation (mitophagy).
regulation of n-terminal peptidyl-lysine acetylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of N-terminal peptidyl-lysine acetylation.
positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic spine maintenance.
regulation of removal of superoxide radicals Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of superoxide radicals.
establishment or maintenance of transmembrane electrochemical gradient The directed movement of ions to establish or maintain an electrochemical gradient across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
corpus callosum morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the corpus callosum are generated and organized. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provides communications between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
notochord morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the notochord are generated and organized. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column.
mismatch repair A system for the correction of errors in which an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination.
estrogen metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.
endoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues.
multicellular organismal lipid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, occurring at the tissue, organ, or organismal level of a multicellular organism.
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, cytokines that act in hemopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of two related white cell populations, granulocytes and monocytes-macrophages.
positive regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.
regulation of vascular smooth muscle contraction Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle contraction.
t cell migration The movement of a T cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
regulation of establishment of blood-brain barrier Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of the blood-brain barrier, a selectively permeable structural and functional barrier that exists between the capillaries and the brain.
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2).
positive regulation of protein deacetylation Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein deacetylation, the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.
corticotropin secretion The regulated release of corticotropin by a cell. Corticotropin hormone is a polypeptide hormone synthesized and secreted from corticotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released by the hypothalamus.
positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum.
regulation of symbiosis, encompassing mutualism through parasitism Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiosis, an interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association.
aorta smooth muscle tissue morphogenesis The process in which the structure of the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the aorta is generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
chronological cell aging The process associated with progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan that occurs when the cell is in a non-dividing, or quiescent, state.
response to hydroperoxide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroperoxide stimulus. Hydroperoxides are monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH.
vasculogenesis The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.
regulation of neural retina development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
l-serine transport The directed movement of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
myelination in peripheral nervous system The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.
nuclear pore localization Any process in which nuclear pores are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
oligodendrocyte development The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system.
tight junction assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction, an occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet.
regulation of posttranscriptional gene silencing Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.
divalent metal ion transport The directed movement of divalent metal cations, any metal ion with a +2 electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
sphingolipid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
carbohydrate transport The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
positive regulation of signal transduction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
store-operated calcium entry A calcium ion entry mechanism in the plasma membrane activated by the depletion of calcium ion from the internal calcium ion store in the endoplasmic reticulum.
somatic recombination of immunoglobulin genes involved in immune response The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus following the induction of and contributing to an immune response.
regulation of cyclin catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin catabolic process.
negative regulation of dna recombination Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination.
ovulation The release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.
carnitine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
female gonad development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
positive regulation of calcium ion transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
mrna transport The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of cellular amide metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.
lobar bronchus development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lobar bronchus from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lobar bronchus and ends with the mature structure. The lobar bronchus is the major airway within the respiratory tree that starts by division of the principal bronchi on both sides and ends at the point of its own subdivision into tertiary or segmental bronchi.
defense response to nematode A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from a nematode or nematodes, which results in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.
positive regulation of filopodium assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.
negative regulation of myoblast fusion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast fusion.
operant conditioning Learning to anticipate future events on the basis of past experience with the consequences of one's own behavior.
regulation of mrna stability Any process that modulates the propensity of mRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize mRNAs.
negative regulation of testicular blood vessel morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel morphogenesis in the testicle.
positive regulation of reciprocal meiotic recombination Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of recombination during meiosis. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
regulation of immature t cell proliferation in thymus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.
definitive hemopoiesis A second wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, generates long-term hemopoietic stem cells that continously provide erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid lineages throughout adulthood.
negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
endonucleolytic cleavage to generate mature 5'-end of ssu-rrna from (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna) Endonucleolytic cleavage between the 5'-External Transcribed Spacer (5'-ETS) and the 5' end of the SSU-rRNA of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript, to produce the mature end of the SSU-rRNA.
regulation of melanin biosynthetic process Any process that alters the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin.
positive regulation of interleukin-2 secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-2 secretion.
parathyroid hormone secretion The regulated release of parathyroid hormone into the circulatory system.
regulation of histone h4-k16 acetylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H4-K16 acetylation.
t cell chemotaxis The directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.
positive regulation of type iii hypersensitivity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
alditol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.
cellular response to nitrogen starvation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nitrogen.
induction of positive chemotaxis Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
observational learning Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.
lung pattern specification process Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the lung, to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
vocal learning A behavioral process whose outcome is a relatively long-lasting behavioral change whereby an organism modifies innate vocalizations to imitate sounds produced by others.
intracellular sterol transport The directed movement of sterols within cells.
negative regulation of chromosome organization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.
retinal metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A.
regulation of sister chromatid cohesion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.
positive regulation of intracellular lipid transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.
positive regulation of phosphorylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.
regulation of rna metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.
negative regulation of glucose transport Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
establishment of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the endoplasmic reticulum.
transport of viral material towards nucleus The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, towards the host cell nucleus. The process begins after viral entry, and ends when the viral material is at the nuclear membrane.
response to antipsychotic drug Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antipsychotic drug stimulus. Antipsychotic drugs are agents that control agitated psychotic behaviour, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect.
response to nickel cation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nickel cation stimulus.
negative regulation of eosinophil activation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil activation.
cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization by cell-cell adhesion Any cell-cell adhesion process that modulates the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
positive regulation of wnt signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signal transduction.
negative regulation of rig-i signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) RIG-1 (also known as DDX58) binding to viral RNA.
negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase A2 activity.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure mediated by a chemical signal The regulation of blood pressure mediated by biochemical signaling: hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
amp salvage The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from derivatives of it (either adenine, ADP or adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate) without de novo synthesis.
negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord patterning Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling that is involved in the patterns of cell differentiation in the ventral spinal cord.
regulation of myotome development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotome development.
glucocorticoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.
positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.
positive regulation of osteoclast proliferation Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population.
regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
macrophage cytokine production The appearance of a macrophage cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the lectin pathway of complement activation.
photoreceptor cell outer segment organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level and results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the outer segment of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. The outer segment of the photoreceptor cell contains the light-absorbing materials.
replacement ossification Ossification that requires the replacement of a preexisting tissue prior to bone tissue formation.
smooth muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.
microtubule-based process Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
regulation of type 2 immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
histone deacetylation The modification of histones by removal of acetyl groups.
nitrate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrates, inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid.
regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
regulation of b cell tolerance induction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
regulation of cilium assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.
positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane protein ectodomain peptidolysis.
purine-containing compound transmembrane transport The directed movement of a purine-containing compound across a membrane. A purine-containing compound is any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.
transferrin transport The directed movement of transferrin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
modulation by virus of host transcription Any process in which a virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its host's transcription.
positive regulation of t cell cytokine production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
limb morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb are generated and organized. A limb is a paired appendage of a tetrapod used for locomotion or grasping.
positive regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
golgi vesicle prefusion complex stabilization The binding of specific proteins to the t-SNARE/v-SNARE/SNAP25 complex, by which the Golgi vesicle prefusion complex is stabilized.
negative regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.
regulation of transcription involved in g2/m transition of mitotic cell cycle Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are transcribed as part of the G2/M transition of the mitotic cell cycle.
regulation of nucleoside transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of lipoprotein lipid oxidation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of lipoprotein lipid oxidation. Lipoprotein lipid oxidation is the modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of the lipid group.
positive regulation of mediator complex assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mediator complex assembly.
negative regulation of wnt protein secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.
neurotransmitter receptor metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitter receptors.
endocardium morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardium is generated and organized. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
ribosome assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that increases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
serotonin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
positive thymic t cell selection The process of sparing immature T cells in the thymus which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.
protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway The process in which a protein is incorporated into a mitochondrial membrane as the initial phase of the mitochondrial membrane permeabilization that takes place in the apoptotic signaling pathway.
attachment of gpi anchor to protein A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain.
noradrenergic neuron differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron, a neuron that secretes noradrenaline.
signal peptide processing The proteolytic removal of a signal peptide from a protein during or after transport to a specific location in the cell.
pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in hemopoiesis The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, which contributes to hemopoiesis.
vesicle targeting The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo.
protein modification process The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).
positive regulation of heart rate by epinephrine-norepinephrine The process in which the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream activates, maintains or increases the rate of heart contraction.
positive regulation of complement activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.
regulation of synaptic transmission Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.
activation of mapkk activity The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK).
tryptophan catabolic process to kynurenine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including kynurenine.
gland development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A gland is an organ specialised for secretion.
regulation of digestive system process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.
cellular response to ionizing radiation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.
response to azide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an azide stimulus.
regulation of epidermal cell division Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell into daughter cells. An epidermal cell is any of the cells that make up the epidermis.
thromboxane a2 signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of thromboxane A2 binding to a cell surface receptor. The pathway proceeds with the receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
positive regulation of glutamate metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate metabolic process.
regulation of notch signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.
positive regulation of somatostatin secretion Any process that increases the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas.
membrane assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane.
regulation of cell projection size A process that modulates the size of a cell projection.
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
dutp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dUTP, deoxyuridine (5'-)triphosphate.
amp catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of AMP, adenosine monophosphate.
glycine import The directed movement of glycine into a cell or organelle.
protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum tubular network A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an endoplasmic reticulum tubular network.
membrane raft localization Any process in which membrane rafts are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.
lipoprotein localization Any process in which a lipoprotein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings.
ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
establishment or maintenance of actin cytoskeleton polarity Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized actin-based cytoskeletal structures.
regulation of cell junction assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.
cellular response to sterol depletion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
type b pancreatic cell maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a type B pancreatic cell to attain its fully functional state. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
regulation of protein sumoylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.
primary follicle stage The stage in oogenesis when a single layer of cuboidal follicle cells surrounds the oocyte. The oocyte nucleus is large.
purine nucleotide salvage Any process which produces a purine nucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
regulation of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death.
positive regulation of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation.
necrotic cell death A type of cell death that is morphologically characterized by an increasingly translucent cytoplasm, swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Necrotic cells do not fragment into discrete corpses as their apoptotic counterparts do. Moreover, their nuclei remain intact and can aggregate and accumulate in necrotic tissues.
regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.
lateral ventricle development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral ventricles over time, from the formation to the mature structure. The two lateral ventricles are a cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle.
response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.
regulation of sulfur metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur, the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur.
cellular macromolecular complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a complex, carried out at the cellular level.
atp-dependent chromatin remodeling Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin that require energy from the hydrolysis of ATP, ranging from local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation, mediated by ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling factors.
protein targeting to vacuole involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole using signals contained within the protein, occurring that contributes to protein catabolism via the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway.
cellular protein localization Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell.
negative regulation of t cell activation via t cell receptor contact with antigen bound to mhc molecule on antigen presenting cell Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.
cytokinesis The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells.
s-adenosyl-l-methionine transport The directed movement of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
response to type iii interferon Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a type III interferon stimulus. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far.
mast cell proliferation The expansion of a mast cell population by cell division.
positive regulation of potassium ion import Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion import.
dgdp catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate).
response to diuretic Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diuretic stimulus. A diuretic is an agent that promotes the excretion of urine through its effects on kidney function.
mineralocorticoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance.
regulation of fever generation by regulation of prostaglandin secretion Any process that modulates the rate or extent of fever generation via regulation of the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell.
regulation of t cell tolerance induction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane.
regulation of early endosome to late endosome transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to late endosome transport.
auditory receptor cell morphogenesis Any process that alters the size or shape of an auditory receptor cell.
positive regulation of androgen receptor activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of androgen receptor activity.
regulation of secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
adp transport The directed movement of ADP, adenosine diphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of organ formation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of organ formation. Organ formation is the process pertaining to the initial formation of an organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment.
smad protein signal transduction The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the activity of a SMAD protein, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell.
locomotory exploration behavior The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to a novel environment.
negative regulation of actin filament bundle assembly Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.
phosphocreatine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphocreatine, a phosphagen of creatine which is synthesized and broken down by creatine phosphokinase.
protein adenylylation The addition of an adenylyl group (adenosine 5'-monophosphate; AMP) to a protein amino acid.
positive regulation of sodium ion export Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion export.
decidualization The cellular and vascular changes occurring in the endometrium of the pregnant uterus just after the onset of blastocyst implantation. This process involves the proliferation and differentiation of the fibroblast-like endometrial stromal cells into large, polyploid decidual cells that eventually form the maternal component of the placenta.
very long-chain fatty acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
transport of virus The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, into, out of, or within a host cell.
positive regulation of hepatocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation.
branching involved in open tracheal system development The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in the open tracheal system are generated and organized.
male germ-line sex determination The determination of sex and sexual phenotype in a male organism's germ line.
regulation of protein kinase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.
catecholamine transport The directed movement of catecholamines, a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
mitral valve development The progression of the mitral valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
negative regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.
positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway activity.
regulation of immune response to tumor cell Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.
mapk export from nucleus The directed movement of a MAP kinase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
establishment of anatomical structure orientation The process that determines the orientation of an anatomical structure with reference to an axis.
regulation of anti-mullerian hormone signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anti-Mullerian hormone signaling pathway.
planar cell polarity pathway involved in cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the cardiac muscle tissue.
pteridine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pteridine, pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine), the parent structure of pterins and the pteroyl group.
negative regulation of endodermal cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.
vesicle coating A protein coat is added to the vesicle to form the proper shape of the vesicle and to target the vesicle for transport to its destination.
neural tube formation The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system.
vagus nerve morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the vagus nerve is generated and organized. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis.
positive regulation of smoothened signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.
female somatic sex determination The determination of sex and sexual phenotypes in a female organism's soma.
cellular ammonia homeostasis Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ammonia at the level of the cell.
localization within membrane Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a membrane.
positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.
cellular response to ph Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
enteroendocrine cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an enteroendocrine cell. Enteroendocrine cells are hormonally active epithelial cells in the gut that constitute the diffuse neuroendocrine system.
negative regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.
negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.
regulation of blood volume by renal aldosterone The process in which the hormone aldosterone decreases the rate of diuresis and natriuresis resulting in increased blood volume.
nerve growth factor processing The generation of a mature nerve growth factor (NGF) by proteolysis of a precursor.
inflammatory response The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.
vasodilation An increase in the internal diameter of blood vessels, especially arterioles or capillaries, usually resulting in a decrease in blood pressure.
negative regulation of phospholipase c activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C activity.
cell competition in a multicellular organism Competitive interactions within multicellular organisms between cell populations that differ in growth rates, leading to the elimination of the slowest-growing cells.
positive regulation of inflammatory response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.
negative regulation of sprouting of injured axon Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting of an injured axon.
positive regulation of mitochondrial rna catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.
positive regulation of myelination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.
positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter by glucose Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
nuclear import The directed movement of substances into the nucleus.
synapsis The meiotic cell cycle process where side by side pairing and physical juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes is created during meiotic prophase. Synapsis begins when the chromosome arms begin to pair from the clustered telomeres and ends when synaptonemal complex or linear element assembly is complete.
multi-organism cellular process Any process that is carried out at the cellular level which involves another organism of the same or different species.
positive regulation of glutathione peroxidase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione peroxidase activity.
regulation of protein complex disassembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.
negative regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid.
response to corticotropin-releasing hormone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a peptide hormone involved in the stress response.
neural plate pattern specification The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the neural plate to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
nucleotide phosphorylation The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a nucleotide to produce a phosphorylated nucleoside.
organ or tissue specific immune response An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues.
positive regulation of hair follicle development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.
type 2 immune response An immune response which is associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths and pathological conditions such as allergy, which is orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines, most notably IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, by any of a variety of cell types including T-helper 2 cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and nuocytes, resulting in enhanced production of certain antibody isotypes and other effects.
metanephric capsule specification The regionalization process in which the identity of the metanephric capsule is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6.
cellular lipid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, as carried out by individual cells.
positive regulation of sprouting of injured axon Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of sprouting of an injured axon.
heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell.
metanephric mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in metanephros development The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a metanephric mesenchymal cell population.
hydroxyproline transport The directed movement of hydroxyproline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
response to l-ascorbic acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) stimulus.
positive regulation by symbiont of host immune response Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
cell migration involved in kidney development The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
positive regulation of intermediate filament depolymerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intermediate filament depolymerization.
regulation of tubulin deacetylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tubulin deacetylation. Tubulin deacetylation is the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid.
cap mrna methylation Methylation of the 2'-O-ribose of the first or second transcribed nucleotide of a 5'-capped mRNA.
transcription elongation from rna polymerase i promoter The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase I specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase I.
histone h2a-k119 monoubiquitination The modification of histone H2A by addition of a single ubiquitin group to lysine-119 (H2A- K119) in metazoans, and at the equivalent residue in other organisms.
lysosomal membrane organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosomal membrane. A lysosomal membrane is the lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.
ribonucleoprotein complex disassembly The disaggregation of a protein-RNA complex into its constituent components.
regulation of cellular component organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
telomere maintenance via telomerase The maintenance of proper telomeric length by the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.
regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activity Any process that modulates the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).
negative regulation of hormone metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.
heart formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the heart field and the arrival of cardiac neural crest to the heart region. The process ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
cellular response to fructose stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fructose stimulus.
regulation of collagen metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
negative regulation of canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in controlling type b pancreatic cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway modulating the rate or frequency of pancreatic B cell proliferation.
regulation of b cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell proliferation.
negative regulation of non-canonical wnt signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
trehalose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.
interferon-gamma biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.
regulation of transposon integration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulation of transposon integration, a process in which a transposable element is incorporated into another DNA molecule.
positive regulation of gliogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
negative regulation of pathway-restricted smad protein phosphorylation Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
positive regulation of histone h3-k79 methylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K79 methylation.
dna-templated transcription, elongation The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase.
reelin-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of reelin (a secreted glycoprotein) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
positive regulation of interleukin-17 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.
positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
inhibition of apc-cdc20 complex activity
regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.
positive regulation of interleukin-13 secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-13 secretion.
intracellular transport of viral protein in host cell The directed movement of a viral protein within the host cell.
negative regulation of inflammatory response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.
regulation of natural killer cell degranulation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell degranulation.
cellular response to amino acid stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.
apoptotic dna fragmentation The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments.
primary alcohol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
rab protein signal transduction A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rab family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.
cell motility involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration The movement of a cell along the process of a radial glial cell involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration.
negative regulation of protein folding Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein folding.
somatic motor neuron differentiation The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of somatic motor neurons. Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle targets and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
spermine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging.
adipose tissue development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat.
positive regulation of gamma-delta t cell activation involved in immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response.
insulin receptor signaling pathway via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the signal is passed on via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
transcription elongation from rna polymerase ii promoter The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase II promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.
sphingolipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
meiotic recombination checkpoint A checkpoint that acts during late prophase I (pachytene) and prevents segregation of homologous chromosomes until recombination is completed, ensuring proper distribution of the genetic material to the gametes.
regulation of cellular localization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell.
regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.
bile acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.
negative regulation of cholesterol storage Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
peptide antigen transport The directed movement of a peptide antigen into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from an endogenous or exogenous protein.
paraxial mesoderm structural organization The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the paraxial mesoderm. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure.
regulation of cilium beat frequency involved in ciliary motility Any process that modulates the frequency of cilium beating involved in ciliary motility.
phosphatidylglycerol acyl-chain remodeling Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.
peptidyl-cysteine s-nitrosylation The covalent addition of a nitric oxide (NO) group to the sulphur (S) atom of a cysteine residue in a protein, to form peptidyl-S-nitrosyl-L-cysteine.
regulation of amine transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
glycerolipid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone.
commissural neuron differentiation in spinal cord The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of commissural neurons. Commissural neurons in both vertebrates and invertebrates transfer information from one side of their bodies to the other through the midline. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
glycine betaine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine betaine, N-trimethylglycine.
establishment of lymphocyte polarity The directed orientation of lymphocyte signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with an appropriate activating cell.
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch The series of events involved in the perception of touch in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
regulation of axon extension involved in regeneration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in regeneration.
mesenchyme migration The process in which the population of cells that make up a mesenchyme undergo directed movement.
positive regulation of jun kinase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.
response to sodium dodecyl sulfate Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) stimulus.
anatomical structure homeostasis A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined anatomical structure of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
immunoglobulin production involved in immunoglobulin mediated immune response The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
nucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
response to interleukin-12 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-12 stimulus.
negative regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.
positive regulation of axon extension Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension.
regulation of protein targeting to vacuolar membrane Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to vacuolar membrane.
histone h3-k4 trimethylation The modification of histone H3 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 4 of the histone.
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid bbeta-oxidation.
extracellular amino acid transport The directed extracellular movement of amino acids.
embryonic retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the embryonic life stage.
regulation of fibronectin-dependent thymocyte migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibronectin-dependent thymocyte migration.
small gtpase mediated signal transduction Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals.
nucleus organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.
negative regulation of histone h3-k4 methylation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 4 of histone H3.
gonadotropin secretion The regulated release of a gonadotropin, any hormone that stimulates the gonads, especially follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.
placenta blood vessel development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
negative regulation of multi-organism process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process in which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species.
nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
single-organism intracellular transport An intracellular transport which involves only one organism.
positive regulation of glucose import in response to insulin stimulus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose import in response to insulin stimulus.
regulation of dephosphorylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.
regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.
negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
lipoprotein biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
mitotic cytokinesis A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.
regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
positive regulation of telomere maintenance Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.
mrna localization resulting in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of a mRNA transcript by its transport into, or maintainance in, a specific location within the cell.
gastric motility The spontaneous peristaltic movements of the stomach that aid in digestion, moving food through the stomach and out through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum.
norepinephrine transport The directed movement of norepinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction via regulation of action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by depolarization of muscle membrane and ionic fluxes.
negative regulation of phosphorylation Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.
myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte.
regulation of helicase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of helicase activity.
prostaglandin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities.
positive regulation of interleukin-13 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.
response to statin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a statin stimulus, a compound that inhibits HMG-CoA reductases.
renal inner medulla development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal inner medulla over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal inner medulla is unique to mammalian kidneys and is the innermost region of the mammalian kidney.
hypomethylation of cpg island An decrease in the epigenetic methylation of cytosine and adenosine residues in a CpG island in DNA. CpG islands are genomic regions that contain a high frequency of the CG dinucleotide and are often associated with the transcription start site of genes.
positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.
nucleosome disassembly The controlled breakdown of nucleosomes, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.
regulation of mononuclear cell migration Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
gastric acid secretion The regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
sperm axoneme assembly The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement.
mitochondrion organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.
venous endothelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a venous endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of veins.
regulation of wnt signaling pathway involved in digestive tract morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway involved in digestive tract morphogenesis.
apoptotic signaling pathway A series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
alpha-amino acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alpha-amino acid.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which a pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
regulation of exosomal secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.
protein k63-linked ubiquitination A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K63-linked ubiquitination does not target the substrate protein for degradation, but is involved in several pathways, notably as a signal to promote error-free DNA postreplication repair.
serine phosphorylation of stat3 protein The process of introducing a phosphate group to a serine residue of the STAT3 protein.
regulation of cellular process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.
positive regulation of transcription initiation from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process by negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular ketone metabolic process by stopping, preventing, or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
negative regulation of t-helper 17 type immune response Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.
regulation of vesicle size Any process that modulates the size of a vesicle.
regulation of schwann cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.
negative regulation of protein k48-linked deubiquitination Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein K48-linked deubiquitination.
fibril organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of fibrils, insoluble fibrous aggregates consisting of polysaccharides and/or proteins.
regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway.
lipid modification The covalent alteration of one or more fatty acids in a lipid, resulting in a change in the properties of the lipid.
short-chain fatty acid import The directed movement of short-chain fatty acids into a cell or organelle. Short-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.
induction by organism of immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism activates the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
central nervous system neuron differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system.
positive regulation of protein phosphatase type 2b activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 2B.
diterpenoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units.
establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.
positive regulation of cell-substrate adhesion Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.
regulation of tendon cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tendon cell differentiation.
vein smooth muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the vein. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The vein is a vessel carrying blood away from the capillary beds.
cholesterol import The directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle.
response to injury involved in regulation of muscle adaptation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a injury. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
fatty acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.
positive regulation of t-helper 2 cell cytokine production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.
calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.
histone h2a-t120 phosphorylation The modification of histone H2A by the addition of a phosphate group to a threonine residue at position 120 of the histone.
positive regulation of camp catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
cellular response to potassium ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a potassium ion stimulus.
vitelline membrane formation Construction of the vitelline membrane portion of the egg shell, a rigid structure required to maintain the shape of the egg.
parturition The reproductive process in which the parent is separated from its offspring either by giving birth to live young or by laying eggs.
positive regulation of voltage-gated chloride channel activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated chloride channel activity.
regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
pseudopodium assembly The assembly of a pseudopodium by rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and overlying membrane.
neural plate formation The formation of the flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system.
positive regulation of ureteric bud formation Any process that increases the rate or extent of the developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct.
epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an epithelial cell that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
stabilization of membrane potential The accomplishment of a non-fluctuating membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
regulation of cytoplasmic mrna processing body assembly Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.
positive regulation of steroid hormone secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.
positive regulation of peroxidase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peroxidase activity.
vacuole organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
s-methylmethionine cycle A cyclic series of interconversions involving S-methyl-L-methionine, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, L-homocysteine, and L-methionine. Converts the methionine group of adenosylmethionine back to free methionine, and may serve regulate the cellular adenosylmethionine level.
ectodermal placode formation The developmental process in which an ectodermal placode forms. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.
transepithelial chloride transport The directed movement of chloride ions from one side of an epithelium to the other.
endoplasmic reticulum organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum.
regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis by extracellular matrix-epithelial cell signaling Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of salivary gland branching as a result of the transfer of information from the extracellular matrix to the epithelium of the salivary gland.
response to staurosporine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a staurosporine stimulus.
protein hydroxylation The addition of a hydroxy group to a protein amino acid.
negative regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
proton-transporting atp synthase complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting ATP synthase (also known as F-type ATPase), a two-sector ATPase found in the inner membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts, and in bacterial plasma membranes.
mitochondrial calcium ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the cytoplasm of a cell or between mitochondria and their surroundings.
calcium ion import across plasma membrane The directed movement of calcium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.
positive regulation of relaxation of muscle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of muscle.
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting adrenergic receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
multi-organism reproductive behavior The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction involving another organism of the same or different species.
negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of intermediate filament polymerization or depolymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of intermediate filaments by the addition or removal of monomers from a filament; this usually occurs through the opposing action of kinases and phosphatases.
carotene metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving carotenes, hydrocarbon carotenoids.
aromatic amino acid family catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
regulation of membrane tubulation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane tubulation.
mrna transcription The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.
ureter urothelium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urothelium of the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The urothelium is an epithelium that makes up the epithelial tube of the ureter.
positive regulation of hair follicle maturation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle maturation.
negative regulation of mrna cleavage Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cleavage.
branching involved in labyrinthine layer morphogenesis The process in which the branches of the fetal placental villi are generated and organized. The villous part of the placenta is called the labyrinth layer.
regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.
regulation of double-strand break repair Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair.
negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death.
small molecule biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
mast cell chemotaxis The movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.
male genitalia morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of male genitalia are generated and organized.
entry into host Penetration by an organism into the body, tissues, or cells of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of interferon-alpha production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production.
dgdp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate).
threonyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling threonine to threonyl-tRNA, catalyzed by threonyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
positive regulation of triglyceride catabolic process Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.
glutaminyl-trnagln biosynthesis via transamidation A tRNA aminoacylation process in which glutaminyl-tRNAGln is formed by a tRNA-dependent two-step pathway. In the first step a non-discriminating glutamyl-tRNAGlx synthetase generates the misacylated L-glutamyl-tRNAGln species, and in the second step it is amidated to the correctly charged L-glutaminyl-tRNAGln by a glutamyl-tRNAGln amidotransferase.
snrnp protein import into nucleus The directed movement of a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
mrna 5'-splice site recognition Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.
neutrophil mediated killing of gram-negative bacterium The directed killing of a gram-negative bacterium by a neutrophil.
peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid biosynthetic process, using glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid, catalyzed by glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase.
adhesion of symbiont to host cell The attachment of a symbiont to a host cell via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly.
negative regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a myeloid cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
pulmonary artery morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the pulmonary artery are generated and organized. The pulmonary artery is the artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs.
positive regulation of feeding behavior Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of feeding behavior.
negative regulation of defense response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.
positive regulation of t cell chemotaxis Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus.
intracellular lipid transport The directed movement of lipids within cells.
signaling The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.
positive regulation of t cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.
regulation of mitotic spindle organization Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.
translation The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.
ncrna 3'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a non-coding RNA molecule.
positive regulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroepithelial cell differentiation.
pancreatic d cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features that characterize a pancreatic delta cell. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin.
regulation of plasma membrane organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane organization.
negative regulation of icosanoid secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell.
negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
regulation of cap-dependent translational initiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cap-dependent translational initiation.
ubiquitin-dependent smad protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of SMAD signaling proteins by ubiquitination and targeting to the proteasome.
negative regulation of axon extension Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth.
regulation of centriole replication Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a daughter centriole of an existing centriole.
negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to hypoxia Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus.
positive regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.
wnt signaling pathway The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state.
protein import into peroxisome matrix, translocation The process in which proteins are moved across the peroxisomal membrane into the matrix. It is likely that the peroxisome targeting sequence receptor remains associated with cargo proteins during translocation.
positive regulation of t cell activation via t cell receptor contact with antigen bound to mhc molecule on antigen presenting cell Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.
thioester metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a thioester, a compound of general formula RC(=O)SR' in which the linking oxygen in an ester is replaced by a sulfur atom. They are the product of esterification between a carboxylic acid and a thiol.
ras protein signal transduction A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.
regulation of protein localization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
hemolysis by symbiont of host erythrocytes The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in the host organism by a symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
sulfur compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
interspecies quorum sensing The process in which a community of single-celled organisms of different species monitors population density by detecting the concentration of small diffusible signal molecules.
organophosphate ester transport The directed movement of organophosphate esters into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organophosphate esters are small organic molecules containing phosphate ester bonds.
regulation of coenzyme metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a coenzyme.
mesodermal cell fate determination The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
mitochondrial calcium ion transport The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within a mitochondrion.
fatty acid elongation The elongation of a fatty acid chain by the sequential addition of two-carbon units.
macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha production The appearance of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
cellular response to stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell.
metanephric nephron development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephron in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
regulation of histone h3-k9 methylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 9 of histone H3.
leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory response The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response.
genitalia morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of genitalia are generated and organized. The genitalia are the organs of reproduction or generation, external and internal.
uv protection Any process in which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV.
positive regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-4.
positive regulation of single stranded viral rna replication via double stranded dna intermediate Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retroviral genome replication.
phospholipase c-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
kidney rudiment formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a kidney rudiment from unspecified parts. A kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the gastro-intestinal system. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The gastro-intestinal system generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver, pancreas and biliary tract).
positive regulation by organism of immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
tricarboxylic acid transport The directed movement of tricarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
circadian regulation of gene expression Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression such that an expression pattern recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.
cell fate commitment involved in pattern specification The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells within a field of cells that will exhibit a certain pattern of differentiation. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a developmental field resulting in specification of a cell type. Those signals are then interpreted in a cell-autonomous manner resulting in the determination of the cell type.
mannosylation The covalent attachment of a mannose residue to a substrate molecule.
mitochondrial rna metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.
positive regulation of pro-t cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pro-T cell differentiation.
dna damage response, detection of dna damage The series of events required to receive a stimulus indicating DNA damage has occurred and convert it to a molecular signal.
chorionic trophoblast cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells of the ectoplacental cone acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer.
nephron development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
organic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
valine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.
regulation of central b cell tolerance induction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction.
piecemeal microautophagy of nucleus Degradation of a cell nucleus by microautophagy.
acid secretion The controlled release of acid by a cell or a tissue.
membrane raft assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane raft, a small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes.
negative regulation of nk t cell activation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation.
cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor The directed movement of a motile cell in response to the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF).
protein k29-linked deubiquitination A protein deubiquitination process in which a K29-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 29 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.
regulation of metanephric cap mesenchymal cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of metanephric cap mesenchymal cell proliferation. Metanephric cap mesenchymal cell proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of metanephric cap mesenchymal cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. A metanephric cap mesenchymal cell is a mesenchymal cell that has condensed with other mesenchymal cells surrounding the ureteric bud tip.
establishment of sertoli cell barrier Establishment of a structure near the basement membrane in adjacent Sertoli cells of the seminiferous epithelium for maintaining spermatogenesis. The structure consists of tight junctions, basal ectoplasmic specializations, and desmosome-like junctions.
tooth mineralization The process in which calcium salts are deposited into calcareous tooth structures such as dental enamel, dentin and cementum.
positive regulation of stat protein import into nucleus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of STAT protein import into nucleus.
neurofilament cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising neurofilaments and their associated proteins.
mast cell activation involved in immune response The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
regulation of interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway.
nucleoside catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
interleukin-12-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-12 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
rna polyadenylation The enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of an RNA molecule.
positive regulation of histone h4-k20 methylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 20 of histone H4.
regulation of guanylate cyclase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.
toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 10.
protein auto-adp-ribosylation The ADP-ribosylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein.
mesoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue.
negative regulation of protein oligomerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.
neutrophil migration The movement of an neutrophil within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
histone h2a-s1 phosphorylation The modification of histone H2A by the addition of an phosphate group to a serine residue at position 1 of the histone.
negative regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation.
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sour taste The series of events required for a sour taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.
cell wall macromolecule metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules forming, or destined to form, part of the cell wall. A cell wall is a rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis.
cardiac epithelial to mesenchymal transition A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
positive regulation of cell development Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
response to steroid hormone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus.
nuclear fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change The breakdown of the nucleus into small membrane-bounded compartments, or blebs, each of which contain compacted DNA.
cardiac muscle tissue regeneration The regrowth of cardiac muscle tissue to repair injured or damaged muscle fibers in the postnatal stage.
actin filament severing The process in which an actin filament is broken down into smaller filaments.
regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-alpha.
growth plate cartilage axis specification The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the columnar cartilage along the axis of a long bone that contributes to bone growth.
oxalic acid secretion The controlled release of oxalic acid, ethanedioic acid, by a cell or a tissue.
mineralocorticoid receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a mineralocorticoid binding to its receptor.
dadp catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate).
male pronucleus assembly The conversion at fertilization of the inactive sperm nucleus into a male pronucleus with its chromosomes processed for the first zygotic division.
spermine transport The directed movement of spermine, N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, a polyamine formed by the transfer of a propylamine group from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to spermidine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
chromatin remodeling at centromere Dynamic structural changes in centromeric DNA.
aspartate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.
metanephric distal tubule morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric distal tubule are generated and organized. The metanephric distal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the metanephric connecting tubule.
regulation of antral ovarian follicle growth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of antral ovarian follicle growth.
negative regulation of osteoblast proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.
trna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis.
photoreceptor cell development Development of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light.
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum The process in which the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol occurs via calcium release channels.
chemokine receptor transport out of membrane raft The directed movement of a chemokine receptor out of a membrane raft.
lung epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell that contributes to the epithelium of the lung.
negative regulation of amine transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
activation of innate immune response Any process that initiates an innate immune response. Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. Examples of this process include activation of the hypersensitive response of Arabidopsis thaliana and activation of any NOD or TLR signaling pathway in vertebrate species.
negative regulation of cellular protein catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular protein catabolic process.
regulation of carbohydrate phosphatase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of carbohydrate phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a carbohydrate phosphate.
gmp catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of GMP, guanosine monophosphate.
cellular protein complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
regulation of mrna processing Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing, those processes involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into a mature mRNA prior to its translation into polypeptide.
regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.
regulation of granzyme a production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granzyme A production.
forebrain neuron fate commitment The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron that resides in the forebrain.
positive regulation of vacuole organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
regulation of protein kinase b signaling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.
regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.
cellular response to diacyl bacterial lipopeptide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.
ethanolamine-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol) and compounds derived from it.
regulation of striated muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.
positive regulation of rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.
regulation of autophagy Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.
acylglycerol acyl-chain remodeling Remodeling the acyl chains of an acylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate an acylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.
embryonic placenta morphogenesis The process in which the embryonic placenta is generated and organized.
endocrine process The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.
t cell homeostasis The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
positive regulation of alpha-beta t cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
protein arginylation The conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein; required for the degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway.
positive regulation of nonmotile primary cilium assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nonmotile primary cilium assembly.
atrial cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of cardiac atrium muscle is generated and organized.
peptidyl-amino acid modification The alteration of an amino acid residue in a peptide.
platelet aggregation The adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.
regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism is the chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as FBP. The D enantiomer is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
embryonic heart tube morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic heart tube are generated and organized. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.
hippocampus development The progression of the hippocampus over time from its initial formation until its mature state.
mitochondrial pyruvate transport The directed movement of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate, into, out of or within a mitochondrion.
right lung development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a right lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the right lung and ends with the mature structure. The right lung is the lung which is on the right side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect.
ganglion development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
regulation of nonmotile primary cilium assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nonmotile primary cilium assembly.
regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1.
cdp-diacylglycerol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-1,2-diacylglycerol, a substance composed of diacylglycerol in glycosidic linkage with cytidine diphosphate.
somatotropin secreting cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a somatotropin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth.
negative regulation of cell division Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.
regulation of nucleoside metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleosides.
regulation of rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
peptidyl-serine acetylation The acetylation of peptidyl-serine.
regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation.
fever generation The heat generation process that results in a rise in body temperature above the normal, often as a response to infection.
prostate gland development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid.
sinoatrial node development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node.
stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays one or more of the signals.
dna replication-independent nucleosome organization The formation or destruction of chromatin structures, occurring outside the context of DNA replication.
type ii pneumocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a Type II pneumocyte. A Type II pneumocyte is a surfactant secreting cell that contains abundant cytoplasm containing numerous lipid-rich multilamellar bodies.
menstrual cycle phase The progression of physiological phases, occurring in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years. The menstrual cycle is an ovulation cycle where the endometrium is shed if pregnancy does not occur.
response to dsrna Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded RNA stimulus.
positive regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process.
actin-mediated cell contraction The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of all or part of the cell body.
protein targeting The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.
striated muscle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle.
calcitriol biosynthetic process from calciol Conversion of vitamin D3 from its largely inactive form (calciol, also called cholecalciferol) into a hormonally active form (calcitriol). Conversion requires 25-hydroxylation of calciol in the liver to form calcidiol, and subsequent 1,alpha-hydroxylation of calcidiol in the kidney to form calcitriol.
snrna metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving snRNA, small nuclear RNA, any of various low-molecular-mass RNA molecules found in the eukaryotic nucleus as components of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein.
histamine secretion The regulated release of histamine by a cell or tissue. It is formed by decarboxylation of histidine and it acts through receptors in smooth muscle and in secretory systems.
positive regulation of anagen Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anagen, the growth phase of the hair cycle.
regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.
non-canonical wnt signaling pathway via jnk cascade The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the signal is passed on via the JNK cascade.
lysine import The directed movement of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, into a cell or organelle.
axial mesoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord.
regulation of nucleotide-excision repair Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleotide-excision repair.
entry of symbiont into host cell by promotion of host phagocytosis The invasion by an organism of a cell of its host organism by utilizing the host phagocytosis mechanism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
udp-glucuronate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-glucuronate, a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
negative regulation of the force of heart contraction by chemical signal Any process which decreases the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
tissue homeostasis A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.
fibroblast growth factor receptor apoptotic signaling pathway An apoptotic signaling pathway that starts with a ligand binding to, or being withdrawn from, a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).
melanocyte migration The orderly movement of melanocytes from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. A melanocyte is a pigment cell derived from the neural crest. It contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which give a brown to black appearance.
protein transport The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
renal vesicle morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.
cell cycle switching The process in which a cell switches cell cycle mode.
atrial septum secundum morphogenesis The process in which anatomical structure of an atrial septum secundum is generated and organized.
regulation of secondary metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.
pyrimidine nucleoside salvage Any process that generates a pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose, from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
eosinophil activation involved in immune response The change in morphology and behavior of a eosinophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process.
regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.
right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the right cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
protein localization to endosome A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an endosome.
blood vessel remodeling The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.
l-lysine catabolic process to acetyl-coa via l-pipecolate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including acetyl-CoA, via the intermediate L-pipecolate.
response to lipoteichoic acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoteichoic acid stimulus; lipoteichoic acid is a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a chain of glycerol-phosphate repeating units linked to a glycolipid anchor.
monosaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms.
adenosine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.
neuronal signal transduction The process in which an activated neuronal cell receptor conveys information down a signaling pathway, resulting in a change in the function or state of a cell. This process may be intracellular or intercellular.
regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway.
meiosis i The first meiotic nuclear division in which homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two haploid daughter nuclei.
flavonoid glucuronidation The modification of a flavonoid by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant flavonoid glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the precursor.
renal tubule morphogenesis The process in which the renal tubule is generated by specification of cell fate, through the maintenance of cell polarity, regulated cell proliferation and morphogenetic cell rearrangements, shape changes and growth. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis.
cilium organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
cerebellar purkinje cell layer development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.
microtubule sliding The movement of one microtubule along another microtubule.
zymogen granule exocytosis The release of intracellular molecules contained within the zymogen granule by fusion of the granule with the plasma membrane of the oocyte, requiring calcium ions.
regulation of liquid surface tension Any process that modulates the surface tension of a liquid. Surface tension is the property that makes a liquid behave as if it had an elastic skin on its surface at the interface with a gas or an immiscible liquid.
negative regulation of beta-amyloid formation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of beta-amyloid formation.
regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
interleukin-3-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-3 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
regulation by virus of viral protein levels in host cell Any virus-mediated process that modulates the levels of viral proteins in a cell.
regulation of chromatin assembly Any process the modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin assembly. Chromatin assembly is the assembly of DNA, histone proteins, and other associated proteins into chromatin structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the nucleus.
negative regulation of monocyte chemotaxis Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis.
transition metal ion transport The directed movement of transition metal ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.
positive regulation of kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation.
cellular response to nitrite Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrate stimulus.
wybutosine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving wybutosine, 3H-imidazo[1,2-alpha]purine-7-butanoic acid, 4,9-dihydro- alpha-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]- 4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo- 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl methyl ester, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.
cell envelope organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cell envelope, everything external to, but not including, the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, encompassing the periplasmic space, cell wall, and outer membrane if present.
negative regulation of autophagic vacuole assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic vacuole assembly.
copi coating of golgi vesicle The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.
fasciculation of sensory neuron axon The collection of sensory neuron axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.
box h/aca snorna metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving box H/ACA type small nucleolar RNA.
regulation of mrna 3'-end processing Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing, any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule.
charged-trna amino acid modification The covalent alteration of an amino acid charged on a tRNA before it is incorporated into a protein, as in N-formylmethionine, selenocysteine or pyrrolysine.
positive regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.
protein localization to synapse Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.
endocardial cell fate commitment The commitment of a cell to an endocardial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart.
appendage development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.
regulation of d-amino-acid oxidase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of D-amino-acid oxidase activity.
rna polymerase i transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter.
negative regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.
lipoxin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a lipoxin. A lipoxin is a non-classic eicosanoid and signalling molecule that has four conjugated double bonds and is derived from arachidonic acid.
olfactory bulb interneuron differentiation The process in which a neuroblast acquires specialized features of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb.
positive regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.
protein deglutathionylation The protein modification process in which a glutathione molecule is removed from a protein amino acid by breaking a disulfide linkage.
reflex An automatic response to a stimulus beginning with a nerve impulse from a receptor and ending with the action of an effector such as a gland or a muscle. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness.
telencephalon cell migration The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the telencephalon.
protein complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex.
positive regulation of t cell mediated immunity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
forebrain cell migration The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the forebrain.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
polyketide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyketides, any of a diverse group of natural products synthesized via linear poly-beta-ketones, which are themselves formed by repetitive head-to-tail addition of acetyl (or substituted acetyl) units indirectly derived from acetate (or a substituted acetate) by a mechanism similar to that for fatty acid biosynthesis but without the intermediate reductive steps.
tetraterpenoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetraterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with eight isoprene units.
retinal cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a retinal cell.
negative regulation of alpha-beta t cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
regulation of granulocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.
anterior commissure morphogenesis Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in one half of the cerebral cortex towards target cells in the contralateral half. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the anterior commissure, a small midline fiber tract that lies at the anterior end of the corpus callosum.
negative regulation of glucose import Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.
negative regulation of kinase activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
diterpenoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units.
trans-golgi network to recycling endosome transport The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the trans-Golgi network to the recycling endosomes.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in tissue homeostasis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation resulting in the maintenance of a steady-state number of cells within a tissue.
positive regulation of mrna processing Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing.
antigen processing and presentation via mhc class ib The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.
ornithine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.
regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat4 protein Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat4 protein.
establishment of body hair or bristle planar orientation Orientation of hairs or sensory bristles that cover the body surface of an adult, such that they all point in a uniform direction along the plane of the epithelium from which they project.
positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor.
sodium ion import across plasma membrane The directed movement of sodium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
negative regulation of translational initiation by iron Any process involving iron that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translational initiation.
regulation of pigment cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pigmented cell differentiation.
positive regulation of interleukin-15 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-15 production.
cellular response to cisplatin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cisplatin stimulus.
negative regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
purine ribonucleotide transport The directed movement of a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside (a purine organic base attached to a ribose sugar) esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.
columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
positive regulation of negative chemotaxis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
regulation of phagocytosis, engulfment Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.
bud outgrowth involved in lung branching The process in which a region of the lung epithelium initiates an outgrowth.
nitric oxide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.
lipopolysaccharide transport The directed movement of lipopolysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A lipopolysaccharide is any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consist three covalently linked regions, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and an O side chain. Lipid A is responsible for the toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide.
diterpenoid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units.
parallel actin filament bundle assembly Assembly of actin filament bundles in which the filaments are tightly packed (approximately 10-20 nm apart) and oriented with the same polarity.
response to methanol Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methanol stimulus.
glycosyl compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosyl compound.
glycerophospholipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.
detoxification of mercury ion Any process that reduce or remove the toxicity of mercuric ion. These include transport of mercury away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of mercury ion and/or reduction of mercury ion (Hg[II]) to metallic mercury (Hg[0]).
cerebellar cortex development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.
regulation of pinocytosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process in which cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes.
histone h2b acetylation The modification of histone H2B by the addition of an acetyl group.
renal control of peripheral vascular resistance involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure The renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system, by impeding blood flow through the peripheral vasculature.
synaptonemal complex organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synaptonemal complex. A synaptonemal complex is a proteinaceous scaffold formed between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
negative regulation by host of viral transcription Any process in which a host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.
swimming behavior The response to external or internal stimuli that results in the locomotory process of swimming. Swimming is the self-propelled movement of an organism through the water.
cobalamin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.
regulation of chromatin silencing Any process that affects the rate, extent or location of chromatin silencing.
glucocorticoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.
regulation of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity.
regulation of t cell chemotaxis Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus.
cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
hepatocyte cell migration The orderly movement of a hepatocyte during the development of the liver. Hepatocytes emerge from the hepatic epithelium, populating the septum transversum and lateral mesenchymal areas of the hepatic lobes.
regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.
regulation of smad protein complex assembly Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of SMAD protein complex assembly. SMAD protein complex assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins.
negative regulation of androgen receptor activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of androgen receptor activity.
farnesol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the sesquiterpenoid alcohol farnesol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10,dodecatrien-1-ol.
negative regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle.
lung morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the lung are generated and organized.
'de novo' posttranslational protein folding The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent folding of newly formed polypeptides or folding intermediates of polypeptides that have exited the ribosome and/or have been stabilized and transferred by other chaperone proteins. This process could involve several cycles of ATP hydrolysis.
negative regulation of b cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.
positive regulation of interferon-alpha production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production.
cellular response to cadmium ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cadmium (Cd) ion stimulus.
propylene metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving propylene, an alkene produced by catalytic or thermal cracking of hydrocarbons or as a by-product of petroleum refining. It is used mainly in the preparation of alkylates for gasoline and in the production of polypropylene, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide and a number of other industrial chemicals.
endocannabinoid signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an endocannabinoid binding to a cell surface receptor. The pathway proceeds with the receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Endocannabinoids are small molecules derived from arachidonic acid, anandamide (arachidonoylethanolamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol.
myeloid leukocyte cytokine production Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a myeloid cell.
tetracycline transport The directed movement of tetracycline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Tetracycline is a broad spectrum antibiotic that blocks binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosomes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (and those of organelles).
positive regulation of mast cell chemotaxis Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell chemotaxis. Mast cell chemotaxis is the movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.
regulation of lymphocyte activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.
transcription, rna-templated The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of RNA.
histone h3-k4 acetylation The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 4 of the histone.
negative regulation of nad(p)h oxidase activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.
regulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.
nucleotide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
sensory perception of sound The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound.
negative regulation of establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the plasma membrane.
extracellular negative regulation of signal transduction Any negative regulation of signal transduction that takes place in extracellular region.
negative regulation of myelination Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.
kidney mesenchyme development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a kidney mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of kidney mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney.
vascular transport The directed movement of substances, into, out of or within a cell, either in a vascular tissue or in the vascular membrane.
anterior/posterior pattern specification The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.
acetate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetate, the anion of acetic acid.
hormone transport The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
muscle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell.
positive regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.
biological regulation Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function.
regulation of smad protein import into nucleus Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein import into the nucleus, i.e. the directed movement of a SMAD proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
interleukin-33-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-33 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
positive regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.
monoterpenoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving monoterpenoid compounds, terpenoids having a C10 skeleton.
mitochondrial protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a mitochondrial protein. This process is necessary to maintain the healthy state of mitochondria and is thought to occur via the induction of an intramitochondrial lysosome-like organelle that acts to eliminate the damaged oxidised mitochondrial proteins without destroying the mitochondrial structure.
positive regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity Any process that increases the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
mitotic spindle assembly
nitrogen compound transport The directed movement of nitrogen-containing compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of anoikis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anoikis.
regulation of platelet activation Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.
cellular detoxification of nitrogen compound Any cellular process that reduces or removes the toxicity of nitrogenous compounds which are dangerous or toxic. This includes the aerobic conversion of toxic compounds to harmless substances.
snrna transcription from rna polymerase iii promoter The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter.
ceramide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid.
recruitment of mrna capping enzyme to rna polymerase ii holoenzyme complex The process in which the guanylyltransferase enzyme responsible for adding a 7-methylguanosine cap on pre-mRNA becomes associated with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex and the 5' end of a transcript.
retinol transport The directed movement of retinol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Retinol is vitamin A1, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylnona-1',3',5',7'-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.
thymine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base.
histone phosphorylation The modification of histones by addition of phosphate groups.
cellular process Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
response to vitamin b1 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B1 stimulus.
response to vitamin b6 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B6 stimulus. Vitamin B6 encompasses pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.
convergent extension involved in somitogenesis The morphogenetic process in which a presomitic mesoderm narrows along the left-right axis and lengthens in the rostral-caudal axis contributing to somitogenesis.
regulation of lateral pseudopodium assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia from the lateral side of the cell.
negative regulation of appetite Any process that reduces appetite.
kidney smooth muscle tissue development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
recruitment of 3'-end processing factors to rna polymerase ii holoenzyme complex The process in which proteins required for 3'-end transcript processing become associated with the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex and the 3' end of a transcript.
histone lysine methylation The modification of a histone by addition of a methyl group to a lysine residue.
positive regulation of mrna splicing, via spliceosome Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.
adult walking behavior The behavior of an adult relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.
establishment of skin barrier Establishment of the epithelial barrier, the functional barrier in the skin that limits its permeability.
chondrocyte development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.
phagosome maturation A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the arrangement of constituent parts of a phagosome within a cell. Phagosome maturation begins with endocytosis and formation of the early phagosome and ends with the formation of the hybrid organelle, the phagolysosome.
metanephric nephron tubule morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric nephron tubule are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros.
positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.
regulation of development, heterochronic Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which an integrated living unit or organism progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and the rate at which this time point is reached.
regulation of leukocyte migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
b cell mediated immunity Any process involved with the carrying out of an immune response by a B cell, through, for instance, the production of antibodies or cytokines, or antigen presentation to T cells.
negative regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
cell-cell signaling involved in lung development Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the lung, from its initial state to the mature structure.
response to fungicide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fungicide stimulus. Fungicides are chemicals used to kill fungi.
kit signaling pathway A series of molecular signals that starts with the binding of stem cell factor to the tyrosine kinase receptor KIT on the surface of a cell, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Stem cell factor (KIT ligand) binding to the receptor Kit mediates receptor dimerization, activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and autophosphorylation. The activated receptor then phosphorylates various substrates, thereby activating distinct signaling cascades within the cell that trigger a change in state or activity of the cell.
regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils.
amino acid import into cell The directed movement of amino acids from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.
positive regulation of atp biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by vasopressin The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the signaling molecule vasopressin. Vasopressin is produced in the hypothalamus, and affects vasoconstriction, and renal water transport.
lymphocyte costimulation The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B- or T cell receptor to augment B- or T cell activation.
thymic t cell selection The process of T cell selection that occurs in the thymus.
regulation of microtubule-based movement Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of microtubule-based movement, the movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins.
lysine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
negative regulation of complement activation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.
positive regulation of protein transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
acinar cell differentiation The epithelial cell differentiation process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an acinar cell, a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini.
chemokine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving chemokines, any member of a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.
ketone body metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving ketone body.
homeostasis of number of cells Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
positive regulation of t-helper 1 type immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
peptidyl-pyrromethane cofactor linkage The covalent binding of a pyrromethane (dipyrrin) cofactor to protein via the sulfur atom of cysteine forming dipyrrolylmethanemethyl-L-cysteine.
negative regulation of cell cycle process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
polyuridylation-dependent mrna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of uridylyl residues (polyuridylation) at the 3' end of the target mRNA.
t cell cytokine production Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T cell.
cellular response to brefeldin a Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a brefeldin A stimulus.
type iv hypersensitivity An inflammatory response driven by T cell recognition of processed soluble or cell-associated antigens leading to cytokine release and leukocyte activation.
snrna pseudouridine synthesis The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in an snRNA molecule.
regulation of glycogen catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.
nk t cell proliferation The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division.
urothelial cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of urothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Urothelial cells make up a layer of transitional epithelium in the wall of the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis, external to the lamina propria.
intracellular transport The directed movement of substances within a cell.
regulation of lateral mesodermal cell fate specification Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lateral mesoderm cell fate specification.
negative regulation of vascular permeability Any process that reduces the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.
polysaccharide digestion The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by living organisms to break down ingested polysaccharides into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
l-serine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.
biphenyl catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of biphenyl, a toxic aromatic hydrocarbon used as a heat transfer agent, as a fungistat in packaging citrus fruits and in plant disease control. Biphenyl can be chlorinated with 1-10 chlorine molecules to form polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
isoleucine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.
negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.
inner cell mass cell fate commitment The cell fate commitment of precursor cells that will become inner cell mass cells.
positive regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol within cells.
carbohydrate homeostasis A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a carbohydrate within an organism or cell.
negative regulation of angiogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.
glycerolipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone. Diacylglycerol and phosphatidate are key lipid intermediates of glycerolipid biosynthesis.
norepinephrine secretion The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and it acts as a hormone and as a neurotransmitter of most of the sympathetic nervous system.
positive regulation of early endosome to late endosome transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to late endosome transport.
positive regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.
regulation of chromosome organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome.
negative regulation of chemotaxis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.
negative regulation of ripoptosome assembly involved in necroptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ripoptosome assembly involved in a necroptotic process.
long-chain fatty-acyl-coa metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths of C13 or more.
wybutosine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of wybutosine, 3H-imidazo[1,2-alpha]purine-7-butanoic acid, 4,9-dihydro- alpha-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]- 4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo- 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl methyl ester, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.
cell division The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.
negative regulation of inclusion body assembly Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of inclusion body assembly. Inclusion body assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inclusion body.
cellular alcohol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom, as carried out by individual cells.
regulation of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport. Plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport is the directed movement of long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
induction by symbiont of defense-related host nitric oxide production The activation by an organism of the production of nitric oxide as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a multi-ciliated epithelial cell.
positive regulation of sphingomyelin catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sphingomyelin catabolic process.
regulation of myoblast differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
saliva secretion The regulated release of saliva from the salivary glands. In man, the saliva is a turbid and slightly viscous fluid, generally of an alkaline reaction, and is secreted by the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. In the mouth the saliva is mixed with the secretion from the buccal glands. In man and many animals, saliva is an important digestive fluid on account of the presence of the peculiar enzyme, ptyalin.
queuosine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of queuosines, any of a series of nucleosides found in tRNA and having an additional pentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methylguanosine. The pentenyl ring may carry other substituents.
regulation of growth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development.
monoamine transport The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
semicircular canal development The progression of the semicircular canal from its initial formation to the mature structure.
tyrosine phosphorylation of stat2 protein The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat2 protein.
dicarboxylic acid transport The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
establishment of melanosome localization The directed movement of a melanosome to a specific location.
histone h3-r26 citrullination The hydrolysis of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-citrulline at position 26 in histone H3.
nuclear-transcribed mrna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to arsenic-containing substance Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides.
somite rostral/caudal axis specification The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the rostro-caudal axis of a somite, prior to the morphological formation of a somite boundary.
receptor-mediated endocytosis An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles.
positive regulation of cell fate commitment Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
mapk import into nucleus The directed movement of a MAP kinase to the nucleus upon activation.
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.
cell migration in diencephalon The orderly movement of a cell that will reside in the diencephalon.
regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids.
nucleobase-containing small molecule interconversion The chemical reactions and pathways by which a nucleobase, nucleoside or nucleotide small molecule is synthesized from another nucleobase, nucleoside or nucleotide small molecule.
harderian gland development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the Harderian gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Harderian gland is an anterior orbital structure usually associated with the nictitating membrane, and produces and secretes a variety of substances to the eye, depending upon the species.
box c/d snorna 3'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a box C/D snoRNA molecule.
regulation of synaptic vesicle transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle transport.
proline catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
base-excision repair, dna ligation The ligation by DNA ligase of DNA strands. Ligation occurs after polymerase action to fill the gap left by the action of endonucleases during base-excision repair.
carbon catabolite regulation of transcription A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to the modulation of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.
n-terminal peptidyl-serine acetylation The acetylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins to form the derivative N-acetyl-L-serine.
chromatin modification The alteration of DNA, protein, or sometimes RNA, in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure.
positive regulation of g2/m transition of mitotic cell cycle Any process that increases the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
manganese ion transport The directed movement of manganese (Mn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
midbrain-hindbrain boundary development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages.
response to fibroblast growth factor Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fibroblast growth factor stimulus.
small rna loading onto risc The process in which a single-stranded small RNA associates with the RNA-initiated silencing complex (RISC); occurs as part of a process of gene silencing by small RNA.
positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of low-density lipoprotein receptors.
regulation of protein deubiquitination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein deubiquitination. Protein deubiquitination is the removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein.
mitochondrial translational initiation The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
complement activation, lectin pathway Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.
cellular biogenic amine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the formation of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
neuron cell-cell adhesion The attachment of a neuron to another cell via adhesion molecules.
regulation of chromatin silencing at telomere Any process that affects the rate, extent or location of chromatin silencing at telomeres.
positive regulation of blood vessel remodeling Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel remodeling.
regulation of post-translational protein modification Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of post-translational protein modification.
multicellular organismal protein metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, in multicellular organisms occurring at the tissue, organ, or organismal level.
negative regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.
protein localization to membrane A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane.
regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
dense core granule maturation Steps required to transform a dense core granule generated at the trans-Golgi network into a fully formed and transmissible dense core granule. Dense core granule maturation proceeds through clathrin-mediated membrane remodeling events and is essential for efficient processing of cargo within dense core granules as well as for removing factors that might otherwise interfere with dense core granule trafficking and exocytosis.
chemorepulsion involved in embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration The creation and reception of signals that guide olfactory bulb interneuron precursors down concentration gradients towards the olfactory bulb.
regulation of inflammatory response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.
positive regulation of histone phosphorylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of one or more phosphate groups to a histone protein.
regulation of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance, the process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
glucosylceramide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.
regulation of nf-kappab import into nucleus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
response to uv-c Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 290 nm.
regulation of cholesterol esterification Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol esterification. Cholesterol esterification is the lipid modification process in which a sterol ester is formed by the combination of a carboxylic acid (often a fatty acid) and cholesterol. In the blood this process is associated with the conversion of free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester, which is then sequestered into the core of a lipoprotein particle.
positive regulation of hemostasis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.
negative regulation of protein kinase activity by regulation of protein phosphorylation The stopping, prevention, or reduction in frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity as a result of regulating the phosphorylation status of that protein kinase.
2-oxobutyrate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2-oxobutyrate, the anion of the organic acid 2-oxobutyric acid, which contains a ketone group on carbon 2.
peptidyl-threonine modification The modification of peptidyl-threonine.
translocation of molecules into other organism involved in symbiotic interaction The directed movement of a molecule(s) produced by an organism to a location inside a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
actin filament capping The binding of a protein or protein complex to the end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits.
regulation of neurotransmitter transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction via the regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle, specialised for the sequestration of calcium ions that are released upon receipt of a signal relayed by the T tubules from the neuromuscular junction.
positive regulation of biological process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
somatotropin secreting cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a somatotropin secreting cell. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
protein targeting to plasma membrane The process of directing proteins towards the plasma membrane; usually uses signals contained within the protein.
nuclear migration The directed movement of the nucleus.
ruffle organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell.
gamma-delta t cell activation The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
lipoxin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a lipoxin. A lipoxin is a non-classic eicosanoid and signalling molecule that has four conjugated double bonds and is derived from arachidonic acid.
endothelial tip cell fate specification The process involved in the specification of identity of an endothelial tip cell. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment. An endothelial tip cell is a specialized endothelial cell localized to the leading edge of an angiogenic sprout that senses extracellular signals and guides the directed growth of blood vessels.
positive regulation of lipoprotein particle clearance Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
sesquiterpenoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units.
cd8-positive, alpha-beta t cell lineage commitment The process in which an immature T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.
glucuronoside catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucuronosides, compound composed of a hydroxy compound linked to a glucuronate residue.
regulation of autophagic vacuole maturation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic vacuole maturation.
regulation of receptor binding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.
blood vessel endothelial cell migration The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels during angiogenesis.
regulation of plasma lipoprotein particle levels Any process involved in the maintenance of internal levels of plasma lipoprotein particles within an organism.
pancreatic a cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic A cell. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.
regulation of erbb signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB signaling pathway.
peptidyl-serine trans-autophosphorylation The phosphorylation of a peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine on an identical protein. For example, phosphorylation by the other kinase within a homodimer.
negative regulation of glomerulus development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of glomerulus development, the progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.
nitrogen catabolite regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one nitrogen source leads to the modulation of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other nitrogen sources.
placenta development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.
negative regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity. Calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcitriol + NADP+ + H2O.
positive regulation of cell communication by chemical coupling Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via chemical coupling. Cell communication by chemical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by the transfer of small, water-soluble molecules or metabolites between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
mitotic spindle organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.
nodal signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a nodal protein to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
rhombomere 5 development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 5 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
cellular heat acclimation Any process that increases heat tolerance of a cell in response to high temperatures.
positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle growth.
toxin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.
nuclear pore organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear pore.
purinergic receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to an extracellular purine or purine derivative to initiate a change in cell activity.
positive regulation of store-operated calcium channel activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium channel activity.
cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression.
lactate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactate, the anion of lactic acid.
regulation of connective tissue growth factor production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of connective tissue growth factor production.
focal adhesion assembly The aggregation and bonding together of a set of components to form a focal adhesion, a complex of intracellular signaling and structural proteins that provides a structural link between the internal actin cytoskeleton and the ECM, and also function as a locus of signal transduction activity.
cardiac muscle tissue development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.
positive regulation of cell size Any process that increases cell size.
negative regulation of erythrocyte differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.
negative regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chemokines.
positive regulation of mapk cascade Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade.
response to nematode Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a nematode.
skeletal muscle fiber adaptation Any process in which the skeletal muscle fibers change their phenotypic profiles in response to altered functional demands and a variety of signals. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.
cell fate commitment involved in formation of primary germ layer The commitment of cells to specific cell fates of the endoderm, ectoderm, or mesoderm as a part of gastrulation.
lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages.
macrophage activation A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
dopaminergic neuron differentiation The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a dopaminergic neuron, a neuron that secretes dopamine.
myeloid leukocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage.
cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis The orderly movement of a neural crest cell from one site to another that will contribute to the morphogenesis of the outflow tract.
visceral muscle development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the visceral muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
regulation of cell motility Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
negative regulation of protein phosphatase type 2b activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 2B.
protein-dna complex disassembly The disaggregation of a protein-DNA complex into its constituent components.
positive regulation of t cell receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.
pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
ectodermal cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an ectodermal cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
citrulline biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins.
ribonucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
fatty-acyl-coa biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.
camera-type eye morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.
mhc class ii protein complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class II protein complex.
regulation of interleukin-13 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.
response to ether Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ether stimulus.
protein oligomerization The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers; protein oligomers may be composed of different or identical monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.
bacterial-type flagellum-dependent cell motility Cell motility due to the motion of one or more bacterial-type flagella. A bacterial-type flagellum is a motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope.
prechordal plate formation The formation of the prechordal plate. The prechordal plate is a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells. The prechordal plate and the notochord induce the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells.
t cell differentiation involved in immune response The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
negative regulation of gluconeogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.
response to gamma radiation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
regulation of nucleotide catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides.
regulation of mitotic recombination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination during mitosis.
lung growth The increase in size or mass of a lung. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.
negative regulation of activation-induced cell death of t cells Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of activation-induced cell death of T cells.
embryonic organ development Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
negative regulation of muscle cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.
positive regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that increases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
prostaglandin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring.
regulation of dna damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator.
positive regulation of protein polyubiquitination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein polyubiquitination.
transition between slow and fast fiber The process of conversion of slow-contracting muscle fibers to a faster character. This may involve increasing of contractile rate, fast myosin gene induction, increase in glycolytic metabolic properties, altered electrophysiology and altered innervation. This process also regulates skeletal muscle adapatation.
eye pigment biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of eye pigments, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, found or utilized in the eye.
ncrna processing Any process that results in the conversion of one or more primary non-coding RNA (ncRNA) transcripts into one or more mature ncRNA molecules.
cell migration involved in heart development The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the heart over time, from its initial formation, to the mature organ.
specification of mesonephric tubule identity The process in which the tubules of the mesonephros acquire their identity.
negative regulation of histone h4-k16 acetylation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone H4-K16 acetylation.
positive regulation of protein k63-linked ubiquitination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked ubiquitination.
response to cholesterol Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholesterol stimulus.
regulation of translational initiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.
positive regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma.
response to linoleic acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a linoleic acid stimulus.
negative regulation of asymmetric cell division Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
striated muscle myosin thick filament assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in striated muscle.
g0 to g1 transition The mitotic cell cycle phase transition whose occurrence commits the cell from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase. Under certain conditions, cells exit the cell cycle during G1 and remain in the G0 state as nongrowing, non-dividing (quiescent) cells. Appropriate stimulation of such cells induces them to return to G1 and resume growth and division. The G0 to G1 transition is accompanied by many changes in the program of gene expression.
pre-b cell differentiation The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pre-B cell. Pre-B cells follow the pro-B cell stage of immature B cell differentiation and undergo rearrangement of heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments.
nail development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nail over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the outer end of a finger or toe, and consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it.
viral capsid secondary envelopment The process in which a capsid acquires another membrane envelope, subsequent to acquiring an initial membrane envelope.
regulation of viral release from host cell Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral release from host cell.
cell part morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell part are generated and organized.
post-translational protein modification The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.
nephron tubule formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.
protein localization to nuclear pore A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a nuclear pore.
regulation of nerve growth factor production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of nerve growth factor (NGF).
arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation The actin nucleation process in which actin monomers combine to form a new branch on the side of an existing actin filament; mediated by the Arp2/3 protein complex and its interaction with other proteins.
defense response Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.
protein depalmitoylation The removal of palymitoyl groups from a lipoprotein.
negative regulation of calcium ion import Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.
positive regulation of lymphotoxin a production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphotoxin A production.
negative regulation of cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.
thiamine-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine (vitamin B1), and compounds derived from it.
pulmonary artery endothelial tube morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from the pulmonary artery endothelium. An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery.
xenobiotic glucuronidation The modification of a xenobiotic substance by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the xenobiotic precursor, enabling efficient excretion.
regulation of macromolecule metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
negative regulation of apc-cdc20 complex activity
glycolytic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules.
nucleotide-excision repair, dna damage recognition The identification of lesions in DNA, such as pyrimidine-dimers, intrastrand cross-links, and bulky adducts. The wide range of substrate specificity suggests the repair complex recognizes distortions in the DNA helix.
regulation of regulatory t cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells.
pma-inducible membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain that occurs after induction by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), a protein kinase C agonist.
negative regulation of protein tetramerization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein tetramerization.
negative regulation of viral transcription Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.
antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via mhc class ii The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex.
d-alanine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid alanine.
trna 3'-end processing The process in which the 3' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA.
positive regulation of keratinocyte proliferation Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
negative regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation.
response to erythropoietin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an erythropoietin stimulus. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis.
positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter involved in heart development Any positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that is involved in heart development.
negative regulation of axonogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.
negative regulation of cellular ph reduction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.
notochord cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a notochord cell over time, from its formation to its mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
positive regulation of myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis.
cerebellum maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellum to attain its fully functional state. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.
positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.
regulation of ovulation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ovulation, the release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.
female meiotic division A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline.
positive regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleotides.
dorsal/ventral axis specification The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.
cellular response to toxic substance Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.
plasma lipoprotein particle organization A protein-lipid complex subunit organization process that results in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a plasma lipoprotein particle. A plasma lipoprotein particle is a spherical particle with a hydrophobic core of triglycerides and/or cholesterol esters, surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins.
negative regulation of zinc ion transmembrane transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of zinc ions (Zn2+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
oncogene-induced cell senescence A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to oncogenic stress, such as the activation of the Ras oncogenic family.
regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
threonine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
exosomal secretion The process whereby a membrane-bounded vesicle are released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane.
negative regulation of cortisol biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cortisol biosynthetic process.
protein sumoylation The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxyl terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein.
positive regulation of translational elongation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.
activation of apc-cdc20 complex activity
mitotic dna replication checkpoint A cell cycle checkpoint that acts during a mitotic cell cycle and prevents the initiation of mitosis until DNA replication is complete, thereby ensuring that progeny inherit a full complement of the genome.
positive regulation of wound healing Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
multicellular organismal movement Any physiological process involved in changing the position of a multicellular organism or an anatomical part of a multicellular organism.
striated muscle cell apoptotic process A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. Striated muscle cells make up striated muscle fibers which are divided by transverse bands into striations.
regulation of insulin secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.
dsdna loop formation The formation and maintenance of DNA loops that juxtapose separated regions on the same dsDNA molecule.
negative regulation of polyamine transmembrane transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine transmembrane transport.
regulation of chemokine (c-x-c motif) ligand 2 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.
foam cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
luteinizing hormone secretion The regulated release of luteinizing hormone, a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary.
hindbrain radial glia guided cell migration The radially directed movement of a cell along radial glial cells in the hindbrain. Radial migration refers to a directed movement from the internal ventricular area to the outer surface of the hindbrain.
n-terminal protein amino acid modification The alteration of the N-terminal amino acid residue in a protein.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings.
regulation of eosinophil migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil migration.
response to dna integrity checkpoint signaling A process that acts directly to delay or stop progression through the cell cycle in response to signals generated as a result of DNA integrity checkpoint signaling; contributes to a DNA integrity checkpoint.
regulation of t cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.
integrin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins, a large family of transmembrane proteins that act as receptors for cell-adhesion molecules.
response to chromate Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chromate stimulus.
mitochondrial translational termination The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome in a mitochondrion, usually in response to a termination codon (note that mitochondria use variants of the universal genetic code that differ between different taxa).
positive regulation of nlrp3 inflammasome complex assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly.
negative regulation of protein glycosylation in golgi Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid in any compartment of the Golgi apparatus.
prolactin secreting cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a prolactin secreting cell. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.
regulation of tolerance induction to self antigen Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen.
positive regulation of immunoglobulin secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of immunoglobulins from a cell.
cadmium ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cadmium ions within an organism or cell.
regulation of astrocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.
regulation of bone mineralization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.
snorna metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA, any of a class of small RNAs that are associated with the eukaryotic nucleus as components of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins. They participate in the processing or modifications of many RNAs, mostly ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) though snoRNAs are also known to target other classes of RNA, including spliceosomal RNAs, tRNAs, and mRNAs via a stretch of sequence that is complementary to a sequence in the targeted RNA.
antimicrobial humoral response An immune response against microbes mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are seen in the antimicrobial humoral response of Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus.
regulation of chromosome condensation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of chromosome condensation, the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.
endothelial cell differentiation The process in which a mesodermal, bone marrow or neural crest cell acquires specialized features of an endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell. A layer of such cells lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.
photoreceptor cell morphogenesis The process in which the structures of a photoreceptor cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.
reproductive structure development The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of structures that will be used in the process of creating new individuals from one or more parents, from their formation to the mature structures.
long-term memory The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation.
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.
nuclear matrix anchoring at nuclear membrane The process in which the nuclear matrix, the dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane, is directly or indirectly linked to the nuclear membrane.
neuronal-glial interaction involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration The changes in adhesion between neuronal cells and glial cells as a component of the process of cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial cell migration.
positive regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.
aerobic respiration The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
mammary gland fat development The progression of the mammary gland fat over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary fat is an adipose structure in the gland that is invaded by the mammary ducts.
connective tissue replacement involved in inflammatory response wound healing The series of events leading to growth of connective tissue when loss of tissues that are incapable of regeneration occurs, or when fibrinous exudate cannot be adequately cleared that contribute to an inflammatory response.
positive regulation of helicase activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of a helicase.
negative regulation of d-amino-acid oxidase activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of D-amino-acid oxidase activity.
positive regulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel.
manganese ion transmembrane transport A process in which a manganese ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
response to triglyceride Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triglyceride stimulus.
cilium morphogenesis A process that is carried out at the cellular level and in which the structure of a cilium is organized.
positive regulation of interleukin-23 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-23 production.
canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in metanephric kidney development The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contribute to the progression of the metanephric kidney over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
t cell costimulation The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the T cell receptor to augment T cell activation.
phospholipase d-activating g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase D (PLD) and a subsequent increase in cellular levels of phosphatidic acid (PA).
mast cell secretory granule organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule in a mast cell. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.
positive regulation of homophilic cell adhesion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of homophilic cell adhesion.
myoblast differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers.
cellular chloride ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of chloride ions at the level of a cell.
snorna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA, any of a class of small RNAs that are associated with the eukaryotic nucleus as components of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins.
phylloquinone metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phylloquinone, a quinone-derived compound synthesized by green plants. Phylloquinone has vitamin K activity and is known as vitamin K1.
udp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate.
negative regulation of exosomal secretion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.
motile cilium assembly The assembly of a motile cilium, a cilium that contains a regular longitudinal array of axonemal microtubules. In vertebrates, motile cilia are usually formed around a 9 + 2 microtubule core structure. Motile cilia are often found in tissues where propagation of fluid is necessary for proper organ development or function.
defense response, incompatible interaction A response of a plant to a pathogenic agent that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
regulation of protein export from nucleus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
myelin assembly The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon in the central or peripheral nervous system.
t follicular helper cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature T follicular helper cell.
regulation of natural killer cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation.
detection of external stimulus The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
artery development The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed.
positive regulation of t cell mediated cytotoxicity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
deoxyribonucleoside catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
negative regulation of neurotransmitter secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.
gabaergic neuron differentiation The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a GABAergic neuron.
phagocytosis An endocytosis process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.
regulation of nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a nodal signaling pathway, where the nodal signaling pathway is involved in determination of left/right asymmetry in the lateral mesoderm.
positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
positive regulation of axonogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.
positive regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the growth hormone receptor signaling pathway. The growth hormone receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.
creatinine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatinine, 2-amino-1,5-dihydro-1-methyl-4H-imidazol-4-one, an end product of creatine metabolism and a normal constituent of urine.
negative regulation of histone h3-k14 acetylation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to histone H3 at position 14 of the histone.
positive regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, nadh to ubiquinone Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone.
creatinine homeostasis Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of creatinine.
negative regulation of cellular process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
positive regulation of alpha-beta t cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.
regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
pyrimidine nucleoside catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
growth hormone receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.
cerebellum structural organization The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cerebellum. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.
metal incorporation into metallo-molybdopterin complex The incorporation of a metal into a metallo-molybdopterin complex.
inactivation of mapk activity involved in osmosensory signaling pathway Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase during osmolarity sensing.
embryonic camera-type eye development The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, rem sleep Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
cell aggregation The clustering together and adhesion of initially separate cells to form an aggregate. Examples include the clustering of unicellular organisms or blood cells in suspension and the condensation of mesenchymal cells during cartilage formation.
hypersensitivity An inflammatory response to an exogenous environmental antigen or an endogenous antigen initiated by the adaptive immune system.
regulation of protein complex stability Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein complex by altering the likelihood of its assembly or disassembly.
subpallium cell proliferation in forebrain The multiplication or reproduction of subpallium cells in the forebrain, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
amino-acid betaine transport The directed movement of betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
mechanosensory behavior Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of a mechanical stimulus.
morphogenesis of an epithelium The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.
leukotriene b4 catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leukotriene B4, a leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents.
dna deamination The removal of an amino group from a nucleotide base in DNA. An example is the deamination of cytosine to produce uracil.
negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion by negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter A negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that results in negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion.
positive regulation of relaxation of cardiac muscle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of cardiac muscle.
oogenesis The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.
regulation of axonogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron.
long-chain fatty-acyl-coa catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a medium-chain fatty-acyl group. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
glomerulus morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the glomerulus are generated and organized. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.
negative regulation of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity.
glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.
cellular response to nutrient levels Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.
dna demethylation of male pronucleus The active DNA demethylation of the paternal genome that takes place before the first cell division.
positive regulation of behavioral fear response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of behavioral fear response.
regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-4.
regulation of killing of cells of other organism Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism.
blastocyst development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm.
heparan sulfate proteoglycan catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans that have repeat units consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4) linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues, the former being a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids, and the latter being either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups.
menaquinone metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the menaquinones, quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell.
guanine salvage Any process that generates guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
positive regulation of synaptic plasticity A process that increases synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.
negative regulation of corticosteroid hormone secretion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of corticosteroid hormone secretion.
germ cell migration The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form.
production of molecular mediator of immune response The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
positive regulation of interleukin-12 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.
copper ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of copper ions within an organism or cell.
peptidyl-serine octanoylation The octanoylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O3-octanoyl-L-serine, typical of the protein ghrelin.
udp-n-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.
positive regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
cell surface receptor signaling pathway involved in heart development Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a receptor on the surface of a cell to a physiological ligand, which contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
uterine smooth muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the uterus. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The uterus is a muscular organ of the female mammal for containing and usually for nourishing the young during development prior to birth.
regulation of steroid biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
negative regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids.
histone h3 acetylation The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group.
ump salvage Any process which produces UMP, uridine monophosphate, from derivatives of it (e.g. cytidine, uridine, cytosine) without de novo synthesis.
gdp-mannose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
substrate-dependent cell migration The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another along a substrate such as the extracellular matrix; the migrating cell forms a protrusion that attaches to the substrate.
immunoglobulin secretion involved in immune response The regulated release of immunoglobulins from a B cell or plasma cell contributing to an immune response.
interleukin-6 production The appearance of interleukin-6 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
positive regulation of cholesterol efflux Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.
meiotic cell cycle process A process that is part of the meiotic cell cycle.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
multivesicular body sorting pathway A vesicle-mediated transport process in which transmembrane proteins are ubiquitylated to facilitate their entry into luminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies (MVBs); upon subsequent fusion of MVBs with lysosomes or vacuoles, the cargo proteins are degraded.
positive regulation of heart growth Any process that increases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.
positive regulation of p38mapk cascade Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of p38MAPK cascade.
regulation of androgen receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the androgen receptor signaling pathway.
modulation by symbiont of host defense response Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of its host, the response mounted by the host in response to the presence of the organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
senescence-associated heterochromatin focus assembly The assembly of chromatin into senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF), transcriptionally-silent heterochromatin structures present in senescent cells, containing the condensed chromatin of one chromosome, and enriched for histone modifications. Formation of these chromatin structures is thought to repress expression of proliferation-promoting genes.
positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation.
hexose phosphate transport The directed movement of hexose phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of jun kinase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.
regulation of bone remodeling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling, the processes of bone formation and resorption that combine to maintain skeletal integrity.
evasion or tolerance of defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process, either active or passive, by which an organism avoids or tolerates the effects of a second organism's defense response; the defense response is mounted by the second organism in response to the presence of the first organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of prostaglandin-e synthase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of prostaglandin-E synthase activity.
brown fat cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.
post-embryonic morphogenesis The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which anatomical structures are generated and organized.
negative regulation of histone h2a k63-linked ubiquitination Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone H2A K63-linked ubiquitination.
general adaptation syndrome, behavioral process The set of behavioral processes that occur as part of the general adaptation syndrome, the response of the body to a strong, stressful stimulus.
peptidyl-aspartic acid hydroxylation The hydroxylation of peptidyl-aspartic acid to form peptidyl-hydroxyaspartic acid.
regulation of glutathione peroxidase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione peroxidase activity.
regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
vitamin e biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.
nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
negative regulation of bone resorption Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.
positive regulation of natural killer cell degranulation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell degranulation.
type i interferon signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a type I interferon to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter by histone modification A histone modification that results in negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter.
visual learning Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual occurs in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue.
negative regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in outflow tract morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
response to platinum ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platinum stimulus.
pyrimidine nucleotide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
polynucleotide 3' dephosphorylation The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from the 3' end of a polynucleotide.
negative regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.
nucleoside phosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside phosphate.
mapk phosphatase export from nucleus, leptomycin b sensitive Leptomycin B-sensitive movement of a MAPK phosphatase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
negative regulation of histone deacetylase activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone deacetylase activity.
negative regulation of intracellular transport of viral material Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular transport of viral material.
purine-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.
negative regulation of metanephros development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of metanephros development. Metanephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
'de novo' imp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate, by the stepwise assembly of a purine ring on ribose 5-phosphate.
negative regulation of ligase activity Any process that stops or reduces the rate of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.
activation of protein kinase a activity Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase A.
regulation of mast cell differentiation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.
proprioception The series of events by which an organism senses the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, sensory nerve terminals found in muscles, tendons, and joint capsules, which give information concerning movements and position of the body. The receptors in the labyrinth are sometimes also considered proprioceptors.
sensory perception of sour taste The series of events required to receive a sour taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
regulation of dendrite development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.
negative regulation of microtubule polymerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
positive regulation of mrna 3'-end processing Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing.
skeletal muscle adaptation Any process in which skeletal muscles change their phenotypic profiles in response to altered functional demands and a variety of signals.
kidney vasculature development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
regulation of energy homeostasis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of energy homeostasis.
nuclear speck organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of nuclear specks, a class of nuclear body in which splicing factors are localized.
negative regulation of phospholipase c-activating g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway.
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the embryonic mitotic cell cycle.
negative regulation of transferase activity Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.
regulation of leukocyte activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
fatty-acyl-coa metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.
response to wounding Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.
positive regulation of alpha-beta t cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
establishment of protein localization The directed movement of a protein to a specific location.
dichotomous subdivision of an epithelial terminal unit The process in which an epithelial cord, rod or tube bifurcates at its end.
negative regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.
inositol phosphorylation The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into inositol. Inositol is the cyclic alcohol 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, which is widely distributed in nature and acts as a growth factor in animals and microorganisms.
cytoskeletal anchoring at plasma membrane A cytoskeleton organization process that directly or indirectly links cytoskeletal filaments to the plasma membrane.
regulation of organelle organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
dna replication proofreading Correction of replication errors by DNA polymerase using a 3'-5' exonuclease activity.
negative regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic nucleotides.
intermediate-density lipoprotein particle remodeling The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within an intermediate-density lipoprotein particle.
glutamate catabolic process to aspartate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into other compounds, including aspartate.
negative regulation of calcineurin-nfat signaling cascade Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.
positive regulation of coagulation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation.
proline catabolic process to glutamate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including glutamate.
regulation of protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion.
extracellular fibril organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of extracellular fibrils, extracellular matrix material consisting of polysaccharides and/or proteins.
protein urmylation Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein URM1 to another protein.
negative regulation of receptor biosynthetic process Any process that decreases the frequency or rate of receptor biosynthesis. Receptor biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
ureter morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the ureter are generated and organized. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
trunk neural crest cell migration The characteristic movement of trunk neural crest cells from the neural tube to other locations in the vertebrate embryo.
positive regulation of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance Any process the increases the rate, frequency or extent of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance, a tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium.
regulation of steroid hormone biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroid hormones,compounds with a 1, 2, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus that act as hormones.
endothelial cell development The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
receptor-mediated endocytosis of low-density lipoprotein particle involved in cholesterol transport A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the uptake of low-density lipoprotein by cells.
regulation of isotype switching to iga isotypes Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgA isotypes.
polysaccharide assembly with mhc class ii protein complex The binding of a polysaccharide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class II protein complex.
nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor (NLR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. NLRs are cytoplasmic receptors defined by their tripartite domain architecture that contains: a variable C-terminus, a middle nucleotide-binding domain, and a LRR domain that is variable in the repeats composition and number. The NLR signaling pathway begins with binding of a ligand to a NLR receptor and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process.
fibroblast proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population.
regulation of chromatin organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.
mammillothalamic axonal tract development The progression of the mammillothalamic axonal tract, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammillothalamic tract is the collection of axons that connects the two major subdivisions of the diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus) and closes the diencephalic circuit.
signal transduction involved in intra-s dna damage checkpoint A signal transduction process that contributes to an intra-S DNA damage checkpoint.
generation of neurons The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons.
response to cycloheximide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cycloheximide stimulus. Cycloheximide (actidione) is an antibiotic produced by some Streptomyces species which interferes with protein synthesis in eukaryotes.
regulation of chromatin disassembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin disassembly. Chromatin disassembly is the controlled breakdown of chromatin from a higher order structure into its simpler subcomponents, DNA, histones, and other proteins.
medial motor column neuron differentiation The process in which differentiating motor neurons in the neural tube acquire the specialized structural and/or functional features of medial motor column neurons. Medial motor column neurons are generated at all rostrocaudal levels and send axons to the axial muscles (medial group) and to the body wall muscles (lateral group). Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
metanephric mesenchyme morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros.
negative regulation of neural crest formation Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes.
regulation of phospholipid translocation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the translocation, or flipping, of phospholipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.
axonal fasciculation The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.
positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.
histone displacement The removal of histones, including histone dimers, from nucleosomes within chromatin.
vascular process in circulatory system A circulatory process that occurs at the level of the vasculature.
regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity Any process that modulates the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
natural killer cell inhibitory signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a natural killer cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
positive regulation of cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
lipid particle organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lipid particle.
peptidyl-proline hydroxylation to 3-hydroxy-l-proline The modification of peptidyl-proline to form 3-hydroxy-L-proline; catalyzed by procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase.
glomerular epithelium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus. The glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains feet that interdigitate with the feet of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.
ufp-specific transcription factor mrna processing involved in endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response The spliceosome-independent cleavage and ligation of the mRNA encoding a UFP-specific transcription factor to remove a single intron, thereby increasing both the translational efficiency of the processed mRNA and the activity of the protein it encodes.
negative regulation of nf-kappab transcription factor activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.
regulation of adenosine receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
positive regulation of gonadotropin secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.
negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-rem sleep Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.
septum secundum development The progression of the septum secundum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.
notch signaling involved in heart development The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell and contributing to the progression of the heart over time.
pancreas morphogenesis Morphogenesis of the pancreas. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
metanephric renal vesicle morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the metanephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.
response to ischemia Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply.
aspartate family amino acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.
gtp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving GTP, guanosine triphosphate.
negative regulation of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity.
regulation of catecholamine secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of catecholamines.
spliceosomal complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a spliceosomal complex, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions.
positive regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential Any process that enhances the establishment or increases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.
regulation of homophilic cell adhesion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of homophilic cell adhesion.
ureteric bud formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct. This process begins when the bud protrudes from the duct and ends when it is a recognizable bud.
dna endoreduplication Regulated re-replication of DNA within a single cell cycle, resulting in an increased cell ploidy. An example of this process occurs in the synthesis of Drosophila salivary gland cell polytene chromosomes.
leukocyte activation A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
l-ornithine transmembrane transport The directed movement of L-ornithine across a membrane.
negative regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.
regulation of secretion by cell Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.
4-hydroxyproline metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline. The presence of hydroxyproline is essential to produce stable triple helical tropocollagen, hence the problems caused by ascorbate deficiency in scurvy. This unusual amino acid is also present in considerable amounts in the major glycoprotein of primary plant cell walls.
mammary gland alveolus development The progression of the mammary gland alveolus over time, from its formation to its mature state. The mammary gland alveolus is a sac-like structure that is found in the mature gland.
fetal process involved in parturition A reproductive process occurring in the embryo that results in birth.
collagen catabolic process The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells.
single organismal cell-cell adhesion The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules, where both cells are part of the same organism.
negative regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.
regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.
regulation of trophoblast cell migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.
regulation of cellular response to x-ray Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to X-ray.
positive regulation of transcription regulatory region dna binding Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.
positive regulation of hh target transcription factor activity Any process that increases the activity of a transcription factor that activates transcription of Hedgehog-target genes in response to Smoothened signaling. In Drosophila, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is the only identified transcription factor so far in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In vertebrates, members of the Gli protein family are activated in this way. Activation of the Gli/Ci transcription factor is distinct from its stabilization, when proteolytic cleavage is inhibited.
positive regulation of cd24 biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD24 biosynthetic process.
short-term memory The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information received a short time (up to about 30 minutes) ago. This type of memory is typically dependent on direct, transient effects of second messenger activation.
negative regulation of organelle assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.
histidine transport The directed movement of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of transcription, dna-templated Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
positive regulation of dna-templated transcription, elongation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
positive regulation of microtubule motor activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule motor activity.
negative regulation of humoral immune response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
regulation of semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway.
rna transport The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
one-carbon compound transport The directed movement of one-carbon compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of smad protein complex assembly Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of SMAD protein complex assembly. SMAD protein complex assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins.
negative regulation of lamellipodium organization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium organization.
pons development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pons over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
protein-carbohydrate complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and carbohydrates to form a protein-carbohydrate complex.
negative regulation of cellular protein metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
regulation of actin filament-based process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton.
retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
histone h2a-s139 phosphorylation The modification of histone H2A by the addition of an phosphate group to a serine residue at position 139 of the histone.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to hypoxia Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus.
vacuolar acidification Any process that reduces the pH of the vacuole, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
regulation of transcription initiation from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
positive regulation of natural killer cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.
cholesterol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
cellular senescence A cell aging process stimulated in response to cellular stress, whereby normal cells lose the ability to divide through irreversible cell cycle arrest.
uracil catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, one of the pyrimidine bases occurring in RNA, but not in DNA.
epithelium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
distal tubule morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a distal tubule are generated and organized. The distal tubule is a nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the connecting tubule.
maintenance of location in cell Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.
prolyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling proline to prolyl-tRNA, catalyzed by prolyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
monovalent inorganic cation transport The directed movement of inorganic cations with a valency of one into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
protein localization to adherens junction Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the adherens junction.
dendritic spine organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a dendritic spine. A dendritic spine is a specialized protrusion from a neuronal dendrite and is involved in synaptic transmission.
negative regulation of interleukin-13 secretion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-13 secretion.
cellular response to nitrogen levels Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of inorganic nitrogen.
'de novo' ump biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate, starting with the synthesis of (S)-dihydroorotate from bicarbonate; UMP biosynthesis may either occur via reduction by quinone, NAD(+) or oxygen.
lipoxin a4 biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoxin A4. Lipoxin A4 is a C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.
uridine transport The directed movement of uridine, uracil riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of dna-dependent dna replication initiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication.
regulation of cardiolipin metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiolipin metabolic process.
negative regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
dihydrobiopterin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a dihydrobiopterin, a reduced pteridine derivative related to folic acid; it acts as an electron carrier in tyrosine biosynthesis and its quinoid form is produced by oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin in several biological hydroxylation reactions.
pyrimidine nucleoside transport The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleoside, a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
lamellipodium organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lamellipodium. A lamellipodium is a thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a crawling fibroblast; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.
phosphatidylglycerol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol. They are important constituents of cell membranes.
positive regulation of urine volume Any process that increases the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.
stress fiber assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a stress fiber. A stress fiber is a contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity.
gene silencing by mirna Downregulation of gene expression through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous 21-24 nucleotide small RNAs processed from stem-loop RNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), miRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: mRNA cleavage or translational repression.
cellular response to luteinizing hormone stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a luteinizing hormone stimulus.
purine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
lateral sprouting involved in lung morphogenesis The process in which a branch forms along the side of the lung epithelial tube.
coenzyme metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
regionalization The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.
endocardial cushion development The progression of a cardiac cushion over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
acetylcholine secretion The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell.
positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.
regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mechanoreceptor differentiation.
response to interferon-alpha Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-alpha stimulus. Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon.
cardiogenic plate morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the cardiogenic plate are generated and organized. The cardiogenic plate is the first recognizable structure derived from the heart field.
intracellular distribution of mitochondria Any process that establishes the spatial arrangement of mitochondria within the cell.
negative regulation of female receptivity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the receptiveness of a female to male advances.
naphthalene metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving naphthalene, a fused ring bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon commonly found in crude oil and oil products. Naphthalene is familiar as the compound that gives mothballs their odor; it is used in the manufacture of plastics, dyes, solvents, and other chemicals, as well as being used as an antiseptic and insecticide.
cell-cell recognition Cell recognition between cells. May involve the formation of specialized cell junctions.
heart valve formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a heart valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
'de novo' gdp-l-fucose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-L-fucose from GDP-D-mannose via GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose, requiring the functions of GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (EC:4.2.1.47) and GDP-L-fucose synthase (EC:1.1.1.271).
epithelial tube formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an epithelial tube.
cytokinetic process A cellular process that is involved in cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells).
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process Any positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process.
cytochrome complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cytochrome complex. A cytochrome complex is a protein complex in which at least one of the proteins is a cytochrome, i.e. a heme-containing protein involved in catalysis of redox reactions.
natural killer cell mediated immunity The promotion of an immune response by natural killer cells through direct recognition of target cells or through the release of cytokines.
putrescine transport The directed movement of putrescine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Putrescine is 1,4-diaminobutane, the polyamine formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
rna secondary structure unwinding The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'.
regulation of gonadotropin secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.
epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium.
histone arginine methylation The modification of a histone by addition of a methyl group to an arginine residue.
regulation of phosphate transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transport. Phosphate transport is the directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of endothelial cell development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.
positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, wakefulness Any process that increases the frequency, or extent of the wakeful phase of the circadian sleep/wake cycle. The wakeful phase is the part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is not asleep.
peptidyl-proline hydroxylation to 4-hydroxy-l-proline The modification of peptidyl-proline to form 4-hydroxy-L-proline; catalyzed by procollagen-proline,2-oxoglutarate-4-dioxygenase.
positive regulation of stem cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation.
negative regulation of renal phosphate excretion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of renal phosphate excretion.
immunoglobulin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of immunoglobulin.
regulation of germinal center formation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
negative regulation of ubiquitin-specific protease activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-specific protease (deubiquitinase) activity.
wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
thiamine transmembrane transport The directed movement of thiamine across a membrane into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
mesangial cell-matrix adhesion The binding of a mesangial cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules. A mesangial cell is a cell that encapsulates the capillaries and venules in the kidney.
response to thyroid hormone A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroid hormone stimulus.
rig-i signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) RIG-1 (also known as DDX58) binding to viral RNA. RIG-I detects RNA synthesized during active viral replication and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against viral infection, for example by inducing the expression of antiviral cytokines.
nuclear polyadenylation-dependent ncrna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways occurring in the nucleus and resulting in the breakdown of a noncoding RNA (ncRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target ncRNA.
histone h3-k36 trimethylation The modification of histone H3 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 36 of the histone.
phototransduction The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal.
low-density lipoprotein particle clearance The process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
prostatic bud formation The morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.
response to vitamin b2 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B2 stimulus.
regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis.
mesoderm formation The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
regulation of dna-templated transcription in response to stress Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from a DNA template as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
protein-lipid complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and lipids to form a protein-lipid complex.
er-dependent peroxisome organization A process of peroxisome organization in which assembly or arrangement of constituent parts takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum.
positive regulation of immune complex clearance by monocytes and macrophages Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process of immune complex clearance by monocytes or macrophages.
s-shaped body morphogenesis The process in which the S-shaped body is generated and organized. The S-shaped body is the successor of the comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron.
serotonin secretion, neurotransmission The regulated release of serotonin by a cell, in which released serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter.
cyanate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid.
pyridoxal phosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6.
regulation of fas signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Fas signaling pathway.
positive regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.
ectopic germ cell programmed cell death Programmed cell death of an errant germ line cell that is outside the normal migratory path or ectopic to the gonad. This is an important mechanism of regulating germ cell survival within the embryo.
vascular smooth muscle cell development The process aimed at the progression of a vascular smooth muscle cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels.
locomotion involved in locomotory behavior Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
response to vitamin b3 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B3 stimulus.
attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore The cell cycle process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex during mitosis. During mitosis, the kinetochores of sister chromosomes are situated facing opposite spindle poles and bipolar attachment of the sister chromosomes to the spindle occurs.
negative regulation of single-species biofilm formation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation.
enzyme active site formation via l-cysteine sulfinic acid The oxidation of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-L-cysteine sulfinic acid.
system process A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective.
cargo loading into copii-coated vesicle The formation of a protein complex between the COPII coat proteins and proteins that are going to be transported by the COPII vesicle to the Golgi.
cell communication Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
mannose transport The directed movement of mannose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Mannose is the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins.
negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mrna catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.
positive regulation of lymphocyte activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.
distal tubule development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the distal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the distal tubule is a nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the connecting tubule.
dibenzo-p-dioxin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dibenzo-p-dioxin, a substance composed of two benzene rings linked by two ether bonds. Dibenzo-p-dioxins are generated as by-products in the manufacturing of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, paper pulp bleaching, and in incineration, and can accumulate in milk and throughout the food chain, creating significant health concern.
positive regulation of notch signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.
b cell receptor transport into membrane raft The directed movement of a B cell receptor into a membrane raft.
glucocorticoid secretion The regulated release of any glucocorticoid hormone into the circulatory system. Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate a variety of physiological processes, in particular control of the concentration of glucose in blood.
dendritic cell chemotaxis The movement of a dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.
hydroxylysine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydroxylysine (5-hydroxy-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid), a chiral alpha-amino acid.
anagen The growth phase of the hair cycle. Lasts, for example, about 3 to 6 years for human scalp hair.
menstruation The cyclic, physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and endometrial tissues from the nonpregnant uterus.
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to any of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (alpha, beta or gamma) in the nuclear membrane, and ending with the initiation or termination of the transcription of target genes.
regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
retrograde transport, endosome to golgi The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.
negative regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
female genitalia morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of female genitalia are generated and organized.
sequestering of bmp from receptor via bmp binding Binding to a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in the extracellular region, and inhibiting BMP signaling by preventing BMP from binding to its cell surface receptor.
multicellular organismal macromolecule metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, large molecules including proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates, in multicellular organisms occurring at the tissue, organ, or organismal level.
lateral motor column neuron migration The orderly movement of a lateral motor column neuron from one site to another. A lateral motor column neuron is a motor neuron that is generated only on limb levels and send axons into the limb mesenchyme.
histone h3-k4 demethylation, trimethyl-h3-k4-specific The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from a trimetylated lysine at position 4 of the histone.
metaphase plate congression The alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the spindle.
regulation of cd8-positive, alpha-beta t cell extravasation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell extravasation.
cardiac muscle thin filament assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the actin-based thin filaments of myofibrils in cardiac muscle.
c-terminal protein methylation The methylation of the C-terminal amino acid of a protein.
icosanoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
multicellular organismal process Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function.
lung-associated mesenchyme development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung-associated mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung-associated mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Lung-associated mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the lung.
maintenance of protein location in t cell secretory granule A process in which a protein is maintained in a secretory granule in a T cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
phospholipid homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phospholipid within an organism or cell.
cadmium ion transport The directed movement of cadmium (Cd) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
suppression by virus of host autophagy Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host.
sphingomyelin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.
positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.
hydrogen ion transmembrane transport The directed movement of hydrogen ion (proton) across a membrane.
diet induced thermogenesis The process that results in increased metabolic rate in tissues of an organism. It is triggered by the detection of dietary excess. This process is achieved via signalling in the sympathetic nervous system.
synaptic vesicle localization Any process in which a synaptic vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
organic cyclic compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic cyclic compound.
hematopoietic or lymphoid organ development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of any organ involved in hematopoiesis (also known as hemopoiesis) or lymphoid cell activation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Such development includes differentiation of resident cell types (stromal cells) and of migratory cell types dependent on the unique microenvironment afforded by the organ for their proper differentiation.
positive regulation of macrophage chemotaxis Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.
regulation of interleukin-18 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production.
golgi calcium ion transport The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus.
negative regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD) pathway.
positive regulation of cytokine activity Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the activity of a molecule that controls the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.
establishment of protein localization to golgi The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the Golgi apparatus.
epithelial cell proliferation involved in mammary gland duct elongation The multiplication or reproduction of mammary gland branch epithelial cells, resulting in the elongation of the branch. The mammary gland branch differs from the bud in that it is not the initial curved portion of the outgrowth.
regulation of rap protein signal transduction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rap protein signal transduction.
regulation of production of sirna involved in rna interference Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of siRNA, the cleavage of double-stranded RNA to form small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) of 21-23 nucleotides, in the context of RNA interference.
protein o-linked mannosylation The transfer of mannose from dolichyl activated mannose to the hydroxyl group of a seryl or threonyl residue of a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage.
response to electrical stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus.
cellular transition metal ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of transition metal ions at the level of a cell. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.
negative regulation of mature b cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
regulation of cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
regulation of intracellular protein transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
regulation of b cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.
protein homotetramerization The formation of a protein homotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical subunits.
positive regulation of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate secretion, where glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter.
kupffer's vesicle development The progression of the Kupffer's vesicle over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The Kupffer's vesicle is a small but distinctive epithelial sac containing fluid, located midventrally posterior to the yolk cell or its extension, and transiently present during most of the segmentation period.
regulation of meiosis i Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of meiosis I, a cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the first phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two daughter cells.
myotome development The progression of the myotome over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The myotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to muscle.
regulation of vacuole fusion, non-autophagic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the fusion of two vacuole membranes to form a single vacuole.
retina vasculature development in camera-type eye The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
collagen metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).
positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.
phospholipid dephosphorylation The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphorylated lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents.
regulation of histone deacetylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.
memory t cell activation The change in morphology and behavior of a memory T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
regulation of gene silencing by mirna Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the downregulation of gene expression through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous 21-24 nucleotide small RNAs processed from stem-loop RNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), miRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: mRNA cleavage or translational repression.
dna dealkylation involved in dna repair The repair of alkylation damage, e.g. the removal of the alkyl group at the O6-position of guanine by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT).
regulation of execution phase of apoptosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
positive regulation of spindle checkpoint Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the spindle checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
endonucleolytic cleavage of tricistronic rrna transcript (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna) Endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with three genes, in this order, are produced in the nuclei of many eukaryotic species, including S. cerevisiae.
fructose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose.
mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of mammary gland epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Mammary gland epithelial cells make up the covering of surfaces of the mammary gland. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.
arginine transmembrane transport
positive regulation of cristae formation
primary prostatic bud elongation The increase in size of the prostatic bud as it forms.
modulation by symbiont of host transcription Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its host's transcription. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
urea transmembrane transport The process in which urea, the water-soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2, is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in orbitofrontal cortex development The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor-type receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, which contributes to the progression of the orbitofrontal cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state.
negative regulation of hypoxia-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hypoxia-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
neuron fate specification The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
response to morphine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a morphine stimulus. Morphine is an opioid alkaloid, isolated from opium, with a complex ring structure.
negative regulation of amniotic stem cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amniotic stem cell differentiation.
interleukin-2 production The appearance of interleukin-2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
regulation of histone h3-k9 dimethylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 dimethylation.
negative regulation of response to dna damage stimulus Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage stimulus.
establishment of mitotic spindle orientation A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.
regulation of interferon-beta secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta secretion.
positive regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.
formamide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving formamide, the simplest amide, HCONH2, derived from formic acid.
symbiont intracellular protein transport in host The directed movement of a symbiont's proteins within a cell of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
lipoate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
positive regulation of neuron projection development Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
release of matrix enzymes from mitochondria The process in which enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase, are enabled to move from the mitochondrial matrix into the cytosol, as part of the apoptotic process.
negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
nucleophagy A selective form of autophagy, by which damaged or non-essential parts of the nucleus, or even an entire nucleus is degraded.
fasciculation of motor neuron axon The collection of motor neuron axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.
regulation of hepatocyte growth factor biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hepatocyte growth factor.
negative regulation of protein deubiquitination Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of protein deubiquitination. Protein deubiquitination is the removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein.
phosphatidylcholine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.
regulation of autophagic vacuole assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic vacuole assembly.
circadian sleep/wake cycle process A behavioral process involved in the cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm.
regulation of appetite Any process which modulates appetite, the desire or physical craving for food.
conversion of ds sirna to ss sirna The process in which double-stranded small interfering RNA (ds siRNA) molecules are converted to single-stranded small interfering RNA (ss siRNA).
response to amine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
dermatan sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are dermatan sulfate (chondroitin sulfate B). Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.
positive regulation of cell migration by vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to a receptor on the surface of a cell, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the orderly movement of a cell from one site to another.
l-lysine import The directed movement of L-lysine into a cell or organelle.
2'-deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a 2'-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2'-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
transposition, dna-mediated Any process involved in a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via a DNA intermediate.
negative regulation of mrna splicing, via spliceosome Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.
negative regulation of adaptive immune response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
dihydrofolate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dihydrofolate, the dihydroxylated derivative of folate.
glutamine family amino acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
negative regulation of elastin catabolic process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of elastin catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin.
neurofilament bundle assembly The assembly of neurofilaments into bundles, in which the filaments are longitudinally oriented, with numerous crossbridges between them. Neurofilament bundles may be cross-linked to each other, to membrane-bounded organelles or other cytoskeletal structures such as microtubules.
regulation of ras protein signal transduction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.
negative regulation of fasl biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FasL.
negative regulation of t cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process.
response to ionizing radiation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.
stress-induced mitochondrial fusion Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment, as a result of a disturbance in cellular homeostasis.
regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of gram-negative bacterium Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a gram-negative bacterium, the directed killing of a gram-negative bacterium by a neutrophil.
positive regulation of cell aging Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cell aging. Cell aging is the progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan.
meiotic cell cycle Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.
epithelial cilium movement The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium of an epithelial cell. This movement is usually coordinated between many epithelial cells, and serves to move fluid.
regulation of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity.
regulation of arginine catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of arginine catabolic process.
nucleoside phosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside phosphate.
regulation of melanocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of melanocyte differentiation.
negative regulation of erk1 and erk2 cascade Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.
lamellipodium assembly involved in ameboidal cell migration Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell that contributes to the directed self propelled movement of a cell.
asymmetric golgi ribbon formation The asymmetric formation of a continuous ribbon of interconnected Golgi stacks of flat cisternae that contributes to the establishment of epithelial cell polarity.
response to progesterone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus.
negative regulation of cholesterol transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of translation in response to stress Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
n-terminal protein lipidation The covalent attachment of a lipid group to the amino terminus of a protein.
organelle assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
amino sugar catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.
telomere maintenance in response to dna damage Any process that occur in response to the presence of critically short telomeres.
regulation of b cell cytokine production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
globoside metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving globosides, globotetraosylceramides, ceramides containing a core structure of GalNAc-beta-(1->3)-Gal-alpha-(1->4)-Glc(I). Globosides are the major neutral glycosphingolipid in normal kidneys and erythrocytes.
exonucleolytic nuclear-transcribed mrna catabolic process involved in deadenylation-dependent decay The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs when the ends are not protected by the 3'-poly(A) tail.
cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin The attachment of one cell to another cell via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits.
regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.
asymmetric protein localization Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location such that it is distributed asymmetrically.
microtubule-dependent intracellular transport of viral material towards nucleus The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, towards the host cell nucleus using host microtubules.
nuclear-transcribed mrna poly(a) tail shortening Shortening of the poly(A) tail of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.
negative regulation of cell maturation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.
roundabout signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a SLIT protein to a Roundabout (ROBO) family receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
negative regulation of viral genome replication Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.
leukocyte degranulation The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules by a leukocyte.
vocalization behavior The behavior in which an organism produces sounds by a mechanism involving its respiratory system.
cellular aromatic compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells.
lymph node development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lymph nodes over time, from their formation to the mature structure. A lymph node is a round, oval, or bean shaped structure localized in clusters along the lymphatic vessels, with a distinct internal structure including specialized vasculature and B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.
regulation of alpha-beta t cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.
chemorepulsion of axon The process in which a neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a repulsive chemical cue.
regulation of glycolytic by positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
embryo implantation Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining.
cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation The process in which the structures of a neuron are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a neuron.
negative regulation of cardioblast differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
carnitine transmembrane transport The directed movement of carnitine across a membrane.
oxidative demethylation The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule, involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms in the substrate.
alanine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid.
positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic nucleotides.
positive regulation of cytoplasmic translation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.
regulation of mitochondrial translation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
postsynaptic density assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynaptic density, a region that lies adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane at excitatory synapse.
one-carbon metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states.
u6 snrna 3'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a U6 snRNA molecule.
negative regulation of g-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity.
regulation of regulated secretory pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.
regulation of telomere maintenance Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.
homoiothermy Any homoeostatic process in which an organism maintains its internal body temperature at a relatively constant value. This is achieved by using metabolic processes to counteract fluctuations in the temperature of the environment.
unidimensional cell growth The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one [spatial] dimension or along one axis, resulting in the morphogenesis of the cell.
histone h3-k27 methylation The modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 27 of the histone.
histone glutamine methylation The modification of a histone by addition of a methyl group to an glutamine residue.
positive regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.
thyroid hormone metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vascular smooth muscle cell.
interleukin-1 production The appearance of interleukin-1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
alveolar secondary septum development The progression of a secondary alveolar septum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A secondary alveolar septum is a specialized epithelium that subdivides the initial saccule.
spermatid differentiation The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
negative regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
anion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of anions within an organism or cell.
positive regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity. Calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcitriol + NADP+ + H2O.
polyubiquitinated protein transport The directed movement of polyubiquitinated proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell.
cardiolipin acyl-chain remodeling Remodeling the acyl chains of premature (de novo synthesized) cardiolipin (1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol), through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate mature cardiolipin containing high-levels of unsaturated fatty acids.
cellular response to bmp stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulus.
commitment of neuronal cell to specific neuron type in forebrain The commitment of neuronal precursor cells to become specialized types of neurons in the forebrain.
histone h3-t11 phosphorylation The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an phosphate group to a threonine residue at position 11 of the histone.
transmission of nerve impulse The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by synaptic transmission and the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron) in response to stimulation.
guanosine-containing compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanosine-containing compounds (guanosines).
regulation of microvillus length A process that modulates the length of a microvillus.
glandular epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.
heart field specification The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area in which the heart will develop.
inner medullary collecting duct development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner medullary collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The inner medullary collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that lies in the renal inner medulla.
linoleic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving linoleic acid, an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that has the molecular formula C18H32O2.
positive regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell chemotaxis.
gene expression The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter involved in kidney development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the branching morphogenesis by which the kidney progresses from its initial formation to the mature state.
lymph vessel development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lymph vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
dadp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate).
negative regulation of t cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.
dopamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-rem sleep All sleep stages in the circadian sleep/wake cycle other than REM sleep. These stages are characterized by a slowing of brain waves and other physiological functions.
pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
mitotic g1/s transition checkpoint A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G1 to S phase as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
regulation of neurotrophin production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a neurotrophin.
phosphate-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.
positive regulation of extracellular matrix assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.
positive regulation of b cell chemotaxis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell chemotaxis.
muscle fiber development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In skeletal muscle, fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.
dna damage checkpoint A cell cycle checkpoint that regulates progression through the cell cycle in response to DNA damage. A DNA damage checkpoint may blocks cell cycle progression (in G1, G2 or metaphase) or slow the rate at which S phase proceeds.
negative regulation of gtpase activity Any process that stops or reduces the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase.
purine deoxyribonucleoside catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
molybdenum incorporation into molybdenum-molybdopterin complex The incorporation of molybdenum into a molybdenum-molybdopterin complex.
regulation of collagen catabolic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
regulation of epidermal cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.
protein side chain deglutamylation The removal of a glutamate residue from the side chain of a protein. Glutamate side chains are added to glutamic acid residues within the primary protein sequence during polyglutamylation.
dendritic cell dendrite assembly Formation of dendrites, branched cellular projections (or cytoplasmic extension) that are extended from the surface of a dendritic immune cell, and which enable the cell to sample luminal pathogens and increase the surface area for antigen presentation to T cells.
submandibular salivary gland formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a submandibular salivary gland. This process begins with a thickening of the epithelium next to the tongue and ends when a bud linked to the oral surface is formed.
zinc ion transport The directed movement of zinc (Zn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation.
regulation of response to alcohol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to alcohol.
cerebellar purkinje cell-granule cell precursor cell signaling involved in regulation of granule cell precursor cell proliferation The process that mediates the transfer of information from Purkinje cells to granule cell precursors resulting in an increase in rate of granule cell precursor cell proliferation.
protein glycosylation A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.
steroid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat1 protein Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat1 protein.
regulation of heart morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart morphogenesis.
pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
recycling endosome to golgi transport The directed movement of substances from recycling endosomes to the Golgi.
regulation of aldosterone metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.
cell-cell signaling involved in metanephros development Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
mrna cis splicing, via spliceosome The joining together, after removal of an intervening sequence composed of one or more introns, of two segments of the same RNA molecule via spliceosomal catalysis to produce an mRNA composed only of exon sequences that all came from the same primary transcript.
rhombomere 5 formation The process that gives rise to rhombomere 5. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
regulation of sprouting angiogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.
meiotic dna integrity checkpoint A meiotic cell cycle process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and ends with signal transduction.
negative regulation of sterol transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
septum primum development The progression of the septum primum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
dna-templated transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription.
centrosome cycle The cell cycle process in which centrosome duplication and separation takes place. The centrosome cycle can operate with a considerable degree of independence from other processes of the cell cycle.
cellular response to trichostatin a Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a trichostatin A stimulus.
transcriptional activation by promoter-enhancer looping The formation and maintenance of DNA loops that juxtapose the promoter and enhancer regions of RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes and activate transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of epithelial cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
protein import into mitochondrial inner membrane The process comprising the import of proteins into the mitochondrion from outside the organelle and their insertion into the mitochondrial inner membrane. The translocase of the outer membrane complex mediates the passage of these proteins across the outer membrane, after which they are guided by either of two inner membrane translocase complexes into their final destination in the inner membrane.
positive regulation of mda-5 signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MDA-5 signaling pathway.
regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity A process that modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers.
dolichyl diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichyl diphosphate, a diphosphorylated dolichol derivative.
negative regulation of chronic inflammatory response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
protein localization to organelle A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle.
positive regulation of lymphocyte anergy Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
rac protein signal transduction A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rac family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.
aromatic compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.
negative regulation of type iv hypersensitivity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway involved in primitive streak formation A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the formation of the primitive streak.
embryonic lung development The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
quorum sensing The process in which single-celled organisms monitor their population density by detecting the concentration of small, diffusible signal molecules produced by the cells themselves.
negative regulation of hormone biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.
positive regulation of mononuclear cell migration Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
negative regulation of protein secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.
defense response to virus Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism.
positive regulation of i-kappab kinase/nf-kappab signaling Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling.
hydrogen peroxide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
neuron fate commitment The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron.
negative regulation of dna repair Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.
synapse assembly involved in innervation The assembly of a synapse within a target tissue in which a nerve is invading.
cellular modified amino acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
proprioception involved in equilibrioception The series of events contributing to equilibrioception by which an organism senses the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. Proprioception plays an important role in the ability of an organism to perceive its orientation with respect to gravity.
prevention of polyspermy The negative regulation of fertilization process that takes place as part of egg activation, ensuring that only a single sperm fertilizes the egg.
dna topological change The process in which a transformation is induced in the topological structure of a double-stranded DNA helix, resulting in a change in linking number.
negative regulation by host of viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity The process in which an organism effects a change in symbiont exo-alpha-sialidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein.
regulation of nuclear-transcribed mrna catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.
tyrosine phosphorylation of stat5 protein The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein.
negative regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha.
regulation of cardiac muscle cell contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell contraction.
purine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
dendrite extension Long distance growth of a single dendrite involved in cellular development.
negative regulation of vasculogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.
prenylation The covalent attachment of a prenyl group to a molecule; geranyl, farnesyl, or geranylgeranyl groups may be added.
intracellular signal transduction The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.
catechol-containing compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.
peptidyl-arginine methylation The addition of a methyl group to an arginine residue in a protein.
positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
cocaine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving cocaine, an alkaloid obtained from the dried leaves of the shrub Erythroxylon coca. It is a cerebral stimulant and narcotic.
cell gliding Cell motility that results in the smooth movement of a cell along a solid surface.
negative regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
immune response-inhibiting signal transduction The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to inhibition of an immune response.
glial cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others.
glycolipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).
canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac neural crest cell differentiation involved in heart development The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in cardiac neural crest cell differentiation.
endothelial tube morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an endothelium. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.
regulation of organ growth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.
positive regulation of translational termination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.
hypothalamic tangential migration using cell-axon interactions The movement of a hypothalamic neuronal precursor tangentially through the forebrain using an interaction of the migrating cells with axons of other neurons.
response to ammonium ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium ion stimulus.
negative regulation of receptor catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor catabolic process.
bone maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for bone to attain its fully functional state.
negative regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.
netrin-activated signaling pathway A series of molecular events initiated by the binding of a netrin protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Netrins can act as chemoattractant signals for some cells and chemorepellent signals for others. Netrins also have roles outside of cell and axon guidance.
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
sugar mediated signaling pathway The process in which a change in the level of a mono- or disaccharide such as glucose, fructose or sucrose triggers the expression of genes controlling metabolic and developmental processes.
mitotic dna damage checkpoint A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression through the cell cycle in response to DNA damage.
leukotriene a4 metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene A4.
regulation of muscle tissue development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.
cellular response to salt stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.
negative regulation of transcription initiation from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
triglyceride acyl-chain remodeling Remodeling the acyl chains of triacylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate triacylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.
mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.
trivalent inorganic cation transport The directed movement of inorganic cations with a valency of three into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
p38mapk cascade An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a p38 MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
regulation of membrane depolarization during action potential Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of membrane depolarization during an action potential. Membrane depolarization is the process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential.
somatostatin signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the peptide somatostatin (SST) binding to a somatostatin receptor (SSTR). The pathway proceeds with the receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 beta from a cell.
exocytosis A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process in which most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells.
postreplication repair The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication. Includes pathways that remove replication-blocking lesions in conjunction with DNA replication.
glomerular mesangial cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the glomerular mesangial cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
epidermal growth factor-activated receptor transactivation by g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway The process in which an epidermal growth factor-activated receptor is activated via signaling events from a G-protein coupled receptor. This is an example of cross-talk between the EGF and GPCR signaling pathways.
regulation of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity: catalysis of the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate.
positive regulation of interleukin-5 secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-5 secretion.
positive regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
primary sex determination, germ-line The transmission of information about sexual status, from the initial general determination, to signals specific to the germ-line.
regulation of lymphotoxin a biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cytokine lymphotoxin A.
modulation by virus of host apoptotic process Any process in which a virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptosis of infected host cells.
nitrate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nitrates, inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid.
negative regulation of nervous system development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.
histone h4-k12 acetylation The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 12 of the histone.
negative regulation of constitutive secretory pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of constitutive secretory pathway.
negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.
motor neuron axon guidance The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
positive regulation of cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
deoxyribonucleoside metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
positive regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.
positive regulation of protein glycosylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the glycosylation of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.
aldosterone secretion The regulated release of aldosterone into the circulatory system. Aldosterone is a pregnane-based steroid hormone produced by the outer-section (zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland, and acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney to cause the conservation of sodium, secretion of potassium, increased water retention, and increased blood pressure. The overall effect of aldosterone is to increase reabsorption of ions and water in the kidney.
regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring.
interleukin-18 production The appearance of interleukin-18 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
relaxation of smooth muscle A process in which the extent of smooth muscle contraction is reduced. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.
short-chain fatty acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.
cellular response to follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.
negative regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.
detection of stimulus The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal.
otic vesicle morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the otic vesicle are generated and organized. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.
triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle clearance The process in which a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
prostanoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostanoids, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure.
negative regulation of cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus.
carotid body glomus cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a glomus cell of the carotid body. The carotid body is a specialized chemosensory organ that helps respond to hypoxia.
rrna processing Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules.
regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development.
nucleus accumbens development The progression of the nucleus accumbens over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The nucleus accumbens is a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia.
positive regulation of glomerulus development Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of glomerulus development, the progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.
regulation of icosanoid secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell.
regulation of cellular protein localization
regulation of homologous chromosome segregation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of homologous chromosome segregation, the cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.
response to inactivity Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inactivity stimulus.
dct cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the distal convoluted tubule cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
positive regulation of rho protein signal transduction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.
mrna pseudouridine synthesis The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in an mRNA molecule.
regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
regulation of myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis.
positive regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane
regulation of cell development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
positive regulation of macrophage apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage apoptotic process.
cell adhesion molecule production The appearance of a cell adhesion molecule due to biosynthesis or secretion.
regulation of fatty acid transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.
negative regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.
positive regulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
mrna transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter.
negative regulation of adenosine receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
regulation of single-species biofilm formation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation.
neural plate axis specification The pattern specification process in which the axes of the nervous system are established.
microtubule nucleation The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation).
regulation of complement-dependent cytotoxicity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement-dependent cytotoxicity.
positive regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion Any process that increases the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained during a mitotic cell cycle.
peptide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. This may include the translation of a precursor protein and its subsequent processing into a functional peptide.
jnk cascade An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a JNK (a MAPK), a JNKK (a MAPKK) and a JUN3K (a MAP3K). The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
positive regulation of locomotion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
daunorubicin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving daunorubicin, a chemotherapeutic of the anthracycline family that is given as a treatment for some types of cancer.
metallo-sulfur cluster assembly The incorporation of a metal and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster.
replication fork arrest Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication by impeding the progress of the DNA replication fork.
osteoblast fate commitment The commitment of mesenchymal cells to the specific cell fate of an osteoblast. An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.
cellular amino acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
proepicardium development The progression of the proepicardium from its formation to the mature structure. The proepicardium is an outpouching of the septum transversum.
rhombomere 3 formation The process that gives rise to rhombomere 3. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
srp-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, signal sequence recognition The process in which SRP binds to the signal peptide in a nascent protein, causing protein elongation to pause, during cotranslational membrane targeting.
cellular response to fatty acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fatty acid stimulus.
cytolysis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction The killing by an organism of a cell in a second organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
sensory organ boundary specification The process in which boundaries between a sensory organ and the surrounding tissue are established and maintained.
tolerance induction A process that directly activates any of the steps required for tolerance, a physiologic state in which the immune system does not react destructively against the components of an organism that harbors it or against antigens that are introduced to it.
kinetochore organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.
nitric oxide storage The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide is stored in the form of dinitrosyl-iron complexes, which are stabilized, and possibly sequestered, by binding to glutathione S-transferase proteins.
histamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
signal transduction involved in g2 dna damage checkpoint A signal transduction process that contributes to a G2/M transition DNA damage checkpoint.
maternal process involved in parturition A reproductive process occurring in the mother that results in birth.
positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.
regulation of metanephric ureteric bud development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric ureteric bud development.
triglyceride mobilization The release of triglycerides, any triester of glycerol, from storage within cells or tissues, making them available for metabolism.
regulation of neutrophil activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.
metanephric descending thin limb development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric descending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric descending thin limb is a part of the metanephric loop of Henle situated just after the proximal straight tubule (S3). It extends to the tip of the metanephric loop of Henle.
inner cell mass cellular morphogenesis The morphogenesis of cells in the inner cell mass.
regulation of fat cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.
positive regulation of hepatocyte proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte proliferation.
negative regulation of telomerase activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme telomerase, which catalyzes of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).
cell junction organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.
behavioral response to starvation Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of deprivation of nourishment.
regulation of phospholipase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.
response to hydroxyurea Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyurea stimulus.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
leukocyte mediated immunity Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.
isocitrate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving isocitrate, the anion of isocitric acid, 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid. Isocitrate is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glycoxylate cycle.
regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
penile erection The hardening, enlarging and rising of the penis which often occurs in the sexually aroused male and enables sexual intercourse. Achieved by increased inflow of blood into the vessels of erectile tissue, and decreased outflow.
membrane depolarization during action potential The process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.
regulation of lamellipodium organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium organization.
positive regulation of phospholipid metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid metabolic process.
proteasomal ubiquitin-independent protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome but do not involve ubiquitin.
positive regulation of phospholipase c-activating g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway.
negative regulation of coagulation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation.
fatty acid derivative transport The directed movement of a fatty acid derivative into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
carbon catabolite activation of transcription A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to an increase in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.
toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 5.
2-oxobutyrate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2-oxobutyrate, the anion of the organic acid 2-oxobutyric acid, which contains a ketone group on carbon 2.
positive regulation of dna-templated transcription, initiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.
purine-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.
multicellular organismal aging An aging process that has as participant a whole multicellular organism. Multicellular organism aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Multicellular organisms aging includes processes like cellular senescence and organ senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death (GO:0016265) of an organism and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700).
sensory perception of mechanical stimulus The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
regulation of protein transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
compartment pattern specification The regionalization process in which embryonic segments are divided into compartments that will result in differences in cell differentiation.
regulation of mitotic cell cycle Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle.
glycerol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.
cellular developmental process A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
negative regulation of rho protein signal transduction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.
hexose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
smooth muscle hypertrophy The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of its smooth muscle cells without cell division. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development, and can also occur in mature structures on demand. In the uterus, smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy.
positive regulation of collateral sprouting Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting.
negative regulation of wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification.
regulation of neurotransmitter secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell.
positive regulation of mitochondrial dna replication Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.
positive regulation of binding Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
twitch skeletal muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within twitch skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The twitch skeletal muscle responds to neurostimulations with a contraction followed by a relaxation.
positive regulation of multicellular organismal process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, any of the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
stress-induced premature senescence A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to environmental factors such as hydrogen peroxide or X-rays.
polysaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
maintenance of mitochondrion location Any process in which a mitochondrion is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
phosphatidylserine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. They are important constituents of cell membranes.
milk ejection An automatic response to suckling, beginning with a nerve impulse from a receptor in the mammary gland and ending with the ejection of milk from the gland. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness.
facial nucleus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the facial nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
response to lipopolysaccharide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.
porphyrin-containing compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.
anion transport The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, nadh to ubiquinone Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone.
intracellular mrna localization Any process in which mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
cell maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state.
acyl carnitine transport The directed movement of acyl carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.
regulation of biological quality Any process that modulates a qualitative or quantitative trait of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc.
adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate transmembrane transport The directed movement of adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate across a membrane into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
protein polyglutamylation The addition of one or more alpha-linked glutamyl units to the gamma carboxyl group of peptidyl-glutamic acid.
dna strand elongation involved in dna replication The process in which a DNA strand is synthesized from template DNA during replication by the action of polymerases, which add nucleotides to the 3' end of the nascent DNA strand.
xenobiotic transport The directed movement of a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to living organisms, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
b cell lineage commitment The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell.
oviduct epithelium development The progression of the oviduct epithelium over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. The oviduct epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the oviduct.
positive regulation of triglyceride biosynthetic process Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
radial glial cell differentiation The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the brain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
leukocyte adhesive activation The activation of loosely bound or rolling leukocytes by signals displayed on blood vessel endothelial cells, which is typically the second step in cellular extravasation.
dna geometric change The process in which a transformation is induced in the geometry of a DNA double helix, resulting in a change in twist, writhe, or both, but with no change in linking number. Includes the unwinding of double-stranded DNA by helicases.
regulation of lymphocyte migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.
positive regulation of muscle tissue development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.
regulation of signaling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
pituitary gland development The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands.
assembly of actomyosin apparatus involved in cytokinesis The assembly and arrangement of an apparatus composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.
regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of bacterium Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a bacterium, the directed killing of a bacterium by a neutrophil.
unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
positive regulation of metanephric ureteric bud development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric ureteric bud development.
zonula adherens assembly Assembly of the zonula adherens, a cell-cell adherens junction which forms a continuous belt near the apex of epithelial cells.
smooth muscle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary.
cellular component morphogenesis The process in which cellular structures, including whole cells or cell parts, are generated and organized.
neutral amino acid transport The directed movement of neutral amino acids, amino acids with no net charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
glucocorticoid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.
positive regulation of protein monoubiquitination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein monoubiquitination.
golgi reassembly The reformation of the Golgi following its breakdown and partitioning contributing Golgi inheritance.
positive regulation of neurotrophin trk receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.
nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on DNA to form the multiprotein complex involved in damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at the site of DNA damage. This assembly occurs before the phosphodiester backbone of the damaged strand is cleaved 3' and 5' of the site of DNA damage.
behavioral fear response An acute behavioral change resulting from a perceived external threat.
cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, carried out by individual cells.
calcium ion export The directed movement of calcium ion out of a cell or organelle.
urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary bladder. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary bladder is a musculomembranous sac along the urinary tract.
negative regulation of prostatic bud formation Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of prostatic bud formation, the morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.
regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine biosynthetic process.
t cell selection The process in which T cells that express T cell receptors that are restricted by self MHC protein complexes and tolerant to self antigens are selected for further maturation.
atrial cardiac muscle cell to av node cell communication The process that mediates interactions between an atrial cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the atrial cardiomyocyte communicating with an AV node cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
negative regulation of t cell mediated cytotoxicity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
positive regulation of collagen metabolic process Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
negative regulation of response to wounding Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.
growth factor dependent regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell proliferation; dependent on specific growth factor activity such as fibroblast growth factors and transforming growth factor beta.
mesenchymal smoothened signaling pathway involved in prostate gland development The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane Smoothened-type protein in the mesenchymal cells of the prostate that contribute to the progression of the prostate over time. This process contributes to lung development.
positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of dopamine into a cell.
regulation of wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway.
proteoglycan catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
melanosome localization Any process in which a melanosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat1 protein Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat1 protein.
aging A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death (GO:0016265) and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700).
regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids.
multi-organism membrane organization A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane, involving more than one organism.
meiotic spindle midzone assembly The formation of the spindle midzone, the area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap, as a part of the process of meiosis.
dudp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dUDP, deoxyuridine (5'-)diphosphate.
regulation of osteoclast differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.
mast cell mediated immunity Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a mast cell.
arginine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.
positive regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.
regulation of jnk cascade Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.
insemination The introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female.
alanyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
cleavage furrow formation Generation of the cleavage furrow, a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate that marks the site of cytokinesis. This process includes the recruitment and localized activation of signals such as RhoA at the site of the future furrow to ensure that furrowing initiates at the correct site in the cell.
positive regulation of insulin secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.
glomerular basement membrane development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular basement membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular basement membrane is the basal laminal portion of the glomerulus which performs the actual filtration.
positive regulation of response to cytokine stimulus Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.
septin cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising septin complexes and their associated proteins.
oligodendrocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.
negative regulation of interleukin-6 secretion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-6 secretion.
amino-acid betaine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.
branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.
negative regulation of mucus secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.
histone h3-r2 demethylation The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from arginine at position 2 of the histone.
isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate pathway The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, via the intermediate mevalonate. This pathway converts acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), the fundamental unit in isoprenoid biosynthesis, through a series of mevalonate intermediates.
acetoacetic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetoacetic acid, 3-oxobutanoic acid; the empirical formula is C4H6O3 or CH3COCH2COOH.
positive regulation of granulocyte chemotaxis Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of granulocyte chemotaxis. Granulocyte chemotaxis is the movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.
regulation of tumor necrosis factor production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.
methionine transport The directed movement of methionine, 2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
synaptic vesicle uncoating The removal of the protein coat on a synaptic vesicle.
disruption by host of symbiont cells Any process in which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the symbiont's cells. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
medium-chain fatty acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
negative regulation of barbed-end actin filament capping Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of barbed-end actin filament capping.
negative regulation of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of male germ cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation.
negative regulation of thioredoxin peroxidase activity by peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation A peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation that results in negative regulation of thioredoxin peroxidase activity.
t cell secretory granule organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule in a T cell. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.
negative regulation of cholesterol transporter activity Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol transporter activity.
regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.
natural killer cell degranulation The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as perforin and granzymes by a natural killer cell.
metanephric mesenchyme development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of metanephric mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros.
regulation of acetyl-coa biosynthetic process from pyruvate Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate.
cell cycle process The cellular process that ensures successive accurate and complete genome replication and chromosome segregation.
regulation of cellular component movement Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component.
regulation of non-canonical wnt signaling pathway via jnk cascade Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway via JNK cascade.
lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Lipopolysaccharides are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system.
t cell antigen processing and presentation The process in which a T cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
glomerulus vasculature development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerulus vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the glomerulus vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the glomerulus.
thioester biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a thioester, a compound of general formula RC(=O)SR' in which the linking oxygen in an ester is replaced by a sulfur atom. They are the product of esterification between a carboxylic acid and a thiol.
regulation of granzyme b production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granzyme B.
kinin cascade A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell that occur as a result of by-products of tissue damage, including collagen, cartilage, and basement membrane. The ultimate product of the kinin cascade include kallidin and bradykinin, agents known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability.
mrna splicing, via spliceosome The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.
negative regulation of centriole elongation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centriole elongation.
positive regulation of b cell receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.
negative regulation of cyclic nucleotide catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic nucleotides.
avoidance of host defenses Any process, either constitutive or induced, by which an organism evades, suppresses or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defense(s). Host defenses may be induced by the presence of the organism or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
endothelial cell-cell adhesion The attachment of an endothelial cell to another endothelial cell via adhesion molecules.
gpi anchor release The GPI anchor metabolic process that results in enzymatic cleavage of the anchor, releasing an anchored protein from the membrane.
epithelial cilium movement involved in determination of left/right asymmetry The movement of cilia of epithelial cells resulting in the transport of signals which determine asymmetry in an organism's body plan with respect to the left and right halves.
hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hematopoietic stem cells within a population of cells.
positive regulation of histone h4-k16 acetylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone H4-K16 acetylation.
lipoxin b4 biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoxin B4. Lipoxin B4 is a C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (14R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (6E)- (8Z)-, (10E)- and (12E)-double bonds.
response to camptothecin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a camptothecin stimulus.
positive regulation of dna metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
positive regulation of cell junction assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.
digestive tract morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.
long term synaptic depression A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the decrease in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.
regulation of interleukin-23 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-23 production.
regulation of sequestering of triglyceride Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
regulation of cell fate specification Any process that mediates the adoption of a specific fate by a cell.
negative regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation The process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation.
neutrophil mediated killing of fungus The directed killing of a fungal cell by a neutrophil.
glycerol ether biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.
regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the growth hormone receptor signaling pathway. The growth hormone receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.
udp-d-xylose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-xylose, uridinediphosphoxylose, a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
regulation of blood circulation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.
cardiac muscle tissue growth involved in heart morphogenesis The developmental growth of cardiac muscle tissue that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
response to transforming growth factor beta Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus.
regulation of oocyte development Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
superoxide anion generation The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways.
granulosa cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a granulosa cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a granulosa cell fate.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter involved in mesonephros development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the mesonephros progressing from its initial formation to the mature state.
hindgut morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized.
positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.
endothelial cell migration The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
negative regulation of protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion.
positive regulation of cell adhesion molecule production Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.
negative regulation of rna metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.
kidney development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
female mating behavior The specific behavior of a female organism that is associated with reproduction.
regulation of glycolytic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.
trabecula formation The process of creating a trabecula in an organ. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.
leukotriene biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.
regulation of histone h2a k63-linked ubiquitination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H2A K63-linked ubiquitination.
negative regulation of growth of symbiont on or near host surface Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the increase in the symbiont's size or mass on or near the cells or tissues of the host organism.
cd8-positive, alpha-beta t cell activation The change in morphology and behavior of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
fatty acid elongation, unsaturated fatty acid Elongation of a fatty acid chain into which one or more C-C double bonds have been introduced.
arginine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.
positive regulation of interleukin-1 biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1.
negative regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion.
regulation of dna-templated transcription, termination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent, or location of DNA-templated transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.
somatic recombination of t cell receptor gene segments The process in which T cell receptor genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as T cell receptor gene segments.
cell fate specification involved in pattern specification The process involved in the specification of the identity of a cell in a field of cells that is being instructed as to how to differentiate. Once specification has taken place, that cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.
regulation of immune complex clearance by monocytes and macrophages Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process of immune complex clearance by monocytes or macrophages.
isg15-protein conjugation The covalent addition to a protein of ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein.
regulation of camp catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
regulation of activation-induced cell death of t cells Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of activation-induced cell death of T cells.
rna 5'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an RNA molecule.
pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.
intestinal epithelial structure maintenance A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium.
positive regulation of lens epithelial cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lens epithelial cell proliferation.
bronchiole development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchiole from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchiole and ends with the mature structure. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi.
cellular response to mercury ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mercury ion stimulus.
retinoic acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.
toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 7.
ventricular cardiac muscle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The ventricle is the part of the heart that pumps blood out of the organ.
osteoclast fusion The plasma membrane fusion process that results in fusion of mononuclear osteoclasts to form a multinuclear osteoclast.
maintenance of protein location in plasma membrane Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in the plasma membrane, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.
neutrophil aggregation The adhesion of one neutrophil to one or more other neutrophils via adhesion molecules.
positive regulation of glucocorticoid secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid secretion.
apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure.
regulation of timing of cell differentiation The process controlling the activation and/or rate at which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized features. Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the XXX at a consistent predetermined time point during its development.
response to light intensity Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light intensity stimulus.
single-organism nuclear import A nuclear import which involves only one organism.
spinal cord motor neuron cell fate specification The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a motor neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.
golgi to vacuole transport The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the vacuole.
regulation of viral process Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts.
response to nitrosative stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrosative stress stimulus. Nitrosative stress is a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions.
lung neuroendocrine cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the lung epithelium.
cellular response to interleukin-18 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-18 stimulus.
regulation of heterochromatin assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or location of heterochromatin formation.
negative regulation of heart rate Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of heart contraction.
cellular response to interleukin-13 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-13 stimulus.
specification of organ identity The regionalization process in which the identity of an organ primordium is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
histidine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
negative regulation of interleukin-12 production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.
negative regulation of wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
cristae formation The assembly of cristae, the inwards folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
early endosome to recycling endosome transport The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the recycling endosomes.
metanephros development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to hypoxia Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus.
cellular response to radiation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.
positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.
plasma cell differentiation The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a plasma cell. A plasma cell is a lymphocyte which develops from a B cell and produces high amounts of antibody.
leukemia inhibitory factor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of leukemia inhibitory factor to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
regulation of sensory perception of pain Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.
positive regulation of viral process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.
floor plate development The progression of the floor plate over time from its initial formation until its mature state.
presynaptic membrane organization The maintenance of membrane composition in a presynaptic membrane, a specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction.
negative regulation of nodal signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nodal signaling pathway.
positive regulation of cell-matrix adhesion Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to an extracellular matrix.
brain morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the brain are generated and organized. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).
negative regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell proliferation.
positive regulation of protein autoubiquitination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein autoubiquitination.
regulation of production of mirnas involved in gene silencing by mirna
dna excision The removal of a section of DNA from a larger DNA molecule by the making of dual incisions that flank the section to be excised.
virus maturation The refolding and structural rearrangements of virion parts to transition from the intermediate virion to the more mature virion. Maturation usually involves proteolysis events and changes in the folding of the virion proteins. Can occur inside the host cell or after release.
movement in host environment The directed movement of an organism or motile cell on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
calcium-mediated signaling using intracellular calcium source A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions released from an intracellular store to convert a signal into a response.
cellular response to atp Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus.
p granule organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of polar granules, cytoplasmic, non-membranous RNA/protein complex aggregates in the primordial germ cells of many higher eukaryotes.
regulation of cell cycle phase transition Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.
g1 to g0 transition involved in cell differentiation A cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters G0 phase, in the context of cell differentiation.
apolipoprotein a-i-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of apolipoprotein A-I to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antimicrobial peptide. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter involved in somatic motor neuron fate commitment Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the commitment of spinal cord motor neurons to specific motor neuron types along the anterior-posterior axis.
positive regulation of interleukin-6 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.
peptide antigen stabilization Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a peptide antigen and preventing it from being degraded.
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, gabaergic Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter involved in smooth muscle cell differentiation Any negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that is involved in smooth muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of lysosomal lumen ph Any process that modulates the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of ubiquitin-specific protease activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-specific protease (deubiquitinase) activity.
regulation of mrna splicing, via spliceosome Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.
gap junction assembly Assembly of gap junctions, which are found in most animal tissues, and serve as direct connections between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. They provide open channels through the plasma membrane, allowing ions and small molecules (less than approximately a thousand daltons) to diffuse freely between neighboring cells, but preventing the passage of proteins and nucleic acids.
protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity The process of protecting a cell from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.
cellular response to gonadotropin stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin stimulus.
s-adenosylhomocysteine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of S-adenosylhomocysteine, forming homocysteine and then methionine.
positive regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
negative regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via electrical coupling. Cell communication via electrical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
peptidyl-serine autophosphorylation The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own serine amino acid residues, or a serine residue on an identical protein.
positive regulation of antral ovarian follicle growth Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antral ovarian follicle growth.
positive regulation of dna repair Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.
histone h4-k20 trimethylation The modification of histone H4 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 20 of the histone.
thiamine diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.
fas signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to the receptor Fas on the surface of the cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Fas is a death domain-containing member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily.
cellular response to manganese ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus.
wnt signaling pathway involved in forebrain neuroblast division The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to the self renewal of neuroblasts in the forebrain.
inner ear receptor cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an inner ear receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
calcitonin catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the peptide calcitonin.
negative regulation of rna catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA catabolic process.
positive regulation of mhc class ii biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.
saturated monocarboxylic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving saturated monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-) and fully saturated C-C bonds.
regulation of transcription, dna-templated Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
centriole-centriole cohesion The process in which the two centrioles within a centrosome remain tightly paired.
autocrine signaling Signaling between cells of the same type. The signal produced by the signaling cell binds to a receptor on, and affects a cell of the same type.
response to magnetism Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnetic stimulus.
positive regulation of phosphate transmembrane transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport.
positive regulation of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity Any process that increases the rate or frequency of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reactions: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate, and 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.
positive regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
embryo development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.
single-multicellular organism process A biological process occurring within a single, multicellular organism.
response to gold nanoparticle Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gold nanoparticle stimulus.
negative regulation of leukocyte activation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
hepatic duct development The progression of the hepatic duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepatic duct is the duct that leads from the liver to the common bile duct.
cytidine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside.
renal sodium ion absorption A renal system process in which sodium ions are taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures.
activation of phospholipase d activity Any process that initiates the activity of inactive phospholipase D.
regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of osteoblast proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.
g-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals initiated by an acetylcholine receptor on the surface of the target cell binding to one of its physiological ligands, and proceeding with the activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
positive regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.
polarity specification of anterior/posterior axis Any process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the anterior/posterior axis.
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting g-protein coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled glutamate receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
positive regulation of transmembrane transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
axonemal dynein complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein complex, a dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella, in which the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion.
mycotoxin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a mycotoxin, any poisonous substance produced by a fungus.
positive regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proteasomal protein catabolic process.
response to lithium ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.
ureteric bud elongation The developmental growth in which the ureteric bud grows along its axis beginning with the growth of the primary ureteric bud and ending when the branches of the bud have elongated.
positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue regeneration Any process that activates or increase the rate of skeletal muscle regeneration.
negative regulation of atp citrate synthase activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP citrate synthase activity.
negative regulation of gap junction assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gap junction assembly.
n-terminal peptidyl-methionine acetylation The acetylation of the N-terminal methionine of proteins to form the derivative N-acetyl-L-methionine.
response to zinc ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus.
positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.
lagging strand elongation The synthesis of DNA from a template strand in a net 3' to 5' direction. Lagging strand DNA elongation proceeds by discontinuous synthesis of short stretches of DNA, known as Okazaki fragments, from RNA primers; these fragments are then joined by DNA ligase. Although each segment of nascent DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, the overall direction of lagging strand synthesis is 3' to 5', mirroring the progress of the replication fork.
negative regulation of the force of heart contraction Any process that decreases the force of heart muscle contraction.
response to hyperoxia Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension.
positive regulation of double-strand break repair Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair.
wax metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving wax, a compound containing C16 and C18 fatty acids.
regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
dorsal aorta morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the dorsal aorta are generated and organized. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once.
positive regulation of extracellular matrix organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.
negative regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.
skeletal muscle fiber differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle fiber cell. Skeletal muscle fiber differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual skeletal muscle fibers fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract.
atp transport The directed movement of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of protein exit from endoplasmic reticulum Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.
cranial nerve development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cranial nerves over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
negative regulation of defense response to bacterium Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.
regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis.
v(d)j recombination The process in which immune receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific receptor, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).
regulation of centriole-centriole cohesion Any process that modulates the extent to which the two centrioles within a centrosome remain tightly paired; may be mediated by the assembly and disassembly of a proteinaceous linker.
regulation of neutrophil differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil differentiation.
regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.
actin nucleation The initial step in the formation of an actin filament, in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament. Nucleation is slow relative to the subsequent addition of more monomers to extend the filament.
trna 3'-terminal cca addition Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
voluntary skeletal muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within voluntary skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the voluntary skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and it is under voluntary control. Voluntary skeletal muscle is skeletal muscle that is under conscious control.
detection of hypoxic conditions in blood by carotid body chemoreceptor signaling The process in which information about a lack of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies.
trivalent inorganic anion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of trivalent inorganic anions within an organism or cell.
regulation of aldosterone secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aldosterone secretion.
negative regulation of t cell differentiation in thymus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.
hyperosmotic response Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.
indolalkylamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.
keratinization The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns.
negative regulation of vitamin d biosynthetic process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).
positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.
regulation of synaptic transmission, gabaergic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
purine deoxyribonucleoside metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
clara cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a Clara cell. A Clara cell is an unciliated epithelial cell found in the respiratory and terminal bronchioles.
intestinal epithelial cell maturation The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine mature as they migrate from the intestinal crypt to the villus.
substrate-dependent cell migration, cell extension The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell.
oxidative single-stranded dna demethylation Removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a single-stranded DNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.
cellular response to lithium ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.
mesonephric duct formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric duct. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros.
negative regulation of histone h3-k27 acetylation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K27 acetylation.
negative regulation of posttranscriptional gene silencing Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.
negative regulation of cell cycle g2/m phase transition Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle G2/M phase transition.
negative regulation of bone trabecula formation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone trabecula formation.
cellular response to menadione Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a menadione stimulus. Menadione (also called vitamin K3) is a naphthoquinone having a methyl substituent at the 2-position.
intraspecies interaction between organisms Any process in which an organism has an effect on an organism of the same species.
positive regulation of nucleotide metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.
regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
righting reflex A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position.
cellular response to chemical stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.
histone h3-s10 phosphorylation involved in chromosome condensation Any histone H3-S10 phosphorylation that is involved in chromosome condensation.
positive regulation of metanephric dct cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric DCT cell differentiation.
negative regulation of neutrophil migration Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.
cytokine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity.
positive regulation of histone h3-k9 trimethylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 trimethylation.
fad transmembrane transport The process in which flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. FAD forms the coenzyme of the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in which it functions as an electron acceptor by being reversibly converted to its reduced form.
cuticle development The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cuticle, the outer layer of some animals and plants, which acts to prevent water loss.
regulation of nk t cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell differentiation.
regulation of rig-i signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) RIG-1 (also known as DDX58) binding to viral RNA.
regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.
cellular biogenic amine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the breakdown of biogenic amines, any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
positive regulation of calcium-transporting atpase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-transporting ATPase activity.
mammary gland bud formation The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from the mammary placode. A mammary bud is bulb of epithelial cells that is distinct from the surrounding epidermis.
primary mirna processing Any process involved in the conversion of a primary microRNA transcript into a pre-microRNA molecule.
positive regulation of ligase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.
vasodilation by angiotensin involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure The process that increases the size of a blood vessel via the renin-angiotensin system.
negative regulation of myoblast differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
terpenoid transport The directed movement of terpenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Terpenoids are a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and include derivatives with various functional groups.
positive regulation of heart rate Any process that activates or increases the frequency or rate of heart contraction.
regulation of immunoglobulin secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of immunoglobulins from a cell.
neuromuscular synaptic transmission The process of communication from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse.
l-histidine transport The directed movement of a L-histidine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.
pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
cellular pigmentation The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in a cell.
positive regulation of mitochondrion degradation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation.
regulation of ion transmembrane transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
choline metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
regulation of t cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.
protein localization to ciliary membrane A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary membrane.
nephron tubule development The progression of a nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.
negative regulation of heat generation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of heat generation.
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.
nuclear polyadenylation-dependent trna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways occurring in the nucleus and resulting in the breakdown of an aberrant or incorrectly modified transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target tRNA.
lung proximal/distal axis specification The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the lung. The proximal/distal axis of the lung is defined by a line that runs from the trachea to the alveoli.
transepithelial l-ascorbic acid transport The directed movement of L-ascorbic acid from one side of an epithelium to the other.
inhibition of neuroepithelial cell differentiation Any process that prevents the activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Neuroepithelial cell differentiation is the process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.
regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in a cardiac muscle cell (a cardiomyocyte). A membrane potential is the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.
positive regulation of cell growth Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
neuronal action potential propagation A neurological process that causes the sequential depolarization of a neuron's cell membrane along an axon.
intracellular transport of virus The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, within the host cell.
induction of bacterial agglutination Any process in which infecting bacteria are clumped together by a host organism.
regulation of protein phosphorylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein.
positive regulation of bone remodeling Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling.
adenosine to inosine editing The conversion of an adenosine residue to inosine in an RNA molecule by deamination.
interleukin-6 biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6.
activation of signaling protein activity involved in unfolded protein response The conversion of a specific protein, possessing protein kinase and endoribonuclease activities, to an active form as a result of signaling via the unfolded protein response.
pyrimidine-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.
erythrocyte maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state.
spindle assembly involved in meiosis The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle that contributes to the process of meiosis.
regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction via the regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle, specialised for the sequestration of calcium ions that are released upon receipt of a signal relayed by the T tubules from the neuromuscular junction.
regulation of progesterone secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of progesterone secretion.
positive regulation of platelet activation Any process that increases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.
regulation of chemokine secretion Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of chemokine secretion, the regulated release of chemokines from a cell.
asymmetric cell division The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.
positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
regulation of multicellular organismal process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
positive regulation of mast cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mast cell proliferation.
positive regulation of protein kinase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.
amide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
negative regulation of protein ubiquitination Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.
interleukin-27-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-27 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
negative regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is a series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).
regulation of myosin ii filament organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a bipolar filament composed of myosin II molecules.
regulation of vitamin a metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vitamin A metabolic process.
b cell homeostasis The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
positive regulation of arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation.
phosphagen biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphagen, any of a group of guanidine phosphates that occur in muscle and can be used to regenerate ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.
positive regulation of tubulin deacetylation Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of tubulin deacetylation. Tubulin deacetylation is the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid.
ral protein signal transduction A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ral family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.
initiation of neural tube closure The process in which closure points are established at multiple points and along the neural rostrocaudal axis.
detection of fungus The series of events in which a stimulus from a fungus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
negative regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response.
strand invasion The process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules.
fluorene metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving fluorene, a tricyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon containing a five-membered ring. It is a major component of fossil fuels and their derivatives and is also a by-product of coal-conversion and energy-related industries. It is commonly found in vehicle exhaust emissions, crude oils, motor oils, coal and oil combustion products, waste incineration, and industrial effluents.
histone h3-s28 phosphorylation The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an phosphate group to a serine residue at position 28 of the histone.
positive regulation of protein export from nucleus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac myoblast. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.
heterocycle biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).
epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway via i-kappab kinase/nf-kappab cascade The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, where the signal is passed on within the cell via I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.
positive regulation of proteolysis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.
b cell receptor apoptotic signaling pathway An extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.
positive regulation of memory t cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of memory T cell differentiation.
potassium ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions within an organism or cell.
negative regulation of atp biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.
regulation of melanosome transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of melanosome transport.
regulation of root development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of root development.
signal release The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source.
sclerotome development The progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.
lung induction The close range interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes the cells of the foregut to change their fates and specify the development of the lung.
pyruvate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate.
steroid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification.
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via mhc class ib via er pathway, tap-dependent The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
pronephric field specification The process in which regions of the embryo are delineated into the area in which the pronephric kidney will develop.
cellular response to increased oxygen levels Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen.
attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore The process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex.
cmp phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into CMP, cytidine monophosphate, to produce CDP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces CTP.
cellular response to histamine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a histamine stimulus. Histamine, the biogenic amine 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine, is involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.
glycogen metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages.
negative regulation of metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis.
regulation of blood vessel size by renin-angiotensin The process in which the diameter of a blood vessel is changed due to activity of the renin-angiotensin system.
riboflavin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
fc receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin to an Fc receptor on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.
immunoglobulin secretion The regulated release of immunoglobulins from a B cell or plasma cell, whose mechanism includes the use of alternate polyadenylylation signals to favor the biosynthesis of secreted forms of immunoglobulin over membrane-bound immunoglobulin.
regulation of enamel mineralization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of enamel mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth enamel.
negative regulation of aldosterone metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.
regulation of binding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
protein c-linked glycosylation via 2'-alpha-mannosyl-l-tryptophan The glycosylation of a peptidyl-tryptophan residue by the transfer of alpha-mannopyranose from dolichyl-activated mannose to the indole ring.
protein adp-ribosylation The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids.
coreceptor-mediated virion attachment to host cell The process by which a virion attaches to a host cell by binding to a co-receptor on the host cell surface.
lymphocyte chemotaxis across high endothelial venule The movement of a lymphocyte to cross a high endothelial venule in response to an external stimulus.
negative regulation of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity.
interferon-gamma production The appearance of interferon-gamma due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.
mapk cascade An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
melanosome organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a melanosome. A melanosome is a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored.
regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
low-density lipoprotein particle mediated signaling A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of low-density lipoprotein particle.
cytotoxic t cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a cytotoxic T cell.
demethylation The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule.
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.
growth plate cartilage chondrocyte morphogenesis The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte in the growth plate cartilage are generated and organized.
epithelial cell proliferation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells of the submandibular salivary gland, resulting in the expansion of a cell population and the shaping of the gland.
negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response.
negative regulation of mrna polyadenylation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA polyadenylation.
regulation of cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.
monocyte activation The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.
fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane The binding and fusion of a sperm, having penetrated the zona pellucida, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte. Binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head.
camera-type eye photoreceptor cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye.
negative regulation of dopamine metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.
forebrain neuron development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron that resides in the forebrain, from its initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
negative regulation of collagen metabolic process Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
toll-like receptor 1 signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 1.
protein tetramerization The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.
calcium ion transmembrane import into cytosol A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into the cytosol by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
organelle transport along microtubule The directed movement of an organelle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination.
rna methylation Posttranscriptional addition of a methyl group to either a nucleotide or 2'-O ribose in a polyribonucleotide. Usually uses S-adenosylmethionine as a cofactor.
regulation of actin filament polymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.
regulation of t cell differentiation in thymus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.
regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
immunoglobulin v(d)j recombination The process in which immunoglobulin gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). For immunoglobulin heavy chains V, D, and J gene segments are joined, and for immunoglobulin light chains V and J gene segments are joined.
regulation of mda-5 signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1) binding to viral RNA.
c-terminal protein amino acid modification The alteration of the C-terminal amino acid residue in a protein.
positive regulation of immunoglobulin production in mucosal tissue Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immunoglobulin production in mucosal tissue.
regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell chemotaxis.
circadian rhythm The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, and feeding.
negative regulation of interferon-gamma production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.
follicle-stimulating hormone secretion The regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone, a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary.
mrna processing Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide.
regulation of complement activation, classical pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the classical pathway of complement activation.
negative regulation of protein localization to nucleus Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.
neurotransmitter loading into synaptic vesicle The active transport of neurotransmitters into a synaptic vesicle. Typically this import is fuelled by an electrochemical gradient across the vacuolar membrane, established by the action vacuolar proton pumps (see 'synaptic vesicle lumen acidification' GO:0097401).
positive regulation of response to dna damage stimulus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage stimulus.
vitellogenesis The production of yolk. Yolk is a mixture of materials used for embryonic nutrition.
ammonia homeostasis Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ammonia.
regulation of endothelial cell development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.
l-phenylalanine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.
bile acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.
regulation of t cell migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.
cellular organohalogen metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving organohalogen compounds, as carried out by individual cells.
purine ribonucleoside salvage Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
vacuolar proton-transporting v-type atpase complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex, proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across the vacuolar membrane.
nitric oxide mediated signal transduction Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via nitric oxide (NO). Includes synthesis of nitric oxide, receptors/sensors for nitric oxide (such as soluble guanylyl cyclase/sGC) and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Nitric oxide transmits its downstream effects through either cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent or independent mechanisms.
positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase i promoter Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter.
purine nucleobase catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.
regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of uterine smooth muscle contraction.
synaptic vesicle transport The directed movement of substances in synaptic membrane-bounded vesicles within the neuron along the cytoskeleton either toward or away from the neuronal cell body.
establishment of planar polarity Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.
apoptotic cell clearance The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.
cell communication by electrical coupling The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
purkinje myocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber cell). These cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that receive signals from the bundle of His and innervate the ventricular cardiac muscle.
response to muscle activity Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus.
peptidyl-lysine acetylation The acetylation of peptidyl-lysine.
regulation of response to tumor cell Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.
cajal-retzius cell differentiation The process in which a neuroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Cajal-Retzius cell, one of a transient population of pioneering neurons in the cerebral cortex. These cells are slender bipolar cells of the developing marginal zone. One feature of these cells in mammals is that they express the Reelin gene.
negative regulation of sprouting angiogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.
ovulation from ovarian follicle The process leading to the rupture of the follicle, releasing the centrally located oocyte into the oviduct. An example of this is found in Mus musculus.
l-arginine import across plasma membrane The directed movement of L-arginine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
mitotic dna replication preinitiation complex assembly Any DNA replication preinitiation complex assembly that is involved in mitotic cell cycle.
establishment of pigment granule localization The directed movement of a pigment granule to a specific location.
positive regulation of glycolytic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.
negative regulation of ovulation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ovulation, the release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.
cholesterol efflux The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.
hexose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
gamete generation The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell.
plasma membrane raft assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a plasma membrane raft.
anterograde axon cargo transport The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.
protein complex oligomerization The association of two or more multisubunit protein complexes to form dimers or other multimers of a protein complex.
positive regulation of steroid metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.
udp-n-acetylgalactosamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
regulation of blood coagulation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.
maintenance of protease location in t cell secretory granule A process in which a protease is maintained in a secretory granule in a T cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
negative regulation of wound healing Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
regulation of chondrocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.
cellular hormone metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular response to epinephrine stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3; it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system.
commissural neuron axon guidance The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a commissural neuron is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
gdp-mannose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.
proline metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
cell migration involved in coronary vasculogenesis The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form the blood vessels of the heart.
response to testosterone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a testosterone stimulus.
regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.
negative regulation of transforming growth factor-beta secretion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transforming growth factor-beta secretion.
polarity specification of proximal/distal axis Any process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the proximal/distal axis.
positive regulation of receptor localization to synapse Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor localization to synapse.
response to aluminum ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aluminum ion stimulus.
regulation of oxygen metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.
pseudopodium organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pseudopodium, a temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with cellular movement.
growth plate cartilage chondrocyte differentiation The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the growth of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
organonitrogen compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organonitrogen compound.
single-organism organelle organization An organelle organization which involves only one organism.
cardiac muscle hypertrophy The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division.
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell.
trna transcription The synthesis of transfer RNA (tRNA) from a DNA template.
positive regulation of translation in response to stress Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
cytoplasmic transport The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, or within the cytoplasm of a cell.
negative regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion.
regulation of inner ear receptor cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inner ear receptor cell differentiation.
dna damage response, signal transduction resulting in transcription A cascade of processes initiated in response to the detection of DNA damage, and resulting in the induction of transcription.
purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
negative regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol Any process that decreases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.
nucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
positive regulation of muscle hypertrophy Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.
melatonin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).
telencephalon regionalization The regionalization process that creates areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the telencephalon develops.
positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.
regulation of mast cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.
positive regulation of exocytosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
modification by host of symbiont morphology or physiology The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
sulfur compound transport The directed movement of compounds that contain sulfur, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of mitochondrial rna catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.
extracellular matrix organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.
membrane docking The initial attachment of a membrane or protein to a target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.
negative regulation of interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway.
regulation of biological process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
cell wall macromolecule catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of macromolecules that form part of a cell wall.
positive regulation of protein depolymerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.
granzyme-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway A series of molecular signals induced by granzymes which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a granzyme signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. Granzymes are serine proteases that are secreted by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells to induce apoptosis in target cells.
regulation of amino acid import Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amino acid import. Amino acid import is the directed movement of amino acids into a cell or organelle.
regulation of chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly. Chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, mediated by chaperone molecules that do not form part of the finished complex.
response to hydrogen peroxide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.
negative regulation of protein polymerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.
specification of anterior mesonephric tubule identity The process in which the tubules of the anterior mesonephros acquire their identity.
regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
modulation by symbiont of host cellular process Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell, in its host organism.
smoothened signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord interneuron specification The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the transmembrane receptor smoothened in a precursor cell in the ventral spinal cord that contributes to the commitment of the precursor cell to an interneuron fate.
maturation of lsu-rrna Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule.
positive regulation of axon guidance Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, an important intermediate in glycolysis.
positive regulation of thyroid hormone generation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone generation.
methotrexate transport The directed movement of methotrexate, 4-amino-10-methylformic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Methotrexate is a folic acid analogue and a potent competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase.
oocyte development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
regulation of urothelial cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of urothelial cell proliferation.
positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.
multi-organism membrane budding A membrane budding which involves another organism.
neuroblast migration The orderly movement of a neuroblast from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.
neural crest cell fate specification The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neural crest cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
sterol homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sterol within an organism or cell.
positive regulation of immunoglobulin production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
nucleotide salvage Any process which produces a nucleotide, a compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
regulation of protein glycosylation in golgi Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid in any compartment of the Golgi apparatus.
carnitine shuttle The transfer of acyl groups to and from acyl-CoA molecules to form O-acylcarnitine, which can exchange across the mitochondrial inner membrane with unacylated carnitine.
ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell in the ureter.
response to interleukin-9 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-9 stimulus.
regulation of developmental pigmentation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.
erk5 cascade An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK5 (also called BMK1; a MAPK), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages that are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates.
response to interleukin-1 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus.
response to interleukin-2 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-2 stimulus.
response to interleukin-3 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-3 stimulus.
response to interleukin-4 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-4 stimulus.
regulation of gene silencing Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing, the transcriptional or post-transcriptional process carried out at the cellular level that results in long-term gene inactivation.
inductive cell-cell signaling Signaling at short range between cells of different ancestry and developmental potential that results in one cell or group of cells effecting a developmental change in the other. This is often done by secretion of proteins by one cell which affects the neighboring cells and causes them to adopt a certain fate.
epiblast cell-extraembryonic ectoderm cell signaling involved in anterior/posterior axis specification Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an epiblast cell to an extraembryonic ectoderm cell that contributes to the specification of the anterior/posterior axis.
regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate.
diencephalon morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the diencephalon are generated and organized. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex.
histone h2a phosphorylation The modification of histone H2A by the addition of a phosphate group.
histone h3 deacetylation The modification of histone H3 by the removal of one or more acetyl groups.
negative regulation of immune response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.
negative regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration.
regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process.
age-dependent response to reactive oxygen species Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
t cell proliferation involved in immune response The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts.
positive regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
mammary gland epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell becomes a more specialized epithelial cell of the mammary gland.
organelle fusion The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles.
extracellular structure organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
peripheral nervous system neuron development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the peripheral nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.
allantoin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea, an intermediate or end product of purine catabolism.
pyroptosis A caspase-1-dependent cell death subroutine that is associated with the generation of pyrogenic mediators such as IL-1beta and IL-18.
c21-steroid hormone metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.
antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC protein complex on its cell surface, including proteolysis and transport steps for the peptide antigen both prior to and following assembly with the MHC protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from an endogenous or exogenous protein.
protein prenylation The covalent attachment of a prenyl group to a protein; geranyl, farnesyl, or geranylgeranyl groups may be added.
renal absorption A renal system process in which water, ions, glucose and proteins are taken up from the collecting ducts, glomerulus and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures (e.g. protein absorption is observed in nephrocytes in Drosophila, see PMID:23264686).
regulation of transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of tongue muscle cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tongue muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity.
spemann organizer formation at the anterior end of the primitive streak Formation of the specialized region at the anterior end of the primitive streak of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the body plan.
development of secondary female sexual characteristics The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. In female humans, these include growth of axillary and pubic hair, breast development and menstrual periods. Their development occurs in response to sex hormone secretion.
regulation of tor signaling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.
corticosteroid hormone secretion The regulated release of any corticosteroid hormone into the circulatory system.
negative regulation of macromitophagy Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macromitophagy.
alpha-beta t cell proliferation The expansion of an alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.
energy reserve metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from stored compounds such as fats or glycogen.
zygotic determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by products of genes expressed in the zygote; exemplified in insects by the gap genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity gene cascade.
mirna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression.
negative regulation of phagocytosis, engulfment Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.
regulation of transmission of nerve impulse Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.
phospholipase c-activating angiotensin-activated signaling pathway An angiotensin-mediated signaling pathway where the activated receptor transmits the signal via Gq-mediated activation of phospholipase C (PLC). PLC hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into the second messengers inositol-1,4,5,-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC), whilst IP3 binds intracellular receptors to induce the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores.
cellular anion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of anions at the level of a cell.
negative regulation of canonical wnt signaling pathway Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.
regulation of neurotransmitter uptake Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.
splicing factor protein import into nucleus The directed movement of a pre-mRNA splicing factor from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
negative regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
response to interferon-beta Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-beta stimulus. Interferon-beta is a type I interferon.
positive regulation of protein kinase c signaling Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
regulation of dna-dependent dna replication initiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication; the process in which DNA becomes competent to replicate. In eukaryotes, replication competence is established in early G1 and lost during the ensuing S phase.
macrophage derived foam cell differentiation The process in which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
deoxyribose phosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.
cysteine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.
osteoblast differentiation The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.
regulation of phospholipase a2 activity Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.
regulation of sperm motility Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sperm motility.
regulation of mitochondrial fusion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.
regulation of dna ligation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligation, the re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.
regulation of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process.
neuron projection development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.
regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.
mda-5 signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1) binding to viral RNA. MDA-5 detects RNA synthesized during active viral replication and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against viral infection, for example by inducing the expression of antiviral cytokines.
fructose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.
protein acylation The addition of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, to a protein amino acid.
positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.
icosanoid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of icosanoid.
regulation of nervous system development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.
negative regulation of t-helper 2 cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.
auditory receptor cell fate commitment The process in which the cellular identity of auditory hair cells is acquired and determined.
trna aminoacylation for protein translation The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis.
positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.
regulation of cell motility involved in somitogenic axis elongation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that contributes to somitogenic axis elongation.
chemokine secretion The regulated release of chemokines from a cell.
negative regulation of chromosome segregation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
regulation of histone methylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones.
regulation of cardiac muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.
negative regulation of l-glutamate transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate transport.
cofactor biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cofactor, a substance that is required for the activity of an enzyme or other protein.
response to gravity Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gravitational stimulus.
nephric duct morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephric duct are generated and organized. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.
regulation of cholesterol homeostasis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol homeostasis.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
protein dephosphorylation The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein.
negative regulation of collagen biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
macrophage differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage.
regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1.
translational attenuation Translational attenuation is a regulatory mechanism analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation. The system requires the presence of a short ORF, called a leader peptide, encoded in the mRNA upstream of the ribosome-binding site and start codon of the gene whose translation is to be regulated. Certain conditions, such as presence of the antibiotic tetracycline in bacteria or amino acid starvation, may cause slowing or stalling of the ribosome translating the leader peptide. The stalled ribosome masks a region of the mRNA and affects which of two alternative mRNA folded structures will form, therefore controlling whether or not a ribosome will bind and initiate translation of the downstream gene. Translational attenuation is analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation, in which mRNA remodeling caused by ribosome stalling regulates transcriptional termination rather than translational initiation.
liver morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the liver are generated and organized.
negative regulation of intestinal phytosterol absorption Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of phytosterols into the blood by absorption from the small intestine.
embryonic pattern specification The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.
fat cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.
sertoli cell fate commitment The process in which the cellular identity of Sertoli cells is acquired and determined.
negative regulation of secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
regulation of lipase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.
digestive system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive system is the entire structure in which digestion takes place. Digestion is all of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
negative regulation of epidermal cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.
cardiac muscle tissue growth The increase in size or mass of a cardiac muscle, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.
outer dynein arm assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein outer arm, an outer arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes.
mammary gland branching involved in pregnancy The process in which the branching structure of the mammary gland duct is generated and organized as a part of pregnancy.
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in mammary gland involution Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process of mammary epithelial cells during mammary gland involution.
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. The intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP).
phospholipid transport The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
positive regulation of notch signaling pathway involved in heart induction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to heart induction.
positive regulation of histone deacetylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.
positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.
regulation of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell activation. The satellite cell activation is the process that initiates satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate.
immune response-activating signal transduction The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to activation or perpetuation of an immune response.
regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.
protein k63-linked deubiquitination A protein deubiquitination process in which a K63-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.
regulation of synaptic plasticity A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.
regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.
7-methylguanosine rna capping The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which the 5' cap structure, an inverted 7-methylguanosine linked via a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge (m7G(5')ppp(5')X) to the first transcribed residue, is added to a nascent transcript.
positive regulation of mrna polyadenylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA polyadenylation.
establishment of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.
mitotic sister chromatid cohesion The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome, from their formation in S phase through metaphase during a mitotic cell cycle. This cohesion cycle is critical for high fidelity chromosome transmission.
ventricular septum development The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure.
oxoacid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxoacid; an oxoacid is a compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
negative regulation of glial cell proliferation Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.
negative regulation of synapse maturation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse maturation.
cellular response to organic cyclic compound Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.
ribonucleoprotein complex import into nucleus The directed movement of a ribonucleoprotein complex from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
udp-xylose transport The directed movement of UDP-xylose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. UDP-xylose is a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
skeletal system morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized.
trna metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA is characterized by the presence of many unusual minor bases, the function of which has not been completely established.
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process by cytochrome c Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process and is mediated by cytochrome c.
receptor-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cell Any receptor-mediated endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell; successive instances of virus endocytosis result in the accumulation of virus particles within the cell.
negative regulation of establishment of endothelial barrier Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of endothelial barrier.
negative regulation of centriole-centriole cohesion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centriole-centriole cohesion.
g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process An G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway which contributes to a circulatory system process carried out by the heart.
regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.
mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population that contributes to the progression of the lung over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
regulation of translation, ncrna-mediated Any process, mediated by small non-coding RNAs, that modulates the frequency, rate or extent that mRNAs are effectively translated into protein.
negative regulation of srebp signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the SREBP signaling pathway.
regulation of neutrophil apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptotic process.
fad transport The directed movement of flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. FAD forms the coenzyme of the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in which it functions as an electron acceptor by being reversibly converted to its reduced form.
amino sugar metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.
ribosomal small subunit export from nucleus The directed movement of a ribosomal small subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
regulation of extracellular matrix organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.
cmp-n-acetylneuraminate transport The directed movement of CMP-N-acetylneuraminate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of stem cell maintenance Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell maintenance.
positive regulation of activated t cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.
regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
oxidative phosphorylation The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.
positive regulation of icosanoid secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell.
chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfates are a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues; the repeat units consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.
negative regulation of transcription of nuclear large rrna transcript from rna polymerase i promoter Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of nuclear large rRNA transcript from RNA polymerase I promoter.
oxygen transport The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of satellite cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell differentiation.
regulation of establishment of endothelial barrier Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of endothelial barrier.
regulation of ammonia assimilation cycle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ammonia assimilation cycle.
platelet dense granule organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a platelet dense granule. A platelet dense granule is an electron-dense granule occurring in blood platelets that stores and secretes adenosine nucleotides and serotonin. They contain a highly condensed core consisting of serotonin, histamine, calcium, magnesium, ATP, ADP, pyrophosphate and membrane lysosomal proteins.
epithelial to mesenchymal transition A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
negative regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
negative regulation of membrane tubulation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane tubulation.
s-adenosylmethionine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.
bone development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components.
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.
positive regulation of isotype switching to igg isotypes Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgG isotypes.
pigment metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.
protein k27-linked ubiquitination A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 27 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein.
pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.
regulation of interleukin-8 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.
receptor guanylyl cyclase signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses guanylyl cyclase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
regulation of membrane permeability Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by a membrane.
negative regulation of synaptic transmission Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.
myd88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor where the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.
vasodilation by acetylcholine involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure The process in which acetylcholine signaling causes vasodilation, resulting in a change in blood pressure.
regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in regulation of contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction.
karyogamy The creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei.
nad biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
cytolysis in other organism The killing by an organism of a cell in another organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm.
maturation of 5s rrna Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5S rRNA molecule.
binding of sperm to zona pellucida The process in which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place.
positive regulation of viral entry into host cell Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of viral entry into the host cell.
olfactory behavior The behavior of an organism in response to an odor.
retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized.
neurohypophysis development The progression of the neurohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The neurohypophysis is the part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation.
growth of symbiont in host The increase in size or mass of an organism, occurring within the cells or tissues of the host organism. This may (but not necessarily) include a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down host tissue. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
cartilage morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized.
ceramide transport The directed movement of ceramides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.
ubiquitin homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ubiquitin monomers and free ubiquitin chains at the level of the cell.
oviduct development The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oviduct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism.
telomere assembly A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a telomere at a non-telomeric double-stranded DNA end. A telomere is a terminal region of a linear chromosome that includes telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.
potassium ion export across plasma membrane The directed movement of potassium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.
negative regulation of cell activation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation.
regulation of amino acid transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
inner ear development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
lateral mesodermal cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a lateral mesoderm cell.
positive regulation of viral genome replication Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.
activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity.
peptide transport The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of natural killer cell chemotaxis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell chemotaxis.
establishment of endothelial barrier The establishment of a barrier between endothelial cell layers, such as those in the brain, lung or intestine, to exert specific and selective control over the passage of water and solutes, thus allowing formation and maintenance of compartments that differ in fluid and solute composition.
negative regulation of camp-dependent protein kinase activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.
linear element assembly The cell cycle process in which a proteinaceous scaffold, related to the synaptonemal complex, is assembled in association with S. pombe chromosomes during meiotic prophase.
negative regulation of immature t cell proliferation in thymus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.
regulation of ligase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. Ligase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 6.
sphinganine-1-phosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.
immunoglobulin transcytosis in epithelial cells mediated by polymeric immunoglobulin receptor The process of transporting polymeric IgA and polymeric IgM immunoglobulin, via transcytosis mediated by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), from the basolateral surface to apical surface of an epithelial cell. At the apical surface the immunoglobulin binding portion of the pIgRis cleaved and remains bound to the transported immunoglobulin as secretory component (SC). The same process is used for the transport and excretion of IgA immune complexes to the luminal surface of the mucosa.
peripheral nervous system neuron axonogenesis Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the peripheral nervous system. The axon carries action potential from the cell body towards target cells.
liver development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes.
regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.
regulation of receptor biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of receptor biosynthesis. Receptor biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of long-chain fatty acids, any fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
regulation of monocyte chemotaxis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis.
viral transcription The process by which a viral genome, or part of a viral genome, is transcribed within the host cell.
diphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving diphosphate, the anion or salt of diphosphoric acid.
modification by host of symbiont molecular function The process in which an organism effects a change in the function of proteins in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
dudp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUDP, deoxyuridine diphosphate (2'-deoxy-5'-uridylyl phosphate).
adenosine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.
positive regulation of actin cytoskeleton reorganization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin cytoskeleton reorganization.
factor xii activation Any process that activates Factor XII (Hageman factor). Factor XII is a protein synthesized by the liver that circulates in an inactive form until it encounters collagen or basement membrane or activated platelets (as occurs at the site of endothelial injury). Factor XII then undergoes a conformational change (becoming factor XIIa), exposing an active serine center that can subsequently cleave protein substrates and activate a variety of mediator systems. Factor XII is a participant in the clotting cascade as well as the kinin cascade.
protein complex disassembly The disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components. Protein complexes may have other associated non-protein prosthetic groups, such as nucleic acids, metal ions or carbohydrate groups.
regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
convergent extension involved in gastrulation The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis usually resulting in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
negative regulation of neuron projection development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
cellular lipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, as carried out by individual cells.
adrenal chromaffin cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an adrenal chromaffin cell. An adrenal chromaffin cell is a neuroendocrine cell that stores epinephrine secretory vesicles.
endosome organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes.
negative regulation of anoikis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anoikis.
trna 3'-trailer cleavage, endonucleolytic Endonucleolytic cleavage of the 3'-end of the pre-tRNA as part of the process of generating the mature 3'-end of the tRNA.
peptidyl-histidine hydroxylation The hydroxylation of peptidyl-histidine to form peptidyl-hydroxyhistidine.
forebrain generation of neurons The process in which nerve cells are generated in the forebrain. This includes the production of neuroblasts from and their differentiation into neurons.
regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoids.
response to intra-s dna damage checkpoint signaling A process that acts directly to delay or stop progression through the cell cycle in response to signals generated as a result of intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signaling; contributes to an intra-S DNA damage checkpoint.
nucleoside phosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any phosphorylated nucleoside.
endothelium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.
tissue development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
amine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
carotenoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail.
lens development in camera-type eye The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
steroid hormone receptor complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a steroid hormone receptor complex, an intracellular receptor that binds steroid hormones. The complex is often a dimer, and forms after the steroid has bound the receptor.
response to host Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
negative regulation of cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic nucleotides.
response to cell cycle checkpoint signaling A cell cycle process, downstream of cell cycle checkpoint signaling, that delays or stops progression through the cell cycle and allows deficiencies and defects to be resolved.
regeneration The regrowth of a lost or destroyed body part, such as an organ or tissue.
regulation of microtubule motor activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule motor activity.
renal response to blood flow involved in circulatory renin-angiotensin regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure The physiological response of the kidneys to a decrease in blood flow.
regulation of dna-dependent dna replication Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA-dependent DNA replication, the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized, using parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands.
pyridoxal phosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6.
protein targeting to peroxisome The process of directing proteins towards the peroxisome, usually using signals contained within the protein.
negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.
embryonic camera-type eye formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a camera-type eye from unspecified neurectoderm. This process begins with the differentiation of cells that form the optic field and ends when the optic cup has attained its shape.
nuclear-transcribed mrna catabolic process, non-stop decay The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that is lacking a stop codon.
response to caffeine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them.
imp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving IMP, inosine monophosphate.
arsenate ion transmembrane transport The directed movement of arsenate ion across a membrane.
negative regulation of complement activation, classical pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the classical pathway.
cell cycle checkpoint A cell cycle process that controls cell cycle progression by monitoring the integrity of specific cell cycle events. A cell cycle checkpoint begins with detection of deficiencies or defects and ends with signal transduction.
basement membrane disassembly The controlled breakdown of the basement membrane in the context of a normal process such as imaginal disc eversion.
canonical wnt signaling pathway The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
amyloid fibril formation The generation of amyloid fibrils, insoluble fibrous protein aggregates exhibiting beta sheet structure, from proteins. An example of this is seen when human RIP1 and RIP3 kinases form a heterodimeric functional amyloid signaling complex (PMID:22817896).
pore complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a pore complex. A pore complex is a small opening in a membrane that allows the passage of liquids and/or gases.
g2 dna damage checkpoint A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G2 to M phase in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage.
positive regulation of centrosome duplication Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.
phenol-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
negative regulation of androgen receptor signaling pathway Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the androgen receptor signaling pathway.
negative regulation of dendrite morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.
deoxyribose phosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.
negative regulation of cation channel activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.
establishment or maintenance of bipolar cell polarity Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a bipolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
mesenchymal cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.
glycine biosynthetic process from serine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine from other compounds, including serine.
cellular response to indole-3-methanol Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an indole-3-methanol stimulus.
orbitofrontal cortex development The progression of the orbitofrontal cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The orbitofrontal cortex is a cerebral cortex region located in the frontal lobe.
imitative learning Learning in which new behaviors are acquired through imitation.
protein import into peroxisome matrix The import of proteins into the peroxisomal matrix. A peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) binds to a soluble receptor protein in the cytosol, and the resulting complex then binds to a receptor protein in the peroxisome membrane and is imported. The cargo protein is then released into the peroxisome matrix.
regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis by epithelial-mesenchymal signaling Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of salivary gland branching as a result of the transfer of information from the epithelial cells to the mesenchymal cells of the salivary gland.
positive regulation of chemokine secretion Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of chemokine secretion, the regulated release of chemokines from a cell.
regulation of macrophage tolerance induction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
camp-mediated signaling Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic AMP (cAMP). Includes production of cAMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.
primary heart field specification The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the primary beating heart tube. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle.
nuclear division The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei.
negative regulation of cell death Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.
mitochondrial ncrna surveillance The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant non-coding RNA transcripts (ncRNAs) within the mitochondrion.
nephron epithelium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron.
leukotriene b4 metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene B4, a leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents.
resolution of meiotic recombination intermediates The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, such as Holliday junctions, formed during meiotic recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged.
estrogen biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.
positive regulation of cellular protein catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular protein catabolic process.
regulation of actin filament length Any process that controls the length of actin filaments in a cell.
regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the second heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. The secondary heart field is the region of the heart that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, the arterial pole (outflow tract) and the venous pole (inflow tract).
response to genistein Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a genistein stimulus.
positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor production Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the appearance of a fibroblast growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
slow-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction A process in which force is generated within slow-twitch skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The slow-twitch skeletal muscle is characterized by slow time parameters, low force development and resistance to fatigue.
positive regulation of macrophage differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.
lymphocyte mediated immunity Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte.
positive regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.
sarcomerogenesis The process in which sarcomeres are added in series within a fiber.
cellular response to fluid shear stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluid shear stress stimulus. Fluid shear stress is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface.
negative regulation of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
recombinational repair A DNA repair process that involves the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous region of DNA.
humoral immune response An immune response mediated through a body fluid.
regulation of renal water transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of renal water transport.
establishment of neuroblast polarity The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.
negative regulation of acute inflammatory response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
regulation of cartilage development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.
negative regulation of rna polymerase ii transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly.
epithelial cell fate commitment The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an epithelial cell.
negative regulation of calcium-mediated signaling Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling.
regulation of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity.
diphosphoinositol polyphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a diphosphoinositol polyphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol with one or more diphosphate groups and multiple monophosphate groups attached.
pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transport The directed movement of pyrimidine nucleotide-sugars across a membrane. Pyrimidine nucleotide-sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
negative regulation of anti-mullerian hormone signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anti-Mullerian hormone signaling pathway.
signal transduction involved in mitotic cell cycle checkpoint A signal transduction process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle checkpoint.
lymphocyte apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a lymphocyte, a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.
zonula adherens maintenance Maintaining the zonula adherens junction, the cell-cell adherens junction formed near the apex of epithelial cells.
cellular response to muramyl dipeptide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muramyl dipeptide stimulus. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.
positive regulation of interleukin-3 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-3 production.
regulation of viral entry into host cell Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the viral entry into the host cell.
damp phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate, to produce dADP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces dATP.
regulation of plasma lipoprotein particle oxidation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipoprotein oxidation, occurring in the blood plasma.
tryptophanyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling tryptophan to tryptophanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
nucleoside salvage Any process which produces a nucleotide, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose (a deoxyribonucleotide), from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
auditory behavior The behavior of an organism in response to a sound.
urate transport The directed movement of urate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.
negative regulation of lipoprotein particle clearance Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
detoxification of copper ion Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of copper ion. These include transport of copper away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of copper ion.
negative regulation of calcium ion binding Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion binding.
muscle tissue morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle tissue are generated and organized. Muscle tissue consists of a set of cells that are part of an organ and carry out a contractive function.
synaptic vesicle amine transport The directed movement of amines into, out of or within synaptic vesicles.
beta-amyloid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease, and its precursor, amyloid precursor protein (APP).
negative regulation of interleukin-10 production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.
multicellular structure septum development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the multicellular structure septum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The multicellular structure septum is the thin partition or membrane that divides a cavity or a mass of tissue.
regulation of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway.
nuclear transport The directed movement of substances into, out of, or within the nucleus.
androgen catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.
positive regulation of potassium ion export Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion export.
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
vestibular receptor cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a vestibular receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
translational termination The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code).
positive regulation of gtpase activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase.
macromolecule glycosylation The covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule.
extrathymic t cell selection The process of T cell selection that occurs in extrathymic locations, often resulting T cells of distinct specificities from those selected in the thymus.
regulation of cell growth by extracellular stimulus Any process in which external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
tricuspid valve morphogenesis The process in which the structure of the tricuspid valve is generated and organized.
naphthalene-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving naphthalene-containing compounds.
negative regulation of centrosome cycle Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle.
oligosaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
positive regulation of neurogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the origin and formation of neurons.
grooming behavior The specific behavior of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites.
regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration.
podosome assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a podosome, an actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell.
negative regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
establishment of monopolar cell polarity The specification and formation of monopolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. Monopolar cell organization is directional organization along an axis.
regulation of tight junction assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
d-gluconate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-gluconate, the anion of D-gluconic acid, the aldonic acid derived from glucose.
oxygen homeostasis A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of oxygen within an organism or cell.
cardiac muscle cell action potential An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell.
regulation of potassium ion export Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion export.
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.
renal protein absorption A renal system process in which proteins are taken up from the collecting ducts, glomerulus and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures (e.g. protein absorption is observed in nephrocytes in Drosophila, see PMID:23264686).
telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and lengthening the telomeric DNA.
sister chromatid segregation The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
activation of meiosis involved in egg activation Any process that starts the inactive process of meiosis in an egg after the egg has been fertilized or physiologically activated. Eggs generally arrest in meiosis and complete the process after activation.
chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus A chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. A chronic inflammatory response persists indefinitely during days, weeks, or months in the life of an individual.
biological_process Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end.
regulation of localization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
formation of cytoplasmic translation initiation complex Joining of the large subunit, with release of IF2/eIF2 and IF3/eIF3. This leaves the functional ribosome at the AUG, with the methionyl/formyl-methionyl-tRNA positioned at the P site.
blue light signaling pathway The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of blue light by photoreceptor molecule, at a wavelength between 400nm and 470nm.
molecular hydrogen transport The directed movement of molecular hydrogen (H2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
biotin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.
immune response-regulating signaling pathway The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to the activation, perpetuation, or inhibition of an immune response.
glyoxylate cycle A modification of the TCA cycle occurring in some plants and microorganisms, in which isocitrate is cleaved to glyoxylate and succinate. Glyoxylate can then react with acetyl-CoA to form malate.
monocarboxylic acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group.
membrane raft polarization The clustering and aggregation of membrane rafts at a single cellular pole during activation of particular cell types, such as lymphocytes.
regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process by positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular ketone metabolic process by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
vascular endothelial growth factor production The appearance of vascular endothelial growth factor production due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
positive regulation of cellular response to x-ray Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to X-ray.
acyl-coa metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group.
regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2.
negative regulation of protein dephosphorylation Any process the stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.
negative regulation of autophagy Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.
cognition Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge.
regulation of interleukin-12 secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-12 secretion.
antimicrobial peptide secretion The regulated release of an antimicrobial peptide from a cell or a tissue. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa.
negative regulation of response to external stimulus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.
b cell selection The process dependent upon B cell antigen receptor signaling in response to self or foreign antigen through which B cells are selected for survival.
pyrimidine nucleotide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in nephron morphogenesis The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.
cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to granule cells. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.
lactate transport The directed movement of lactate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.
spermatid nucleus elongation The change in shape of the spermatid nucleus from a spherical structure to an elongated organelle, during the latter part of spermatid differentiation.
histone h3-t3 phosphorylation The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an phosphate group to a threonine residue at position 3 of the histone.
positive regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.
detection of muscle stretch The series of events by which a muscle stretch stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mrna Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear mRNA triggered by shortening of the poly(A) tail to below a minimum functional length.
positive regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation.
regulation of histone ubiquitination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of a ubiquitin group to a histone protein.
primary metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.
positive regulation of t-helper 17 cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.
positive regulation of determination of dorsal identity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of determination of dorsal identity.
nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
cellular response to bacterial lipopeptide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.
negative regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways in multicellular organisms that occur at the tissue, organ, or organismal level.
positive regulation of blood circulation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.
pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar transport The directed movement of pyrimidine nucleotide-sugars into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Pyrimidine nucleotide-sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
negative regulation of mitochondrial dna replication Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.
regulation of inward rectifier potassium channel activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.
ear development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.
regulation of synapse organization Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).
seminal clot liquefaction The reproductive process in which coagulated semen becomes liquid following ejaculation, allowing the progressive release of motile spermatozoa.
udp-galactose transport The directed movement of UDP-galactose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. UDP-galactose is a substance composed of galactose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
male sex differentiation The establishment of the sex of a male organism by physical differentiation.
positive regulation of norepinephrine secretion Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
pyruvate family amino acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.
protein localization to cytoskeleton A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the cytoskeleton.
water-soluble vitamin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.
bergmann glial cell differentiation The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to Brgmann glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the cerebellum. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.
negative regulation of stem cell maintenance Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell maintenance.
regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is a series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).
negative regulation of interleukin-5 secretion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-5 secretion.
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to dna damage Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.
regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation.
nephrogenic mesenchyme development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephrogenic mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of nephrogenic mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron.
cullin deneddylation The modification of cullins by removal of ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 (RUB1).
regulation of vitamin metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
regulation of gastric acid secretion Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production.
metanephric glomerulus vasculature development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric glomerulus vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the metanephric glomerulus vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The metanephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the metanephric glomerulus.
negative regulation of integrin biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins.
cellular component assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component.
positive regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8.
blood vessel endothelial cell fate specification The process involved in the specification of identity of a blood vessel endothelial cell. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment. A blood vessel endothelial cell is an endothelial cell of the vascular tree, which includes blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.
regulation of dna metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
metal ion transport The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.
regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand.
regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane depolarization Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte.
glycosphingolipid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.
adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of heart rate An adrenergic receptor signaling pathway that contributes to an increase in frequency or rate of heart contraction. Binding of adrenalin or noradrenalin to a beta-adrenergic receptor on the surface of the signal-receiving cell results in the activation of an intracellular Gs protein. Gs activates adenylate cyclase to increase intracellular cyclic-AMP (cAMP) levels. cAMP binds directly to F-channels to allow an inward flow of sodium (known as funny current, or If current). The funny current is responsible for membrane depolarization and an increase in heart rate.
regulation of wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
cardiac conduction Transfer of an organized electrical impulse across the heart to coordinate the contraction of cardiac muscles. The process begins with generation of an action potential (in the sinoatrial node (SA) in humans) and ends with a change in the rate, frequency, or extent of the contraction of the heart muscles.
histone monoubiquitination The modification of histones by addition of a single ubiquitin group.
positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.
positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
dna replication, synthesis of rna primer The synthesis of a short RNA polymer, usually 4-15 nucleotides long, using one strand of unwound DNA as a template; the RNA then serves as a primer from which DNA polymerases extend synthesis.
spinal cord association neuron differentiation The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of association neurons. Association neurons are cells located in the dorsal portion of the spinal cord that integrate sensory input. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
d-gluconate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-gluconate, the anion of D-gluconic acid, the aldonic acid derived from glucose.
response to interleukin-18 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-18 stimulus.
conditioned taste aversion A conditioned aversion to a specific chemical compound as a result of that compound being coupled with a noxious stimulus.
negative regulation of trophoblast cell migration Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.
ferric iron import into cell The directed movement of ferric iron (Fe(III) or Fe3+) ions from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.
glycine betaine biosynthetic process from choline The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of betaine (N-trimethylglycine) from the oxidation of choline.
protein-pyridoxal-5-phosphate linkage via peptidyl-n6-pyridoxal phosphate-l-lysine The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form N6-pyridoxal phosphate-L-lysine.
negative regulation of developmental growth Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.
cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell. A cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell covers the heart vasculature and lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers.
detection of light stimulus The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal.
metanephric part of ureteric bud development The development of the portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros.
protein glycosylation in endoplasmic reticulum The addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid in the endoplasmic reticulum.
regulation of macrophage activation Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of macrophage activation.
regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis.
phototransduction, visible light The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.
negative regulation of protein glutathionylation Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein glutathionylation. Protein glutathionylation is the protein modification process in which a glutathione molecule is added to a protein amino acid through a disulfide linkage.
plasma membrane fusion The joining of two or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround a cell.
negative regulation of glucose import in response to insulin stimulus Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucose import in response to insulin stimulus.
positive regulation of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
trabecula morphogenesis The process of shaping a trabecula in an organ. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.
positive regulation of sumo transferase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of SUMO transferase activity.
inactivation of x chromosome by dna methylation Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on one of the X-chromosomes in the XX sex by a mechanism of DNA methylation.
positive regulation of calcium ion import Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.
labyrinthine layer development The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta progresses, from its formation to its mature state.
response to isoquinoline alkaloid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an isoquinoline alkaloid stimulus. An isoquinoline alkaloid is any member of a group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine which is a structure characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids.
retinoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoids, any member of a class of isoprenoids that contain or are derived from four prenyl groups linked head-to-tail. Retinoids include retinol and retinal and structurally similar natural derivatives or synthetic compounds, but need not have vitamin A activity.
vitamin transmembrane transport The process in which a vitamin is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
positive regulation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor secretion.
positive regulation of nf-kappab import into nucleus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
negative regulation of gene expression, epigenetic Any epigenetic process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of gene expression.
response to interleukin-15 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-15 stimulus.
auditory receptor cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an auditory receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
aspartate family amino acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.
dna ligation involved in dna recombination The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase, that contributes to DNA recombination.
regulation of cell cycle arrest Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell cycle arrest, the process in which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases.
positive regulation of endothelial cell development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.
vasoconstriction A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels, especially arteries, usually causing an increase in blood pressure.
nucleotide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
regulation of interleukin-2 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.
regulation of isomerase activity Any process that modulates the activity of an isomerase. An isomerase catalyzes the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.
immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of activating, perpetuating, or inhibiting an immune response.
positive regulation of integrin activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation.
sensory perception of pain The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process.
axon transport of mitochondrion The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell axons.
glucose mediated signaling pathway The process in which a change in the level of mono- and disaccharide glucose trigger the expression of genes controlling metabolic and developmental processes.
tube lumen cavitation The formation of a lumen by hollowing out a solid rod or cord.
positive regulation of protein k63-linked deubiquitination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked deubiquitination.
positive regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2.
regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
trans-golgi network membrane organization A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a trans-Golgi network membrane.
positive regulation of organ growth Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.
amine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception The series of events in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.
meiotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles takes place, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes. This occurs during meiosis.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter involved in ventral spinal cord interneuron specification Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that results in the commitment of a cell to become an interneuron in the ventral spinal cord.
peroxisome fission The division of a mature peroxisome within a cell to form two or more separate peroxisome compartments.
negative regulation of spindle checkpoint Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the spindle checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
cellular response to zinc ion starvation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of zinc ions.
metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
positive regulation of mrna metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA metabolic process.
cellular response to decreased oxygen levels Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen.
regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the onset of anaphase (chromosome movement) in the mitotic cell cycle.
somatic muscle development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Somatic muscles are striated muscle structures that connect to the exoskeleton or cuticle.
regulation of primitive erythrocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of primitive erythrocyte differentiation. Primitive erythrocyte differentiation occurs as part of the process of primitive hemopoiesis.
paraxial mesoderm formation The process that gives rise to the paraxial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
multi-organism metabolic process A metabolic process - chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances - which involves more than one organism.
fungiform papilla development The progression of the fungiform papilla over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fungiform papilla is a mushroom-shaped papilla of the tongue.
wnt signaling pathway involved in wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of a cell in the epidermis that contributes to the migration of an epidermal cell along or through a wound gap to reestablish a continuous epidermis.
negative regulation of superoxide anion generation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.
negative regulation of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation.
regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.
regulation of translational elongation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or accuracy of translational elongation.
pattern specification involved in metanephros development Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the metanephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
subpallium neuron fate commitment The process in which in the subpallium, the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon.
amino acid activation The modification of an amino acid to an active form, for incorporation into a peptide, protein or other macromolecule.
regulation of phosphorylation of rna polymerase ii c-terminal domain Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain.
synaptic transmission The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.
homologous chromosome segregation The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.
ventral midline determination The regionalization process in which the area where the ventral midline will form is specified.
ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; ubiquitin-tagged proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation.
negative regulation of b cell mediated immunity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
positive regulation of cholesterol homeostasis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol homeostasis.
epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the lung.
positive regulation of transcription of nuclear large rrna transcript from rna polymerase i promoter Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of nuclear large rRNA transcript from RNA polymerase I promoter.
iron ion transmembrane transport A process in which an iron ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.
dna integration The process in which a segment of DNA is incorporated into another, usually larger, DNA molecule such as a chromosome.
cranial nerve structural organization The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cranial nerves. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
otolith development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otolith over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
cytoplasmic sequestering of nf-kappab The selective interaction of the transcription factor NF-kappaB with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus.
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.
glial cell fate specification The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin-like growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
regulation of transferase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
protein acetylation The addition of an acetyl group to a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.
modification by virus of host mrna processing Any viral process that interferes with the processing of mRNA in the host cell.
regulation of rhodopsin gene expression Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin gene expression. This includes transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational regulation.
cerebral cortex cell migration The orderly movement of cells from one site to another in the cerebral cortex.
pantothenate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pantothenate, the anion of pantothenic acid, the amide of beta-alanine and pantoic acid. It is a B complex vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A and is distributed ubiquitously in foods.
nephric duct development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.
positive regulation of autophagic vacuole assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic vacuole assembly.
cellular response to prostaglandin stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin stimulus.
positive regulation of cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation.
respiratory burst involved in defense response A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as part of a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
positive regulation of eosinophil chemotaxis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil chemotaxis.
ventral spinal cord interneuron fate commitment The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a ventral spinal cord interneuron. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses.
sodium ion import into cell The directed movement of sodium ions from outside of a cell into the intracellular region of a cell.
ciliary body morphogenesis The process in which the ciliary body generated and organized. The ciliary body is the circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes.
optic cup structural organization The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of the optic cup. This process pertains to the physical shaping of the rudimentary structure.
regulation of protein localization to early endosome Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to early endosome.
megakaryocyte differentiation The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte.
atrial septum development The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.
hemolysis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in one organism by another, where two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
histone h3-k9 trimethylation The modification of histone H3 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 9 of the histone.
microautophagy The transfer of cytosolic components into the lysosomal compartment by direct invagination of the lysosomal membrane without prior sequestration into an autophagosome. The engulfing membranes fuse, resulting in the lysosomal delivery of the cargo wrapped in a single membrane derived from the invaginated lysosomal membrane. In S. cerevisiae, the vacuole is the lysosomal compartment.
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
sympathetic neuron projection extension Long distance growth of a single sympathetic neuron projection involved in cellular development. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.
hypochlorous acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving hypochlorous acid.
regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion.
regulation of atpase activity Any process that modulates the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase.
calcium activated phosphatidylcholine scrambling The movement of a population of phosphatidylcholine molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet as a result of a calcium stimulus.
germ-line sex determination The determination of sex and sexual phenotype in an organism's germ line.
regulation of g-protein activated inward rectifier potassium channel activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein activated inward rectifier potassium channel activity.
regulation of sister chromatid segregation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.
ether metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic ethers, any anhydride of the general formula R1-O-R2, formed between two identical or nonidentical organic hydroxy compounds.
regulation of keratinocyte migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte migration.
negative regulation of neurotransmitter uptake Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.
fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membrane Fusion of a viral membrane with the host cell membrane during viral entry. Results in release of the virion contents into the cytoplasm.
protein localization to microtubule A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a microtubule.
collecting duct development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.
positive regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1.
tram-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor 4 where the TRAM adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.
negative regulation of hemopoiesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.
regulation of erythrocyte aggregation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of erythrocyte aggregation.
modulation of microtubule cytoskeleton involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration Rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton that contribute to the movement of cells along radial glial cells as a component of the process of cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration.
regulation of camp biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
localization of cell Any process in which a cell is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
plasminogen activation The process in which inactive plasminogen is processed to active plasmin. This process includes cleavage at an internal Arg-Val site to form an N-terminal A-chain and C-terminal B-chain held together by a disulfide bond, and can include further proteolytic cleavage events to remove the preactivation peptide.
negative regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1.
interleukin-21-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-21 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
apoptotic process in bone marrow The apoptotic process in cells in the bone marrow.
multicellular organismal reproductive behavior The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction in a multicellular organism.
regulation of natural killer cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.
hyperosmotic salinity response Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, an increase in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.
organic cyclic compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic cyclic compound.
positive regulation of nad+ adp-ribosyltransferase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.
endocardial cushion morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
pseudouridine synthesis The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine within an RNA molecule. This posttranscriptional base modification occurs in tRNA, rRNA, and snRNAs.
negative regulation of granulocyte differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.
chylomicron remodeling The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a chylomicron, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.
mitochondrial transmembrane transport The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into, out of or within a mitochondrion.
regulation of membrane depolarization Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of membrane depolarization. Membrane depolarization is the process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential, usually from negative to positive.
pentose-phosphate shunt The process in which glucose is oxidized, coupled to NADPH synthesis. Glucose 6-P is oxidized with the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2), ribulose 5-phosphate and reduced NADP; ribulose 5-P then enters a series of reactions interconverting sugar phosphates. The pentose phosphate pathway is a major source of reducing equivalents for biosynthesis reactions and is also important for the conversion of hexoses to pentoses.
negative regulation of neuron differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
negative regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.
signal transduction by phosphorylation A process in which the transfer of one or more phosphate groups to a substrate transmits a signal to the phosphorylated substrate.
positive regulation of homeostatic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a homeostatic process.
protein localization to pre-autophagosomal structure Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the pre-autophagosomal structure (PAS).
oligosaccharide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
regulation of positive thymic t cell selection Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of positive thymic T cell selection.
granulocyte migration The movement of a granulocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
response to interleukin-13 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-13 stimulus.
response to interleukin-11 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-11 stimulus.
copper ion export The directed movement of copper ions out of a cell or organelle.
cellular macromolecule localization Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell.
positive regulation of stress-activated mapk cascade Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.
positive regulation of lipase activity Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.
protein import into peroxisome matrix, substrate release The process by which the cargo protein is released into the peroxisomal matrix, following translocation across the membrane.
ncrna metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving non-coding RNA transcripts (ncRNAs).
negative regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.
regulation of schwann cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.
positive regulation of response to alcohol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to alcohol.
vitamin k metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals. Vitamin K substances share a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and vary in the aliphatic side chains attached to the molecule.
germline cell cycle switching, mitotic to meiotic cell cycle The process in which a germline cell switches cell cycle mode from mitotic to meiotic division.
regulation of actin filament-based movement Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament-based movement.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter involved in spinal cord association neuron specification Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the commitment of neuronal precursors to association neurons in the dorsal spinal cord.
histone h3-k9 acetylation The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 9 of the histone.
leading edge cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of leading edge cells, cells at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet.
positive regulation of protein glycosylation in golgi Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid in any compartment of the Golgi apparatus.
antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class ii The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.
cellular urea homeostasis Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of urea at the level of the cell.
protein localization to centrosome A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the centrosome.
antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class ib The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. The peptide antigen may originate from an endogenous or exogenous protein. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E family.
regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.
establishment or maintenance of cell polarity Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
positive regulation of b cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.
negative regulation of mitochondrial rna catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.
neutrophil mediated killing of symbiont cell The directed killing of a symbiont target cell by a neutrophil.
spleen development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions.
serotonin transport The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.
icosanoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
semicircular canal formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the semicircular canal from the otic vesicle. This process begins with the regionalization of the vesicle that specifies the area where the vesicles will form and continues through the process of fusion which forms the initial tubes.
regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.
cellular response to lipoteichoic acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoteichoic acid stimulus; lipoteichoic acid is a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a chain of glycerol-phosphate repeating units linked to a glycolipid anchor.
negative regulation of cell fate specification Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a specific cell fate.
response to magnesium ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnesium ion stimulus.
pyridine nucleoside catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any pyridine nucleoside, a nucleoside in which a pyridine base covalently bonded to a sugar, usually ribose.
response to exogenous dsrna Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.
alpha-beta t cell differentiation involved in immune response The process in which an antigenically naive alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
glutamyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling glutamate to glutamyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'- adenosine residue of the tRNA.
somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins.
negative regulation of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
connecting tubule development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the connecting tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct.
regulation of acute inflammatory response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
histone h2a monoubiquitination The modification of histone H2A by addition of a single ubiquitin group.
negative regulation of female gonad development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development.
regulation of glycolytic process by regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis by modulating the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
response to amino acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.
positive regulation of action potential Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
regulation of pro-b cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pro-B cell differentiation.
endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation.
calcium-dependent cell-matrix adhesion The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.
negative regulation of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process.
ventricular zone neuroblast division The proliferation of neuroblasts in the ventricular zone of the cerebral cortex. The neuronal progenitors of these cells will migrate radially.
regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
positive regulation of early endosome to recycling endosome transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to recycling endosome transport.
modulation by symbiont of host i-kappab kinase/nf-kappab cascade Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of host NF-kappaB-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cardiac outflow tract cell proliferation The canonical Wnt signaling pathway that contributes to the modulation of the expansion of a population of cardiac outflow tract cells.
response to misfolded protein Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a misfolded protein stimulus.
macromolecule methylation The covalent attachment of a methyl residue to one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule.
negative regulation of histone h3-k9 methylation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 9 of histone H3.
regulation of convergent extension involved in axis elongation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of convergent extension involved in axis elongation.
substrate-independent telencephalic tangential migration The process where neuronal precursors migrate tangentially in the telencephalon, primarily guided by interactions that do not require cell-cell contact.
multicellular organismal development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
female courtship behavior The behavior of a female, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner.
positive regulation of dendrite morphogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.
mitochondrial dna replication The process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.
polyol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.
response to g1 dna damage checkpoint signaling A process that acts directly to delay or stop progression through the cell cycle in response to signals generated as a result of mitotic cell cycle G1/S transition DNA damage checkpoint signaling; contributes to a mitotic cell cycle G1/S transition DNA damage checkpoint.
regulation of neuroblast proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast proliferation.
subthalamic nucleus development The progression of the subthalamic nucleus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The subthalamic nucleus is the lens-shaped nucleus located in the ventral part of the subthalamus on the inner aspect of the internal capsule that is concerned with the integration of somatic motor function.
maintenance of er location Any process in which the endoplasmic reticulum is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
regulation of binding of sperm to zona pellucida Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding of sperm to the zona pellucida.
positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.
cortical actin cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane.
respiratory chain complex iv assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase), the terminal member of the respiratory chain of the mitochondrion and some aerobic bacteria. Cytochrome c oxidases are multi-subunit enzymes containing from 13 subunits in the mammalian mitochondrial form to 3-4 subunits in the bacterial forms.
positive regulation of response to biotic stimulus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
regulation of cd24 biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD24 biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.
glomerular visceral epithelial cell migration The orderly movement of a podocyte from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. A podocyte is a specialized kidney epithelial cell.
ether biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ether.
geranyl diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of geranyl diphosphate.
regulation of phospholipid transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid transport.
positive regulation of activation-induced cell death of t cells Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation-induced cell death of T cells.
microtubule-based transport Microtubule-based movement that results in the net, directed movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another.
dosage compensation by inactivation of x chromosome Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on one of the X-chromosomes in the XX sex.
mitochondrion localization Any process in which a mitochondrion or mitochondria are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.
inactivation of mapkk activity Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK).
complement activation, alternative pathway Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.
gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
telomere maintenance via recombination Any recombinational process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length.
sperm ejaculation The expulsion of seminal fluid, thick white fluid containing spermatozoa, from the male genital tract.
base-excision repair In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.
regulation of transforming growth factor beta production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta.
positive regulation of translational initiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.
thymine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base.
blood coagulation The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers.
cytoplasmic mrna processing body assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.
hair follicle morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized.
positive regulation of keratinocyte migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte migration.
positive regulation of neuron projection regeneration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron projection regeneration, the regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage.
leukocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.
positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate.
regulation of protein polymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.
conversion of ds sirna to ss sirna involved in rna interference The process in which double-stranded siRNA molecules are converted to single-stranded siRNAs; required for the formation of a mature RITS complex during RNA interference.
polysaccharide localization Any process in which a polysaccharide is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
purine ribonucleoside metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
regulation of beta-amyloid formation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of beta-amyloid formation.
termination of rna polymerase iii transcription The process in which transcription by RNA polymerase III is terminated; Pol III has an intrinsic ability to terminate transcription upon incorporation of 4 to 6 contiguous U residues.
positive regulation of peptidyl-cysteine s-nitrosylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation.
regulation of lymphocyte anergy Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
respiratory burst after phagocytosis A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases, that occurs in neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages shortly after phagocytosing material. An enhanced uptake of oxygen leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, which play a part in microbiocidal activity.
stress granule disassembly The disaggregation of a stress granule into its constituent protein and RNA parts.
ventral spinal cord interneuron differentiation The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of ventral spinal cord interneurons. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
regulation of metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell development.
s-adenosylmethionine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.
aminoglycan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
peptide hormone secretion The regulated release of a peptide hormone from a cell.
lipoprotein transport The directed movement of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of nuclear cell cycle dna replication Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication.
positive regulation of eosinophil degranulation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil degranulation.
forebrain dorsal/ventral pattern formation The formation of specific regional progenitor domains along the dorsal-ventral axis in the developing forebrain.
positive regulation of chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 5 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5.
cellular response to misfolded protein Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a misfolded protein stimulus.
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat4 protein Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat4 protein.
protein-lipid complex subunit organization Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-lipid complex.
establishment of protein localization to mitochondrial membrane The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the mitochondrial membrane.
positive regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.
asparaginyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling asparagine to asparaginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
t cell tolerance induction A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in T cells.
protein localization involved in establishment of planar polarity Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location in a cell that contributes to the establishment of planar polarity.
regulation of dna methylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.
translesion synthesis The replication of damaged DNA by synthesis across a lesion in the template strand; a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex inserts a defined nucleotide across from the lesion which allows DNA synthesis to continue beyond the lesion. This process can be mutagenic depending on the damaged nucleotide and the inserted nucleotide.
regulation of inclusion body assembly Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of inclusion body assembly. Inclusion body assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inclusion body.
establishment of protein localization to vacuole The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a vacuole.
positive regulation of actin filament bundle assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.
regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.
nucleobase metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid, e.g. the purines: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and the pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine.
astrocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an astrocyte. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.
regulation of cell-cell adhesion involved in gastrulation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell affecting gastrulation.
ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ions within an organism or cell.
negative regulation of cell migration Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
peptidyl-lysine deacetylation The removal of an acetyl group from an acetylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.
nuclear-transcribed mrna catabolic process, exonucleolytic, 3'-5' The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the mRNA transcript body that occurs when the 3' end is not protected by a 3'-poly(A) tail; degradation proceeds in the 3' to 5' direction.
vasomotion The rhythmical contraction and relaxation of arterioles, observed as slow and fast waves, with frequencies of 1-2 and 10-20 cpm.
thrombopoietin-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a thrombopoietin to the thrombopoietin receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
negative regulation of heart induction Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart induction.
mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in renal system development The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the renal system as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
cellular cation homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cations at the level of a cell.
positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.
lung vasculature development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lung vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs.
interleukin-23-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-23 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
regulation of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway.
positive regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.
positive regulation of mitochondrial fusion Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.
regulation of rna export from nucleus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
serine family amino acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
regulation of hypersensitivity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
dna damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.
positive regulation of rubidium ion transmembrane transporter activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of rubidium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
negative regulation of metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
somatic stem cell maintenance Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.
protein hexamerization The formation of a protein hexamer, a macromolecular structure consisting of six noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.
regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
dendritic cell migration The movement of a dendritic cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
nadp catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; catabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.
endothelial cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.
regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.
negative regulation of immunological synapse formation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immunological synapse formation.
bone remodeling The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the regulation of bone resorption and bone formation results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.
semicircular canal fusion Creation of the central hole of the semicircular canal by sealing the edges of the pouch that forms ruing the process of semicircular canal formation.
erbb3 signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB3 on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. ERBB3 receptors have impaired kinase activity and rely on the kinase activity of the heterodimer partner for activation and signal transmission.
positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process Any cellular process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
negative regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.
renal vesicle progenitor cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the renal vesicle progenitor cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. A renal vesicle progenitor cell is a cell that will give rise to terminally differentiated cells of the renal vesicle without self-renewing.
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle priming Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle priming. Synaptic vesicle priming is the formation of SNARE-containing complexes, bringing synaptic vesicle membrane and plasma membranes into close proximity and thereby facilitating membrane fusion.
regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.
negative regulation of norepinephrine uptake Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell.
l-cystine transport The directed movement of L-cystine (also known as dicysteine) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
golgi vesicle fusion to target membrane The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a Golgi transport vesicle to the target lipid bilayer membrane.
regulation of protein autoubiquitination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein autoubiquitination.
mitotic cytokinetic process Any cytokinetic process that is involved in mitotic cell cycle.
otic placode formation The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of the vertebrate inner ear. The otic placode forms as a thickening of the head ectoderm adjacent to the developing hindbrain.
neuron-neuron synaptic transmission The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse.
organ regeneration The regrowth of a lost or destroyed organ.
alpha-beta t cell activation The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
mammary gland formation The process pertaining to the initial formation of the mammary gland from unspecified parts. The process begins with formation of the mammary line and ends when the solid mammary bud invades the primary mammary mesenchyme.
intermediate filament-based process Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins.
negative regulation of alpha-beta t cell activation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.
intestinal epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine.
regulation of circadian rhythm Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm is a biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
d-xylose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
natural killer cell activation involved in immune response The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell resulting from exposure a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
positive regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-beta.
membrane hyperpolarization The process in which membrane potential changes in the hyperpolarizing direction from the resting potential, usually from negative to more negative.
negative regulation of renin secretion into blood stream Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of renin secretion into blood stream.
vitamin a biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid. Animals cannot synthesize vitamin A de novo, but form it through oxidative cleavage of carotenoids.
regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
spliceosomal snrnp assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of one or more snRNA and multiple protein components to form a ribonucleoprotein complex that is involved in formation of the spliceosome.
trachea cartilage morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage in the trachea are generated and organized.
negative regulation of nuclear division Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
membranous septum morphogenesis The process in which the membranous septum is generated and organized. The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum.
trophectodermal cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell.
negative regulation of methylation-dependent chromatin silencing Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the repression of transcription by methylation of DNA, leading to the formation of heterochromatin.
negative regulation of nucleotide catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides.
renal capsule specification The regionalization process in which the identity of the renal capsule is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
negative regulation of transcription during mitosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription during mitosis.
selenium compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain selenium, such as selenocysteine.
regulation of fibroblast proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.
positive regulation of defense response to virus by host Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication.
porphyrin-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.
response to anoxia Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating a decline in oxygen levels to trace amounts, <0.1%.
type i interferon production The appearance of type I interferon due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
glucose import The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.
aortic valve morphogenesis The process in which the structure of the aortic valve is generated and organized.
viral mrna export from host cell nucleus The directed movement of intronless viral mRNA from the host nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation.
cardiac neural crest cell development involved in heart development The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the development of the heart.
regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
gliogenesis The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia.
positive regulation of peripheral tolerance induction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.
hydrogen sulfide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen sulfide, H2S.
glutamine family amino acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
positive regulation of monocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.
regulation of corticosteroid hormone secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of corticosteroid hormone secretion.
regulation of gamma-delta t cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation.
embryonic forelimb morphogenesis The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human.
positive regulation of neurological system process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.
positive regulation by symbiont of host apoptotic process Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
fatty acid transmembrane transport The directed movement of fatty acid across a membrane.
beta-amyloid formation The generation of beta-amyloid by cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP).
hormone-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone.
taste bud development The progression of the taste bud over time, from its formation to the mature state. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors.
fatty acid alpha-oxidation A metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway.
positive regulation of actin filament polymerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization.
oxidative single-stranded rna demethylation Removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a single-stranded RNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.
exonucleolytic trimming involved in rrna processing Exonucleolytic digestion of a pre-rRNA molecule in the process to generate a mature rRNA molecule.
musculoskeletal movement, spinal reflex action Involuntary movement caused by the application of a stimulus to an organism and a subsequent movement. The signal processing of this movement takes place in the spinal cord.
negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.
positive regulation of atp metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.
negative regulation of cytolysis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis.
maintenance of dna methylation Any process involved in maintaining the methylation state of a nucleotide sequence.
pyridoxine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.
negative regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.
toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 9.
ribonucleoprotein complex export from nucleus The directed movement of a ribonucleoprotein complex from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
cellular protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells.
regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in pericardium morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in pericardium morphogenesis.
cellular response to platelet-derived growth factor stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet-derived growth factor stimulus.
immune response-inhibiting cell surface receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of inhibiting an immune response.
embryonic nail plate morphogenesis The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of a nail plate are generated and organized. The nail plate is the hard and translucent portion of the nail, composed of keratin, and serves to protect the tips of digits.
cholesterol homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cholesterol within an organism or cell.
response to water Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water.
cellular sodium ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions at the level of a cell.
glutathione metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle.
regulation of glucose transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
alditol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.
phytosphingosine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytosphingosine, (2S,3S,4R)-2-aminooctadecane-1,3,4-triol, a constituent of many plant sphingolipids.
roof plate formation The formation of a single row of glia at the dorsal midline of the developing neural tube. This region provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types and of the specification of neural crest cells. The cells comprising the roof plate are the precursors to radial glial cells.
lambdoid suture morphogenesis The process in which the lambdoid suture is generated and organized.
negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
golgi vesicle transport The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles.
peripheral nervous system myelin maintenance The process in which the structure and material content of mature peripheral nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state.
hydrogen sulfide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen sulfide, H2S.
prostate epithelial cord arborization involved in prostate glandular acinus morphogenesis The branching morphogenesis process in which the prostate epithelial cords branch freely to create the structure of the prostate acini.
trna wobble uridine modification The process in which a uridine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.
activated t cell proliferation The expansion of a T cell population following activation by an antigenic stimulus.
positive regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by atrial natriuretic peptide The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the signaling molecule atrial natriuretic peptide.
positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
jak-stat cascade Any process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) proteins convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The JAK-STAT cascade begins with activation of STAT proteins by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases, proceeds through dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.
chiasma assembly The cell cycle process in which a connection between chromatids assembles, indicating where an exchange of homologous segments has taken place by the crossing-over of non-sister chromatids.
metanephric glomerulus development The progression of the metanephric glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The metanephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.
negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to uv-induced dna damage Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a UV damage stimulus.
organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organonitrogen compound.
regulation of blood volume by renin-angiotensin The process in which the renin-angiotensin system controls the rate of fluid intake and output into the blood.
negative regulation of catalytic activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme.
sulfur oxidation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting the addition of oxygen to elemental sulfur.
negative regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process.
modulation by virus of host process The process in which a virus effects a change in the processes and activities of its host organism.
regulation of resting membrane potential Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a resting potential, the electrical charge across the plasma membrane, with the interior of the cell negative with respect to the exterior. The resting potential is the membrane potential of a cell that is not stimulated to be depolarized or hyperpolarized.
positive regulation of dna damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator.
protein-cofactor linkage The covalent attachment of a cofactor to a protein.
nicotinamide nucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinamide.
negative regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in heart morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in heart morphogenesis.
positive regulation of viral transcription Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.
regulation of fever generation Any process that modulates the rate or extent of fever generation.
membrane depolarization The process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential, usually from negative to positive. For example, the initial depolarization during the rising phase of an action potential is in the direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.
vacuolar sequestering The process of transporting a substance into, and confining within, a vacuole.
negative regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure The process that reduces the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system.
negative regulation of mast cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell apoptotic process.
postsynaptic membrane assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynaptic membrane, a specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft).
planar cell polarity pathway involved in cardiac right atrium morphogenesis The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the cardiac right atrium.
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to dna damage Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.
positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandin.
platelet activation A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.
apoptotic process involved in embryonic digit morphogenesis Any apoptotic process that is involved in embryonic digit morphogenesis.
negative regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of uterine smooth muscle contraction.
positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.
regulation of macromitophagy Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macromitophagy.
regulated secretory pathway A process of exocytosis in which soluble proteins and other substances are initially stored in secretory vesicles for later release. It is found mainly in cells that are specialized for secreting products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or digestive enzymes rapidly on demand.
muscle cell fate determination The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a muscle cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
posterior mesonephric tubule development The progression of the posterior mesonephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The posterior mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.
regulation of metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
carbamoyl phosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbamoyl phosphate, an intermediate in the urea cycle and other nitrogen compound metabolic pathways.
sulfur amino acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
regulation of histone h3-k27 methylation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H3-K27 methylation. Histone H3-K27 methylation is the modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 27 of the histone.
positive regulation of ligand-dependent nuclear receptor transcription coactivator activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ligand-dependent nuclear receptor transcription coactivator activity.
ossification The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.
positive regulation of focal adhesion assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion assembly, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions.
regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol Any process that modulates the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
transcription of nuclear large rrna transcript from rna polymerase i promoter The synthesis of the large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript which encodes several rRNAs, e.g. in mammals 28S, 18S and 5.8S, from a nuclear DNA template transcribed by RNA polymerase I.
thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a thyroid hormone.
negative regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.
regulation of muscle atrophy Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle atrophy.
negative regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.
regulation of type iv hypersensitivity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) pathway.
negative regulation of cellular senescence Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-rem sleep Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-rapid eye movement sleep.
regulation of histone h2b ubiquitination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H2B ubiquitination.
positive regulation of melanin biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin.
aggressive behavior A behavioral interaction between organisms in which one organism has the intention of inflicting physical damage on another individual.
glucose transport The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
axon midline choice point recognition The recognition of molecules at the central nervous system midline choice point by an axon growth cone; this choice point determines whether the growth cone will cross the midline.
positive regulation of t cell anergy Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
retinal cone cell development Development of a cone cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Cone cells contain the photopigment iodopsin or cyanopsin and are responsible for photopic (daylight) vision.
response to defense-related reactive oxygen species production by other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
cellular response to water deprivation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of water.
response to nitric oxide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitric oxide stimulus.
monosaccharide transport The directed movement of monosaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.
divalent inorganic cation transport The directed movement of inorganic cations with a valency of two into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
dna metabolic process Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides.
cell migration involved in coronary angiogenesis The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of new blood vessels in the heart from pre-existing blood vessels.
vitamin k catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals.
cellular aldehyde metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells.
positive regulation of germinal center formation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
negative regulation of dna replication Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.
fructose 2,6-bisphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The D enantiomer is an important regulator of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. It inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and activates phosphofructokinase.
meiotic chromosome separation The process in which chromosomes are physically detached from each other during meiosis.
common-partner smad protein phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a common-partner SMAD protein. A common partner SMAD protein binds to pathway-restricted SMAD proteins forming a complex that translocates to the nucleus.
negative regulation by host of symbiont molecular function Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of symbiont proteins. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
macromolecule localization Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
lung epithelium development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lung epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the inside of the lung.
glycolipid translocation The translocation, or flipping, of glycolipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.
membrane lipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.
glyoxylate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH.
radial pattern formation The regionalization process that results in defined areas around a point in which specific types of cell differentiation will occur.
reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen.
dynamin polymerization involved in membrane fission The process of creating dynamin polymers, compounds composed of a large number of dynamin monomers. Dynamin polymers form around lipid tubes and contribute to membrane fission.
cell death Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies); and/or (3) its corpse (or its fragments) have been engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo.
dopamine transport The directed movement of dopamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
negative regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport
dgtp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGTP, guanosine triphosphate.
negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.
excretion The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds.
oxylipin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxylipin, any of a group of biologically active compounds formed by oxidative metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
succinyl-coa metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinyl-CoA, a compound composed of the monovalent acyl group 3-carboxypropanoyl, derived from succinic acid by loss of one OH group, linked to coenzyme A.
nephron morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron are generated and organized. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
follicular dendritic cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a follicular dendritic cell.
t-helper 17 cell chemotaxis The directed movement of a T-helper 17 cell in response to an external stimulus.
regulation of neural crest formation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes.
cobalamin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.
cytoplasm organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
negative regulation of actin nucleation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation, the initial step in the formation of an actin filament in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament.
imidazole-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving imidazoles, five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
regulation of protein glutathionylation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein glutathionylation. Protein glutathionylation is the protein modification process in which a glutathione molecule is added to a protein amino acid through a disulfide linkage.
import into cell The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.
negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation.
organic substance metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.
protein-chromophore linkage The covalent or noncovalent attachment of a chromophore to a protein.
positive regulation of mirna catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA catabolic process.
tricuspid valve formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the tricuspid valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
positive regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.
protein localization to cell leading edge A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell leading edge.
regulation of androgen secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion.
regulation of beta-amyloid clearance Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of beta-amyloid clearance.
maturation of ssu-rrna from tricistronic rrna transcript (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna) Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
regulation of acyl-coa biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acyl-CoA.
positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus Any positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that is involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus.
negative regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
brain segmentation Division of the brain into a series of semi-repetitive parts or segments.
acylglycerol transport The directed movement of an acylglycerol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An acylglycerol is any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
endothelial cell morphogenesis The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell.
negative regulation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis.
pyridine nucleoside metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any pyridine nucleoside, a nucleoside in which a pyridine base covalently bonded to a sugar, usually ribose.
cellular response to monoamine stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.
regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via electrical coupling. Cell communication via electrical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
positive regulation of dephosphorylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.
catechol-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.
regulation of cell death Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.
positive regulation of humoral immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
aspartate family amino acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.
nucleosome assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.
negative regulation of heart induction by canonical wnt signaling pathway Any canonical Wnt signaling that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of heart induction.
deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
mast cell migration The movement of a mast cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
mesangial cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesangial cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
detection of virus The series of events in which a stimulus from a virus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.
regulation of store-operated calcium channel activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium channel activity.
parasympathetic nervous system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parasympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia.
nickel cation transport The directed movement of nickel (Ni) cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
vasoconstriction of artery involved in ischemic response to lowering of systemic arterial blood pressure The vasoconstriction that is triggered by vasomotor excitation resulting from the detection of high carbon dioxide levels in the vasomotor center of the central nervous system.
negative regulation of protein phosphatase type 2a activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme protein phosphatase type 2A.
response to cortisol Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cortisol stimulus. Cortisol is the major natural glucocorticoid synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex; it affects the metabolism of glucose, protein, and fats and has appreciable mineralocorticoid activity. It also regulates the immune system and affects many other functions.
bone resorption The process in which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products.
neurotransmitter metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitters, any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
diapedesis The passage of a leukocyte between the tight junctions of endothelial cells lining blood vessels, typically the fourth and final step of cellular extravasation.
histone h3-k9 dimethylation The modification of histone H3 by addition of two methyl groups to lysine at position 9 of the histone.
substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading The morphogenetic process that results in flattening of a cell as a consequence of its adhesion to a substrate.
regulation of spongiotrophoblast cell proliferation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of spongiotrophoblast cell proliferation.
regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.
response to laminar fluid shear stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a laminar fluid shear stress stimulus. Laminar fluid flow is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface in parallel layers. As an example, laminar shear stress can be seen where blood flows against the luminal side of blood vessel walls.
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production.
phospholipid efflux The directed movement of a phospholipid out of a cell or organelle.
histone ubiquitination The modification of histones by addition of ubiquitin groups.
n-terminal peptidyl-l-cysteine n-palmitoylation The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a nitrogen (N) atom in an N-terminal cysteine residue to form N-palmitoyl-L-cysteine.
negative regulation of atpase activity Any process that stops or reduces the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase.
negative regulation of caveolin-mediated endocytosis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of caveolin-mediated endocytosis.
negative regulation of t cell anergy Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
rna phosphodiester bond hydrolysis The RNA metabolic process in which the phosphodiester bonds between ribonucleotides are cleaved by hydrolysis.
metanephric collecting duct development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.
chromatin assembly or disassembly The formation or destruction of chromatin structures.
organ formation The process pertaining to the initial formation of an organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ.
proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.
positive regulation of heterochromatin assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin formation.
protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the endoplasmic reticulum.
dna replication, removal of rna primer Removal of the Okazaki RNA primer from the lagging strand of replicating DNA, by a combination of the actions of DNA polymerase, DNA helicase and an endonuclease.
negative regulation of camp-mediated signaling Any process which stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling, a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic AMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
negative regulation of the force of heart contraction involved in baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressure Any process that decreases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure.
planar cell polarity pathway involved in ventricular septum morphogenesis The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the ventricular septum.
kidney morphogenesis Morphogenesis of a kidney. A kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
positive regulation of nucleoside metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleosides.
ketone catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
water transport The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of axon extension involved in regeneration Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in regeneration.
positive regulation of catecholamine secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.
prenylated protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of prenylated proteins.
negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.
response to oxygen-containing compound Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus.
embryonic foregut morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized, during the embryonic phase.
muscle organ morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle are generated and organized.
carnitine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
ferric iron transport The directed movement of ferric iron (Fe(III) or Fe3+) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
plasma lipoprotein particle clearance The process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
positive regulation of tongue muscle cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tongue muscle cell differentiation.
male sex determination The specification of male sex of an individual organism.
fatty-acyl-coa transport The directed movement of fatty acyl coenzyme A into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fatty acyl coenzyme A is an acyl group linked to 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine (coenzyme A).
negative regulation of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism.
negative regulation of epithelial cell migration Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.
regulation of multicellular organismal development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multicellular organismal development.
positive regulation of protein kinase a signaling Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.
regulation of n-terminal protein palmitoylation Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of the covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.
transcription from rna polymerase i promoter The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.
homeostasis of number of cells in a free-living population The biological process involved in maintaining the steady-state number of cells within a population of free-living cells such as the bacteria in the gut.
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
negative regulation of neutrophil apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptotic process.
regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
positive regulation of phospholipid efflux Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid efflux.
regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress.
fructose transport The directed movement of fructose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.
amp phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into AMP, adenosine monophosphate, to produce ADP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces ATP.
positive regulation of mineralocorticoid secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mineralocorticoid secretion.
positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.
sterol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
mesonephric tubule development The progression of a mesonephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.
cellular response to glucose starvation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of glucose.
radial glia guided migration of cerebellar granule cell The inward migration of postmitotic granule cells along a radial glial cell from the external granule layer to the internal granule cell layer.
axonogenesis De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon.
negative regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.
protection of dna demethylation of female pronucleus The protection of the maternal genome from DNA demethylation in the zygote following fertilization.
actin filament polymerization Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.
secretion by tissue The controlled release of a substance by a tissue.
sesquiterpenoid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units.
positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an endoplasmic reticulum stress.
regulation of interleukin-4-dependent isotype switching to ige isotypes Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-4-dependent isotype switching to IgE isotypes.
positive regulation of chromosome segregation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
positive regulation of activation of janus kinase activity Any process that increases the frequency or rate of activation of JAK protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
positive regulation of lamellipodium organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium organization.
gall bladder development The progression of the gall bladder over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The gall bladder is a cavitated organ that stores bile.
plasma membrane lactate transport The directed movement of lactate across a plasma membrane.
maintenance of protein localization in organelle Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location a specific location on or in an organelle, and is prevented from moving elsewhere. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle.
regulation of monocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of mrna catabolic process Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of a mRNA catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
negative regulation of neuron maturation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
cellular response to sterol Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sterol stimulus.
regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.
positive regulation by host of viral release from host cell A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a virus with which it is infected, from its cells.
regulation of excretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of excretion, the elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.
viral budding via host escrt complex Viral budding which uses a host ESCRT protein complex, or complexes, to mediate the budding process.
radial glia guided migration of purkinje cell The migration of postmitotic a Purkinje cell along radial glial cells from the ventricular zone to the Purkinje cell layer.
regulation of non-canonical wnt signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
peroxisomal transport Transport of substances into, out of or within a peroxisome, a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.
mitotic recombination The exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between one DNA molecule and a homologous region of DNA that occurs during mitotic cell cycles.
regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway.
gene silencing Any transcriptional or post-transcriptional process carried out at the cellular level that results in long-term gene inactivation.
regulation of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to uv-induced dna damage Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a UV damage stimulus.
negative regulation of macrophage apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage apoptotic process.
interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interferon-gamma to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.
negative regulation of apoptotic dna fragmentation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.
purine nucleoside metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
regulation of hormone biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.
negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat protein Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.
bundle of his cell-purkinje myocyte adhesion involved in cell communication The attachment of a bundle of His cell to a Purkinje myocyte via adhesion molecules that results in the cells being juxtaposed so that they can communicate.
single-organism metabolic process A metabolic process - chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances - which involves a single organism.
positive regulation of glucosylceramide catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucosylceramide catabolic process.
exocyst localization Any process in which an exocyst is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. An exocyst is a protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse.
negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.
regulation of tube size Ensuring that a tube is of the correct length and diameter. Tube size must be maintained not only during tube formation, but also throughout development and in some physiological processes.
endosome transport via multivesicular body sorting pathway The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes or vacuoles by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the target compartment.
branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.
regulation of g2/m transition of mitotic cell cycle Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
atrioventricular valve formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the atrioventricular valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
anion transmembrane transport A process in which an anion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
metanephric capsule development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric capsule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.
regulation of endocytic recycling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytic recycling.
single-organism membrane fusion The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane, involving only one organism.
sprouting angiogenesis The extension of new blood vessels from existing capillaries into avascular tissues resulting from the proliferation of blood vessel endothelial cells.
killing by symbiont of host cells Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
response to catecholamine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.
intestinal absorption Any process in which nutrients are taken up from the contents of the intestine.
establishment of natural killer cell polarity The directed orientation of natural killer cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with a cell displaying natural killer cell activating ligands.
regulation of fasl biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FasL.
antifungal humoral response An immune response against a fungus mediated through a body fluid. An example of this process is the antifungal humoral response in Drosophila melanogaster.
nadph oxidation A metabolic process that results in the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADPH, to the oxidized form, NADP.
synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction The growth of a synapse at a neuromuscular junction, the site of apposition of a motor end plate and the subneural cleft of the skeletal muscle fiber that it innervates.
inner dynein arm assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein inner arm, an inner arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes.
signal maturation Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a signal. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information to trigger a response, and is functional when it can activate a receptor.
embryonic cleavage The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg.
cerebellum formation The process that gives rise to the cerebellum. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.
response to phenylpropanoid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as the result of a phenylpropanoid stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. A phenylpropanoid is any of secondary metabolites with structures based on a phenylpropane skeleton. The class includes phenylpropanoid esters, flavonoids, anthocyanins, coumarins and many small phenolic molecules. Phenylpropanoids are also precursors of lignin.
establishment of mitochondrion localization, microtubule-mediated The directed movement of the mitochondrion to a specific location, by a process involving microtubules.
regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.
desensitization of g-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway The process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity after prolonged stimulation with an agonist of the pathway.
negative regulation of erbb signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB signaling pathway.
establishment of localization in cell The directed movement of a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, to a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell.
sprouting of injured axon The process involved in sprouting of an injured axon.
regulation of histone acetylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.
pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
negative regulation of inner ear receptor cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inner ear receptor cell differentiation.
regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of cell size Any process that reduces cell size.
thyroid-stimulating hormone signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) binding to a cell surface receptor. The pathway proceeds with the receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
rna 3'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an RNA molecule.
cellular response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. GnRH is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus.
lymphatic endothelial cell differentiation The process in which a venous blood vessel endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a lymphatic vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of lymph vessels.
cytokine production The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
cloaca development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cloaca over time, from it's formation to the mature structure. The cloaca is the common chamber into which intestinal, genital and urinary canals open in vertebrates.
visceral motor neuron differentiation The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of visceral motor neurons. Visceral motor neurons innervate glandular targets and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
lens fiber cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a lens fiber cell. Lens fiber cells are elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.
skin development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.
fatty acid oxidation The removal of one or more electrons from a fatty acid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen.
positive regulation of metanephric glomerulus development Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of metanephric glomerulus development, the progression of the metanephric glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The metanephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.
muscle filament sliding The sliding of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other in muscle contraction. This involves a process of interaction of myosin located on a thick filament with actin located on a thin filament. During this process ATP is split and forces are generated.
chylomicron remnant clearance The process in which a chylomicron remnant is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis into liver cells and its constituent parts degraded.
calcium ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within an organism or cell.
regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.
regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.
optic nerve structural organization The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the optic nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.
sphingomyelin catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.
neutrophil mediated immunity Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a neutrophil.
response to heat Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.
regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.
negative regulation of chemokine secretion Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of chemokine secretion, the regulated release of chemokines from a cell.
neuronal stem cell maintenance Any process in by an organism or tissue maintains a population of neuronal stem cells.
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
myo-inositol transport The directed movement of myo-inositol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Myo-inositol is 1,2,3,4,5/4,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.
cellular response to x-ray Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).
positive regulation of glycogen metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis.
sertoli cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Sertoli cell. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.
nitric oxide production involved in inflammatory response The synthesis or release of nitric oxide following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
response to fungus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus.
glycolipid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).
organelle inheritance The partitioning of organelles between daughter cells at cell division.
histone h2b conserved c-terminal lysine deubiquitination A histone deubiquitination process in which a ubiquitin monomer is removed from a conserved lysine residue in the C-terminus of histone H2B. The conserved lysine residue is K119 in fission yeast, K123 in budding yeast, or K120 in mammals.
cellular protein modification process The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications) occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).
negative regulation of eosinophil degranulation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of eosinophil degranulation.
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress by p53 class mediator Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress by p53 class mediator.
negative regulation of developmental pigmentation Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.
response to dithiothreitol Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dithiothreitol stimulus.
glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
negative regulation of mononuclear cell migration Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
acetaldehyde metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetaldehyde, a colorless, flammable liquid intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol.
negative regulation of nfat protein import into nucleus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of an NFAT protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
male anatomical structure morphogenesis The processes by which anatomical structures that are only present in the male organism are generated and organized.
neuromuscular junction development A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction.
interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-2 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
regulation of cardiac conduction
positive regulation of rna splicing Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing.
regulation of cytolysis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm.
lens fiber cell morphogenesis The process in which the structures of a lens fiber cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a lens fiber cell. A lens fiber cell is any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.
regulation of heart rate by hormone The process in which the hormones modulates the rate of heart muscle contraction. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.
aromatic amino acid family metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
negative regulation by symbiont of host apoptotic process Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
midbrain development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles).
regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
regulation of ph Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell.
transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses serine/threonine kinase activity, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
subpallium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the subpallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon.
regulation of bone trabecula formation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone trabecula formation.
negative regulation of immune effector process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
ethanol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.
ureteric peristalsis A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along the ureter, impelling the contents onwards. The ureter is one of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder.
regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a dopamine receptor signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
immunological synapse formation The formation of an area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and target cell, which facilitates activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.
regulation of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion.
response to hydroxyisoflavone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyisoflavone stimulus.
cellular alcohol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom, carried out at the level of an individual cell.
head morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the head are generated and organized. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.
regulation of developmental process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
histone h2a acetylation The modification of histone H2A by the addition of an acetyl group.
negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase i promoter Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter.
sensory perception of touch The series of events required for an organism to receive a touch stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. The perception of touch in animals is mediated by mechanoreceptors in the skin and mucous membranes and is the sense by which contact with objects gives evidence as to certain of their qualities. Different types of touch can be perceived (for example, light, coarse, pressure and tickling) and the stimulus may be external or internal (e.g. the feeling of a full stomach).
regulation of actin nucleation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation, the initial step in the formation of an actin filament in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament.
dna modification The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties.
protein mannosylation The addition of a mannose residue to a protein acceptor molecule.
positive regulation of dna-dependent dna replication Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent DNA replication.
negative regulation of lipid metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
rrna import into mitochondrion The directed movement of rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid, from the cytoplasm into a mitochondrion.
innervation The process in which a nerve invades a tissue and makes functional synaptic connection within the tissue.
bile acid signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a bile acid to a receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
cytoplasmic translation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in the cytoplasm. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein.
cell cycle switching, mitotic to meiotic cell cycle The process in which a cell switches cell cycle mode from mitotic to meiotic division.
g2/m transition of mitotic cell cycle The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G2 commits to M phase. The process begins when the kinase activity of M cyclin/CDK complex reaches a threshold high enough for the cell cycle to proceed. This is accomplished by activating a positive feedback loop that results in the accumulation of unphosphorylated and active M cyclin/CDK complex.
deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
positive regulation of muscle adaptation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation.
positive regulation of t-helper 1 cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.
cellular hyperosmotic response Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.
ephrin receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an ephrin receptor binding to an ephrin.
positive regulation of cell death Any process that increases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process Any regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process.
cleavage in its2 between 5.8s rrna and lsu-rrna of tricistronic rrna transcript (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna) Endonucleolytic cleavage within ITS2 between the 5.8S rRNA and the LSU-rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
organ morphogenesis Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
synapse assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.
posttranscriptional gene silencing by rna Any process of posttranscriptional gene inactivation (silencing) mediated by small RNA molecules that may trigger mRNA degradation or negatively regulate translation.
pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell migration Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.
his-purkinje system cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell of the His-Purkinje system. These cells form the fibers regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.
negative regulation of complement-dependent cytotoxicity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement-dependent cytotoxicity.
regulation of rrna processing Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rRNA processing.
bmp signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
histone h2a k63-linked deubiquitination A protein deubiquitination process in which a K63-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a lysine residue in histone H2A or the variant H2AX.
positive regulation of biomineral tissue development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds.
positive regulation of saliva secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva.
regulation of astrocyte chemotaxis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte chemotaxis.
protein to membrane docking The initial attachment of a protein to a target membrane, mediated by a proteins protruding from the target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.
regulation of leukocyte degranulation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte degranulation.
cortisol secretion The regulated release of cortisol, a steroid hormone that in humans is the major circulating hormone of the cortex, or outer layer, of the adrenal gland.
metanephric glomerular epithelium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric glomerular epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus in the metanephros. The metanephric glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains feet that interdigitate with the feet of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.
vesicle uncoating A protein depolymerization process that results in the disassembly of vesicle coat proteins.
positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
glial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell.
ethanol oxidation An ethanol metabolic process in which ethanol is converted to acetyl-CoA via acetaldehyde and acetate.
ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a complex containing RNA and proteins. Includes the biosynthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the ribonucleoprotein complex.
regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.
descending thin limb development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the descending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The descending thin limb is a part of the loop of Henle situated just after the proximal straight tubule (S3). It extends to the tip of the loop of Henle.
negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.
histone modification The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein.
protein o-linked glycosylation A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or via the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine, forming an O-glycan.
multi-organism transport The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore, involving more than one organism.
interleukin-8 secretion The regulated release of interleukin-8 from a cell.
response to x-ray Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).
positive regulation of catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of catecholamine neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell.
cellular response to progesterone stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus.
protein targeting to membrane The process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.
negative regulation of synaptic vesicle transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle transport.
tryptophan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.
metanephric loop of henle development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric loop of Henle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric loop of Henle is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule in the metanephros.
maintenance of centrosome location Any process in which a centrosome is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
metanephric macula densa development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric macula densa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule of the metanephros that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus.
rna metabolic process The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
posttranslational protein targeting to membrane The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs after their translation. Some secretory proteins exhibit posttranslational transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen: they are synthesized in their entirety on free cytosolic ribosomes and then released into the cytosol, where they are bound by chaperones which keep them in an unfolded state, and subsequently are translocated across the ER membrane.
carbon catabolite repression of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.
meiotic dna repair synthesis During meiosis, the synthesis of DNA proceeding from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end that uses the homologous intact duplex as the template.
negative regulation of interleukin-8 secretion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-8 secretion.
oocyte growth The developmental growth process in which an oocyte irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
hormone catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism.
linear vestibuloocular reflex A vestibular reflex by which a response to a linear acceleration stimulus begins with an afferent nerve impulse from a receptor in the otolith and ends with the compensatory action of eye muscles. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness.
hexose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
regulation of vascular wound healing Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.
glucosamine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.
nucleotide-sugar transport The directed movement of nucleotide-sugars into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Nucleotide-sugars are any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
positive regulation of pancreatic juice secretion Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of pancreatic juice secretion, the regulated release of pancreatic juice by the exocrine pancreas into the upper part of the intestine.
regulation of vasoconstriction by circulating norepinephrine Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream.
removal of superoxide radicals Any process involved in removing superoxide radicals (O2-) from a cell or organism, e.g. by conversion to dioxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
response to pheromone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus.
kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell in the kidney.
purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
positive regulation of type 2 immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
peripheral nervous system axon ensheathment The process in which a Schwann cell membrane closes around an axon in the peripheral nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction.
negative regulation of response to food Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus.
regulation of muscle filament sliding speed Any process that modulates the velocity of muscle filament sliding.
telomere localization Any process in which a telomere is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
extraocular skeletal muscle development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the extraocular skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The extraocular muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
alpha-beta t cell lineage commitment The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming an alpha-beta T cell.
sensitization An increased in a behavioral response to a repeated stimulus. For example, a shock to the tail of the marine snail Aplysia, to which the snail responds by withdrawing its gill, will result in increased gill withdrawal the next time the skin is touched.
cellular response to alkaline ph Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH > 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
enzyme active site formation via l-cysteine persulfide The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-L-cysteine persulfide. A persulfurated cysteine promotes active site reactivity in Azotobacter vinelandii Rhodanese.
pigment metabolic process involved in pigmentation The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, resulting in the deposition or aggregation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell.
negative regulation of protein import into nucleus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
atrioventricular node cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.
positive regulation of response to tumor cell Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.
positive regulation of glutamate receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate receptor signaling pathway.
ventral spinal cord interneuron fate determination The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ventral spinal cord interneuron regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses.
regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.
response to docetaxel trihydrate Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a docetaxel trihydrate stimulus.
axis elongation The developmental growth that results in the elongation of a line that defines polarity or symmetry in an anatomical structure.
quinolinate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid.
receptor biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
negative regulation of muscle hyperplasia Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hyperplasia.
regulation of protein polyubiquitination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein polyubiquitination.
dna-templated transcription, termination The cellular process that completes DNA-templated transcription; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.
cellular creatinine homeostasis Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of creatinine at the level of the cell.
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic nucleotides.
negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron death Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron death.
circadian temperature homeostasis Any homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature at different values with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
tendon cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a tendon cell. Tendon cell are elongated fibrocytes in which the cytoplasm is stretched between the collagen fibres of the tendon. Tendon cells have a central cell nucleus with a prominent nucleolus, a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, and are responsible for synthesis and turnover of tendon fibres and ground substance.
glycolate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid).
dna-templated transcription, initiation Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at the core promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. The initiation phase ends just before and does not include promoter clearance, or release, which is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription.
positive regulation of schwann cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.
cell differentiation in spinal cord The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephric renal vesicle formation A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephric renal vesicle.
adenine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenine, 6-aminopurine, one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of numerous important derivatives of its corresponding ribonucleoside, adenosine.
membrane organization A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
cellular response to corticosteroid stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosteroid hormone stimulus. A corticosteroid is a steroid hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. They include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
positive regulation of cd8-positive, alpha-beta t cell extravasation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell extravasation.
glyoxal metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyoxal.
trna pseudouridine synthesis The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in a tRNA molecule.
cell-substrate adhesion The attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.
regulation of macrophage chemotaxis Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.
mechanoreceptor differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mechanoreceptor, a cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.
multicellular organismal response to stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a multicellular organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
cell differentiation involved in kidney development The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
positive regulation of female gonad development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development.
contractile actin filament bundle assembly Assembly of actin filament bundles in which the filaments are loosely packed (approximately 30-60 nm apart) and arranged with opposing polarities; the loose packing allows myosin (usually myosin-II) to enter the bundle.
modulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
cellular lactam metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactams, any cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1-azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
lateral element assembly The cell cycle process in which lateral elements are formed. Axial elements form a proteinaceous core between the two sister chromatids of each chromosome; the two axial elements then connect along their entire lengths by fine fibers known as transverse filaments, forming the lateral elements.
proximal/distal axis specification The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end).
hair cycle The cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.
regulation of adaptive immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
mature b cell differentiation The process in which transitional stage B cells acquire the specialized features of mature B cells in the spleen.
ascending thin limb development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an ascending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent.
alkaloid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
dynamin polymerization involved in mitochondrial fission The process of creating dynamin polymers, compounds composed of a large number of dynamin monomers around a lipid tube of a dividing mitochondrion. Dynamin polymers form around lipid tubes and contribute to membrane fission.
mammillary body development The progression of the mammillary body over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The mammillary body is a protrusion at the posterior end of the hypothalamus that contains hypothalamic nuclei.
negative regulation of growth hormone secretion Any process that decreases or stops the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of growth hormone from a cell.
chondrocyte morphogenesis The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a chondrocyte.
negative regulation of multicellular organismal process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
nuclear retention of pre-mrna with aberrant 3'-ends at the site of transcription The process involved in retention of mRNAs that have incorrectly formed 3'-ends within the nucleus at the site of transcription.
trigeminal nerve structural organization The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the oculomotor nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
positive regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against gram-positive bacteria Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria.
rhombomere formation The process that gives rise to the rhombomere. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.
positive regulation of platelet aggregation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.
negative regulation of serotonin secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
regulation of nuclease activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
regulation of estrogen receptor binding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of estrogen receptor binding, interacting selectively with a an estrogen receptor.
vasodilation by norepinephrine-epinephrine involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure A process that results in an increase in the diameter of an artery during the norepinephrine-epinephrine response to blood pressure change.
cd4-positive, cd25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory t cell lineage commitment The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.
calcium activated phosphatidylserine scrambling The movement of a population of phosphatidylserine molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet as a result of a calcium stimulus.
oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate, such as a molecule of dolichol-P-man or dolicol-P-Glc used in N-linked glycosylation.
synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane Fusion of the membrane of a synaptic vesicle with its target presynaptic membrane, thereby releasing its cargo neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
vesicle transport along actin filament Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.
organic acid transmembrane transport
tryptophan transport The directed movement of tryptophan, 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
pyridine-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyridine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyridine or a formal derivative thereof.
lead ion transport The directed movement of lead (Pb) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of male gonad development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.
inorganic cation transmembrane transport A process in which an inorganic cation is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
oogenesis stage A reproductive process that is a step in the formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell.
negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
adp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.
triglyceride biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
histone h3-y41 phosphorylation The modification of histone H3 by the addition of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue at position 41 of the histone.
negative regulation of stem cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.
negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 beta from a cell.
negative regulation of mitotic nuclear division
histone h4-k20 methylation The modification of histone H4 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 20 of the histone.
regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of ephrin receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ephrin receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of transcription elongation from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.
polyamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.
positive regulation of hormone biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.
magnesium ion transport The directed movement of magnesium (Mg) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of natural killer cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.
regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment.
growth hormone secretion The regulated release of growth hormone from secretory granules into the blood.
lactose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.
histone h3-s10 phosphorylation The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an phosphate group to a serine residue at position 10 of the histone.
allantoin catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea.
heme metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.
regulation of trail receptor biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand) receptor.
thiamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
pyrimidine-containing compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.
protein deacylation The removal of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, from a protein amino acid.
protein k6-linked deubiquitination A protein deubiquitination process in which a K6-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 6 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.
regulation of protein import into nucleus, translocation Any process that modulates the vectorial transfer of a protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell-adhesion molecules The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction.
positive regulation of cellular glucuronidation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular glucuronidation.
proton-transporting two-sector atpase complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex, a large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane.
peptidyl-asparagine hydroxylation The hydroxylation of peptidyl-asparagine to form peptidyl-hydroxyasparagine.
in utero embryonic development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
catechol-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent.
tirap-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor 4 where the TIRAP/MAL adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.
deoxycytidine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.
behavioral defense response A behavioral response seeking to protect an organism from an a perceived external threat to that organism.
regulation of zinc ion transmembrane transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of zinc ions (Zn2+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
negative regulation of c-c chemokine binding Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of C-C chemokine binding.
mesangial cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesangial cell in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
disruption of cells of other organism A process in which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the second organism's cells.
cellular response to nicotine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nicotine stimulus.
cellular response to growth hormone stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth hormone stimulus. Growth hormone is a peptide hormone that binds to the growth hormone receptor and stimulates growth.
abducens nerve formation The process that gives rise to the abducens nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The motor function of the abducens nerve is to contract the lateral rectus which results in abduction of the eye.
skeletal myofibril assembly The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A skeletal myofibril is a myofibril specific to skeletal muscle cells.
mucopolysaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucopolysaccharide.
synaptic transmission, glutamatergic The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.
regulation of sterol transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
carnosine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the dipeptide beta-alanyl-L-histidine (carnosine).
negative regulation of notch signaling pathway involved in somitogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Notch signaling pathway involved in somitogenesis.
positive regulation of leukocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.
establishment of protein localization to juxtaparanode region of axon The directed movement of a protein to the juxtaparanode region of an axon.
female meiosis ii The cell cycle process in which the second meiotic division occurs in the female germline.
positive regulation of cytokine secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cytokines from a cell.
penetration of zona pellucida The infiltration by sperm of the zona pellucida to reach the oocyte. The process involves digestive enzymes from a modified lysosome called the acrosome, situated at the head of the sperm.
positive regulation of t cell differentiation in thymus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.
positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell lineage commitment The process in which an immature T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.
trachea morphogenesis The process in which a trachea is generated and organized. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.
canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in regulation of cell proliferation The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to modulating the rate or frequency of cell proliferation.
prenylcysteine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of prenylcysteine, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl-cysteine, a derivative of the amino acid cysteine formed by the covalent addition of a prenyl residue.
seminiferous tubule development The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the seminiferous tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Seminiferous tubules are ducts located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa.
regulation of glucan biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of glucan biosynthesis. Glucan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
steroid esterification A lipid modification process in which a steroid ester is formed by the combination of a carboxylic acid (often a fatty acid) and a steroid molecule (e.g. cholesterol).
striated muscle atrophy A process, occurring in striated muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.
sterol regulatory element binding protein import into nucleus The transfer of a sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane, in response to altered levels of one or more lipids. SREBPs are transcription factors that bind sterol regulatory elements (SREs), DNA motifs found in the promoters of target genes.
negative regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the mitotic metaphase to anaphase transition.
negative regulation of collagen binding Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collagen binding.
regulation of lymphocyte proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.
maintenance of dna repeat elements Any process involved in sustaining the fidelity and copy number of DNA repeat elements.
neural tube patterning The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth that establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the neural tube.
positive regulation of tissue remodeling Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.
ciliary neurotrophic factor-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
neuromuscular process Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism.
nitrogen catabolite activation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one nitrogen source leads to an increase in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other nitrogen sources.
peptidyl-tyrosine sulfation The sulfation of peptidyl-tyrosine residues to form peptidyl-O4'-sulfo-L-tyrosine.
protein nitrosylation The covalent addition of a nitric oxide group to an amino acid within a protein.
mesenchyme development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesenchymal tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells.
chemokine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chemokines, any member of a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.
hemopoiesis The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates.
diencephalon development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the diencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex.
positive regulation of bone mineralization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.
glycine transport The directed movement of glycine, aminoethanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
lateral mesoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
primitive hemopoiesis A first transient wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, gives rise to erythrocytes (red blood cells) and myeloid cells.
neural crest cell migration involved in autonomic nervous system development Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in autonomic nervous system development.
evasion or tolerance by virus of host immune response Any process, either active or passive, by which a virus avoids the effects of the host organism's immune response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of platelet aggregation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.
positive regulation of cardiolipin metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiolipin metabolic process.
acetyl-coa metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis.
male meiosis chromosome segregation The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a male.
convergent extension involved in organogenesis The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis contribution to the shaping of an organ.
androgen metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.
positive regulation of histone h4 acetylation Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H4 acetylation, the modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group.
male meiosis A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline.
late endosome to vacuole transport via multivesicular body sorting pathway The directed movement of substances from endosomes to vacuoles by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the vacuole.
positive regulation of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.
negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.
protein dealkylation The removal of an alkyl group from a protein amino acid. An alkyl group is any group derived from an alkane by removal of one hydrogen atom.
guanine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important.
negative regulation of ribonuclease activity Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of ribonuclease activity, catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.
vacuole fusion, non-autophagic The fusion of two vacuole membranes to form a single vacuole.
negative regulation of protein kinase b signaling Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.
positive regulation of rna metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.
regulation of definitive erythrocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of definitive erythrocyte differentiation. Definitive erythrocyte differentiation occurs as part of the process of definitive hemopoiesis.
regulation of cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: nucleotide 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleotide 5'-phosphate.
regulation of cell morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized.
peptide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.
arginine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.
regulation of gene expression by genetic imprinting Heritable alterations in the activity of a gene that depend on whether it passed through the paternal or the maternal germline, but that are not encoded by DNA itself.
regulation of response to wounding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.
b cell costimulation The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B cell receptor to augment B cell activation.
regulation of chromatin binding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
positive regulation of ip-10 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of IP-10.
regulation of av node cell action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an atrioventricular node myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
negative regulation of mrna catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA catabolic process.
regulation of mitochondrial dna replication Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.
positive regulation of map kinase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.
positive regulation of dipeptide transmembrane transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dipeptide transmembrane transport.
nicotinamide riboside metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide riboside, the product of the formation of a glycosidic bond between ribose and nicotinamide.
positive regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mechanoreceptor differentiation.
l-lysine transmembrane transport The directed movement of L-lysine across a membrane.
forebrain regionalization The regionalization process resulting in the creation of areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the forebrain develops.
heme o biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme O, a derivative of heme containing a 17-carbon hydroxyethylfarnesyl side chain at position 8 of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle.
response to lipid hydroperoxide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid hydroperoxide stimulus. Lipid hydroperoxide is the highly reactive primary oxygenated products of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
negative regulation of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway.
entrainment of circadian clock The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to environmental time cues such as light.
positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
cardiocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.
phosphatidylethanolamine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine.
peptidyl-lysine dimethylation The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine.
negative regulation of kidney development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
regulation of peroxidase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peroxidase activity.
proton transport The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development.
cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
phagosome acidification Any process that reduces the pH of the phagosome, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
positive regulation of protein complex assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
craniofacial suture morphogenesis The process in which any suture between cranial and/or facial bones is generated and organized.
quinolinate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid.
heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues.
regulation of monocyte aggregation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte aggregation.
agmatine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of agmatine ((4-aminobutyl)guanidine, NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-C(-NH2)(=NH)). Agmatine is the decarboxylation product of the amino acid arginine and is an intermediate in polyamine biosynthesis. It is synthesized in the brain, stored in synaptic vesicles, accumulated by uptake, released by membrane depolarization, and inactivated by agmatinase.
histone h4-k8 acetylation The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 8 of the histone.
regulation of epinephrine secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.
positive regulation of protein processing Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.
regulation of t-helper 2 cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.
regulation of vesicle-mediated transport Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell.
fasl biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fas ligand (FasL or CD95L), an antigen originally found to be expressed on the cell surface of activated human T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes and a variety of malignant human lymphoid cell lines.
regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a phosphoprotein.
regulation of adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cardiac adrenergic receptor signaling pathway.
ventral midline development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral midline over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate.
negative regulation of axon regeneration Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon regeneration.
er to golgi vesicle-mediated transport The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.
cellular response to norepinephrine stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a norepinephrine stimulus. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C8H11NO3; it acts as a hormone, and as a neurotransmitter in most of the sympathetic nervous system.
regulation of nk t cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation.
post-embryonic digestive tract morphogenesis The process, occurring during the post-embryonic phase, by which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.
itp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving ITP, inosine triphosphate.
nuclear body organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of any of the extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins.
cytoskeletal anchoring at nuclear membrane The process in which cytoskeletal filaments are directly or indirectly linked to the nuclear membrane.
cap2 mrna methylation Methylation of the ribose of the first and second nucleotides of a 5'-capped mRNA.
nucleosome mobilization The movement of nucleosomes along a DNA fragment.
regulation of cholesterol storage Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
mesoderm migration involved in gastrulation The migration of mesodermal cells during gastrulation to help establish the multilayered body plan of the organism.
regulation of oxidative stress-induced cell death Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced cell death.
g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation or inhibition of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide.
osteoclast proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, which typically differentiates from monocytes.
regulation of type i interferon production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon type I production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
modulation by host of symbiont catalytic activity The process in which a host organism effects a change in the enzyme activity of its symbiont organism.
dump metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dUMP, deoxyuridine (5'-)monophosphate (2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate).
regulation of stem cell division Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell division.
organic acid transport The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development.
negative regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-4.
negative regulation of citrulline biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of citrulline biosynthetic process.
regulation of ketone biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ketone, carried out by individual cells.
positive regulation of immune system process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
positive regulation of transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of endothelial cell migration Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, mediated by chaperone molecules that do not form part of the finished complex.
type b pancreatic cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a type B pancreatic cell, a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
embryonic appendage morphogenesis The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the appendage are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.
growth involved in symbiotic interaction The increase in size or mass of an organism occurring when the organism is in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of keratinocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of nuclear-transcribed mrna catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.
negative regulation of dna-dependent dna replication Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent DNA replication.
regulation of cellular organofluorine metabolic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving organofluorine compounds, as carried out by individual cells.
pyrimidine nucleoside biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
pigment accumulation The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus.
osteoblast proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of osteoblasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoblast cell population. An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.
positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.
regulation of protein activation cascade Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein activation cascade.
pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor.
response to peptidoglycan Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.
regulation of norepinephrine uptake Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine into a cell.
motor neuron migration The orderly movement of a motor neuron from one site to another. A motor neuron is an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.
cardiac muscle cell-cardiac muscle cell adhesion The attachment of one cardiomyocyte to another cardiomyocyte via adhesion molecules.
negative regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell.
positive regulation of catenin import into nucleus Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the directed movement of a catenin protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
renal interstitial fibroblast development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a renal interstitial fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
response to sucrose Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sucrose stimulus.
cerebellar granular layer morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar granular layer is generated and organized. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
positive regulation of translational initiation by iron Any process involving iron that activates or increases the rate of translational initiation.
regulation of canonical wnt signaling pathway Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.
nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a nodal protein to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves.
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via mhc class ib via er pathway The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via an ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class Ib molecule in the ER. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
negative regulation of gene silencing by mirna Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the downregulation of gene expression through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous 21-24 nucleotide small RNAs processed from stem-loop RNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), miRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: mRNA cleavage or translational repression.
mrna splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation Splicing of mRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by circulatory renin-angiotensin The process in which angiotensinogen metabolites in the bloodstream modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. The process begins when renin is released and cleaves angiotensinogen.
innate immune response activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals leading to activation of the innate immune response generated as a consequence of binding to a cell surface receptor.
response to host defenses Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the defenses of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
glycogen cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glycogen cell of the placenta. A glycogen cell is a vacuolated glycogen-rich cell that appears in compact cell islets of the spongiotrophoblast layer.
negative regulation of protein kinase c signaling Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
t-helper 1 cell lineage commitment The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 1 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote immunological processes often associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis.
metanephric epithelium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
cellular sphingolipid homeostasis Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sphingolipids at the level of the cell.
positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.
regulation of viral transcription Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transcription of the viral genome.
oocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete.
l-arginine transmembrane transport The directed movement of L-arginine across a membrane.
nuclear envelope disassembly The controlled breakdown of the nuclear envelope in the context of a normal process.
cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development The growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.
double-strand break repair via classical nonhomologous end joining An instance of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining that requires a number of factors important for V(D)J recombination, including the KU70/80 heterodimer (KU), XRCC4, ligase IV, and DNA-PKcs in mammals. It does not produce translocations (as opposed to the alternative nonhomologous end joining).
regulation of transcription involved in primary germ layer cell fate commitment Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that results in cells adopting an endoderm, ectoderm or mesoderm cell fate.
integrin-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of extracellular ligand to an integrin on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
negative regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-12.
negative regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation.
cellular response to heparin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heparin stimulus.
positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte cytokine production involved in immune response Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the production of a cytokine that contributes to the immune response.
positive regulation of muscle cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
regulation of peptidyl-cysteine s-nitrosylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation.
iron-sulfur cluster assembly The incorporation of iron and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster.
microtubule polymerization or depolymerization Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.
adult behavior Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.
selenocysteine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving selenocysteine, an essential component of glutathione peroxidase and some other proteins.
vesicle targeting, to, from or within golgi The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus; mediated by the addition of specific coat proteins, including COPI and COPII proteins and clathrin, to the membrane during vesicle formation.
positive regulation of adenosine receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
regulation of heart looping Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart looping.
nitric oxide transport The directed movement of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
spermine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging.
negative regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production contributing to an immune response.
positive regulation of immune response to tumor cell Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.
asymmetric stem cell division Division of a stem cell during which it retains its identity and buds off a daughter cell with a new identity.
peptide hormone processing The generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone.
glutamate catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into other compounds, including 2-oxoglutarate.
leukocyte aggregation The adhesion of one leukocyte to one or more other leukocytes via adhesion molecules.
inositol lipid-mediated signaling A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses an inositol-containing lipid to convert a signal into a response. Inositol lipids include the phosphoinositides (phosphatidylinositol and its phosphorylated derivatives), ceramides containing inositol, and inositol glycolipids.
positive regulation of sterol transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of g1/s transition of mitotic cell cycle Any cell cycle regulatory process that prevents the commitment of a cell from G1 to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
regulation of dna catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.
determination of dorsal identity Determination of the identity of part of an organism or organ where those parts are of the type that occur in the dorsal region. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
inositol phosphate-mediated signaling Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via an inositol phosphate. Includes production of the inositol phosphate, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Inositol phosphates are a group of mono- to poly-phosphorylated inositols, and include inositol monophosphate (IP), inositol trisphosphate (IP3), inositol pentakisphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6).
long-term synaptic potentiation A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the increase in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.
cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis The orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels involved in sprouting angiogenesis.
left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of left cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
regulation of mapk cascade Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade.
oxalate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxalate, the organic acid ethanedioate.
phosphatidylinositol acyl-chain remodeling Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylinositol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylinositol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.
negative regulation of protein complex disassembly Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.
negative regulation of macrophage cytokine production Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
negative regulation of cytoplasmic translation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.
regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway.
glucose 1-phosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose 1-phosphate, a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-1.
secondary metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in many of the chemical changes of compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. In multicellular organisms secondary metabolism is generally carried out in specific cell types, and may be useful for the organism as a whole. In unicellular organisms, secondary metabolism is often used for the production of antibiotics or for the utilization and acquisition of unusual nutrients.
phagolysosome assembly involved in apoptotic cell clearance The process in which a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, fuses with a lysosome as a part of apoptotic cell clearance.
transformed cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a transformed cell, a cell that has undergone changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm.
detection of diacyl bacterial lipopeptide The series of events in which a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Diacylated bacterial lipoproteins are lipopeptides of bacterial origin containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of two acyl groups.
regulation of testosterone biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone biosynthetic process.
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
convergent extension The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis.
regulation of cdc42 protein signal transduction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Cdc42 protein signal transduction.
negative regulation of striated muscle tissue development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.
single organism signaling A signaling process occurring within a single organism.
sirna loading onto risc involved in rna interference The transfer of small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) from the Dicer family of enzymes that cleave the double-stranded RNA, onto the nuclease-containing RNA-initiated silencing complex (RISC), in the context of RNA interference.
nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in osteoblast differentiation.
positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.
regulation of nadp metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of NADP metabolic process.
nerve growth factor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of nerve growth factor (NGF) to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
glycosylation The covalent attachment and further modification of carbohydrate residues to a substrate molecule.
chemorepulsion of branchiomotor axon The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a repulsive chemical cue. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.
regulation of actin polymerization or depolymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.
positive regulation of cellular extravasation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.
positive regulation of necroptotic process Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.
regulation of vacuole organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
regulation of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation.
doxorubicin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving doxorubicin, an anthracycline antibiotic, used in cancer chemotherapy.
cellular lactam catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactams, any cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1-azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
regulation of cell killing Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing, the process in which a cell brings about the death of another cell, either in the same or a different organism.
synaptic transmission, dopaminergic The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.
regulation of purkinje myocyte action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a Purkinje myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
positive regulation of rna export from nucleus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
cellular response to cold Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism.
smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion The binding of a smooth muscle cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules.
negative regulation of appetite by leptin-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of leptin to a receptor on the surface of a cell, which reduces appetite, the desire or physical craving for food.
cardiac ventricle development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.
regulation of mast cell chemotaxis Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell chemotaxis. Mast cell chemotaxis is the movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.
alpha-linolenic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving alpha-linolenic acid, an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that has the molecular formula C18H32O2.
n-terminal peptidyl-proline methylation The methylation of the N-terminal proline of proteins.
regulation of polysaccharide biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides.
purine nucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
negative regulation of cellular component movement Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component.
positive regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.
regulation of collagen binding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen binding.
inhibitory g-protein coupled receptor phosphorylation The process that inhibits the signaling function of a G-protein coupled receptor by addition of a phosphate group to its third intracellular loop consensus site.
forebrain morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the forebrain are generated and organized. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).
pericardium morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the pericardium is generated and organized.
response to brefeldin a Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a brefeldin A stimulus.
positive regulation of dna damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.
negative regulation of glycogen metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.
n-terminal protein amino acid acetylation The acetylation of the N-terminal amino acid of proteins.
positive regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.
negative regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.
positive regulation of interleukin-6 secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-6 secretion.
glyoxal catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glyoxal.
response to iron(ii) ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron(II) ion stimulus.
epithelial cell differentiation involved in prostate gland development The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell of the prostate gland.
regulation of glutamine transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamine transport.
sympathetic nervous system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter.
heme catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.
positive regulation of autophagy Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.
hac1-type intron splice site recognition and cleavage The process in which the tertiary structure of a HAC1 type intron is recognized, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of the RNA at both the 5' and 3' splice sites occurs.
regulation of cellular organohalogen metabolic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving organohalogen compounds, as carried out by individual cells.
paraxial mesoderm morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the paraxial mesoderm are generated and organized.
cellular response to acidic ph Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH < 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
nuclear migration along microfilament The directed movement of the nucleus along microfilaments within the cell, mediated by motor proteins.
nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a nodal protein to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the establishment of lateral mesoderm with respect to the left and right halves.
negative regulation of cell-matrix adhesion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix.
response to fluid shear stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluid shear stress stimulus. Fluid shear stress is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface.
phagolysosome assembly The process that results in the fusion of a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, with a lysosome.
embryonic viscerocranium morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the viscerocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The viscerocranium is the part of the skull comprising the facial bones.
negative regulation of metanephric s-shaped body morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis.
n-glycan processing to lysosome The modification of high-mannose N-glycans by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-lysosomal-enzyme N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase and the subsequent removal of the N-acetylglucosamine residues yielding mannose-6-P that occurs in the ER-Golgi apparatus to N-glycans destined for the lysosome.
cell communication involved in cardiac conduction Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
positive regulation of choline o-acetyltransferase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of choline O-acetyltransferase activity.
body morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the soma are generated and organized.
embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration The directed movement of individual interneuron precursors during the embryonic development of the olfactory bulb.
negative regulation of actin filament depolymerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin depolymerization.
l-glutamate transport The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
actin cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
hexose transport The directed movement of hexose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Hexoses are any aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
glutamine family amino acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
rhombomere 6 development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 6 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
regulation of protein exit from endoplasmic reticulum Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.
regulation of kainate selective glutamate receptor activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kainate selective glutamate receptor activity.
exocrine system development Progression of the exocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The exocrine system is a system of hormones and glands, where the glands secrete straight to a target site via ducts or tubes. The human exocrine system includes the salivary glands, sweat glands and many glands of the digestive system.
enterobactin transport The directed movement of the siderochrome enterobactin, a cyclic trimer of 2, 3 dihydroxybenzoylserine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
sperm chromatin condensation The progressive compaction of the spermatid chromatin so that it reaches a level of condensation that is not compatible with nuclear activities such as transcription or DNA replication.
protein ubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process The process in which a ubiquitin group, or multiple groups, are covalently attached to the target protein, thereby initiating the degradation of that protein.
regulation of mesonephros development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
spindle organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.
response to uv Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
septin ring organization Control of the formation, spatial distribution, and breakdown of the septin ring.
ensheathment of neurons The process in which glial cells envelop neuronal cell bodies and/or axons to form an insulating layer. This can take the form of myelinating or non-myelinating ensheathment.
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle recycling.
histamine secretion by mast cell The regulated release of histamine by a mast cell or group of mast cells.
propionate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving propionate, the anion derived from propionic (propanoic) acid, a carboxylic acid important in the energy metabolism of ruminants.
phospholipid translocation The movement of a phospholipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.
renal vesicle induction Signaling at short range between cells of the ureteric bud terminus and the kidney mesenchyme that positively regulates the formation of the renal vesicle.
layer formation in cerebral cortex The detachment of cells from radial glial fibers at the appropriate time when they cease to migrate and form distinct layer in the cerebral cortex.
signal transduction in absence of ligand A series of molecular signals initiated by the absence of a ligand or the withdrawal of a ligand from a receptor.
relaxation of cardiac muscle The process in which the extent of cardiac muscle contraction is reduced.
positive regulation of tolerance induction to self antigen Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen.
retina homeostasis A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within the retina of the eye, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.
specification of nephron tubule identity The process in which the tubules arranged along the proximal/distal axis of the nephron acquire their identity.
hexose transmembrane transport The directed movement of hexose across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Hexoses are any aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
regulation of proton-transporting atpase activity, rotational mechanism Any process that modulates the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase. Catalysis of the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
complement-dependent cytotoxicity Lysis of a cell resulting from triggering of the complement cascade. An example can be seen with complement activation and subsequent lysis of a bacterial cell as a result of the binding of IgM to the cell surface followed by the binding of complement proteins to that antibody.
negative regulation of jnk cascade Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.
hypochlorous acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hypochlorous acid.
positive regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand.
negative regulation of chaperone-mediated protein folding Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated protein folding.
metanephric glomerular endothelium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric glomerular endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus of the metanephros.
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
n-terminal protein myristoylation The covalent attachment of a myristoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.
regulation of glutamine family amino acid metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
b-1 b cell differentiation The process in which a hemopoietic stem cell acquires the specialized features of a B-1 B cell. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
morphogenesis of an epithelial sheet The process in which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells.
negative regulation of calcium:sodium antiporter activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium:sodium antiporter activity.
isopeptide cross-linking via n6-(l-isoglutamyl)-l-lysine The formation of an isopeptide cross-link between peptidyl-lysine and peptidyl-glutamine to produce N6-(L-isoglutamyl)-L-lysine.
organic hydroxy compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic hydroxy compound.
negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport.
positive regulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate selective glutamate receptor activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate selective glutamate receptor activity.
myoblast proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a myoblast cell population. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
negative regulation of cell motility involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration The intracellular signaling pathway that results in the cessation of cell movement involved in lamination of the cerebral cortex.
modulation by virus of host gene expression The process in which a virus effects a change in gene expression in its host organism. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
regulation of collateral sprouting of intact axon in response to injury Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting of an intact axon as a result of injury to an axon.
histone mrna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histone messenger RNA (mRNA).
third ventricle development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the third ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The third ventricle is the narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma, and it communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina.
multi-organism localization A localization which involves another organism.
trna modification The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
positive regulation of dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolyzing) activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.
positive regulation of dna ligation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligation, the re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.
regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across the mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
negative regulation of wnt signaling pathway involved in digestive tract morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway involved in digestive tract morphogenesis.
potassium ion transmembrane transport A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other.
er-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation. This process acts on misfolded proteins as well as in the regulated degradation of correctly folded proteins.
positive regulation of penile erection Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of penile erection. Penile erection is the hardening, enlarging and rising of the penis which often occurs in the sexually aroused male and enables sexual intercourse. Achieved by increased inflow of blood into the vessels of erectile tissue, and decreased outflow.
positive regulation of histone methylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones.
negative regulation of proteolysis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.
regulation of motor neuron apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process.
inner ear receptor stereocilium organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of inner ear receptor cells.
regulation of determination of dorsal identity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of determination of dorsal identity.
stilbene catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of stilbenes, a class of polyketide compounds formed from cinnamic acid and three molecules of malonyl CoA.
regulation of maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion Any process that modulates the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained.
d-glucuronate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-glucuronate, the D-enantiomer of glucuronate.
glutamate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.
o-glycan processing The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form a core O-glycan structure.
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as FBP. The D enantiomer is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
cellular response to catecholamine stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.
hindbrain morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the hindbrain is generated and organized. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.
detection of abiotic stimulus The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
negative regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
negative regulation of response to alcohol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to alcohol.
tongue development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tongue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.
negative regulation of histone h3-k36 methylation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.
smooth muscle cell chemotaxis The directed movement of a smooth muscle cell in response to an external stimulus.
cell projection morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell projection are generated and organized.
olfactory bulb axon guidance The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a neuron in the olfactory bulb is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
peptidyl-lysine demalonylation The process of removing a malonyl group (CO-CH2-CO) from an malonylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.
negative regulation of nerve growth factor production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of nerve growth factor (NGF).
dna ligation involved in dna repair The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase, that contributes to DNA repair.
syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation.
response to inorganic substance Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.
negative regulation of hippo signaling Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.
cellular response to magnesium ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnesium ion stimulus.
threonylcarbamoyladenosine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving threonylcarbamoyladenosine, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.
negative regulation of histone h4 acetylation Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H4 acetylation, the modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group.
flavin adenine dinucleotide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavin adenine dinucleotide, which acts as a coenzyme or prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes.
negative regulation of glomerular filtration by angiotensin The process in which angiotensin directly decreases the rate of glomerular filtration in the kidney. Glomerular filtration is the processs whereby blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.
polyol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.
cellular catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process The elongation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan chains by alternate addition of N-acetylhexosamine and GlcUA residues to the GAG-protein linkage region tetrasaccharide of chondroitin sulfate.
regulation of intracellular sterol transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.
male meiosis chromosome separation The process in which paired chromosomes are physically detached from each other during male meiosis.
urate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving urate, the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine, the end product of purine metabolism in certain mammals and the main excretory product in uricotelic animals.
modulation by host of viral molecular function A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any molecular function being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.
regulation of spindle organization Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle.
positive regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.
maintenance of translational fidelity Suppression of the occurrence of translational errors, such as codon-anticodon mis-paring, during the process of translation of a protein using an mRNA template.
negative regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway.
mitochondrial trna methylation The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in a mitochondrial tRNA molecule.
plus-end specific microtubule depolymerization The removal of tubulin heterodimers from the plus end of a microtubule.
cell surface bile acid receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a bile acid to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
regulation of defense response to bacterium Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.
regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis in the salivary gland epithelium.
regulation of neuron maturation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change.
phthalate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phthalate, the anion of phthalic acid. Phthalic acid diesters are used industrially in the production of a variety of household and consumer goods including plastic polymers, lubricating oils, and carriers for perfumes in cosmetics, while phthalic acid itself is used industrially as a plasticizer. Terephthalate is used in the synthesis of polyethylene terephthalate (polyethene terephthlate, abbreviated PET or PETE), a plastic polymer with many commercial uses.
modulation of molecular function in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction The process in which an organism effects a change in the function of proteins in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of angiogenesis Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.
regulation of serine-type peptidase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type peptidase activity.
peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine to form peptidyl-serine.
regulation of protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the protein folding process that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Secreted, plasma membrane and organelle proteins are folded in the ER, assisted by chaperones and foldases (protein disulphide isomerases), and additional factors required for optimal folding (ATP, Ca2+ and an oxidizing environment to allow disulfide bond formation).
regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation.
regulation of peptide secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.
interferon-alpha production The appearance of interferon-alpha due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
protein k48-linked deubiquitination A protein deubiquitination process in which a K48-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.
primary spermatocyte growth The phase of growth and gene expression that male germ cells undergo as they enter the spermatocyte stage. The cells grow in volume and transcribe most of the gene products needed for the morphological events that follow meiosis.
positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.
membrane repolarization The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the resting potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is in the direction from the positive membrane potential towards the negative resting potential.
coenzyme a metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.
negative regulation of cell aging Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cell aging. Cell aging is the progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan.
regulation of mirna metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA metabolic process.
mesonephric tubule formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric tubule from unspecified parts. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.
myoblast fusion A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibers or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
regulation of trail production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of TRAIL production.
induction by symbiont of host defense response The activation by an organism of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the ureter gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
response to purine-containing compound Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine-containing compound stimulus.
cerebellum morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellum is generated and organized. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.
membrane depolarization during av node cell action potential The process in which AV node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.
negative regulation of cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
anatomical structure regression The developmental process in which an anatomical stucture is destroyed as a part of its normal progression.
prosthetic group metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a prosthetic group, the non-amino acid portion of certain protein molecules. Prosthetic groups may be inorganic or organic and are usually required for the biological activity of the protein.
protein deglycosylation The removal of sugar residues from a glycosylated protein.
habituation A decrease in a behavioral response to a repeated stimulus. This is exemplified by the failure of a person to show a startle response to a loud noise that has been repeatedly presented.
positive regulation of aldosterone secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aldosterone secretion.
dorsal/ventral pattern formation The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.
siderophore metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances made by aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, especially when growing under iron deficient conditions. The complexes of Fe(3+)-siderophores have very high stability constants and are taken up by specific transport systems by microorganisms; the subsequent release of iron requires enzymatic action.
regulation of protein kinase d signaling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase D signaling.
positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.
cellular response to thyroid hormone stimulus A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroid hormone stimulus.
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous antigen The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
anterior/posterior axis specification The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.
sulfur compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
basolateral protein localization Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, basolateral regions of the cell.
tyrosine phosphorylation of stat1 protein The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat1 protein.
transmission of virus The transfer of virions in order to create new infection.
regulation of t cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of T cell death by apoptotic process.
ureteric bud invasion The process in which the ureteric bud grows along its axis and contributes to the formation of the metanephros.
spindle assembly involved in female meiosis i The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
cell projection organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
necroptotic signaling pathway A series of molecular signals which triggers the necroptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, is characterized by activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and/or 3 (RIPK1/3, also called RIP1/3), and ends when the execution phase of necroptosis is triggered.
positive regulation of pri-mirna transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pri-miRNA transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter.
l-cysteine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.
bmp signaling pathway involved in spinal cord dorsal/ventral patterning A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the spatial identity of regions along the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord.
regulation of triglyceride catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.
vestibular reflex A reflex process in which a response to an angular or linear acceleration stimulus begins with an afferent nerve impulse from a receptor in the inner ear and ends with the compensatory action of eye muscles. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness.
interleukin-4 production The appearance of interleukin-4 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
positive regulation of myeloid cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.
germ-line stem cell maintenance Any process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of germ-line stem cells.
maturation of lsu-rrna from tricistronic rrna transcript (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna) Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
positive regulation of metanephric cap mesenchymal cell proliferation Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of metanephric cap mesenchymal cell proliferation. Metanephric cap mesenchymal cell proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of metanephric cap mesenchymal cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. A metanephric cap mesenchymal cell is a mesenchymal cell that has condensed with other mesenchymal cells surrounding the ureteric bud tip.
dna methylation The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.
termination of mitochondrial transcription The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule using a mitochondrial DNA template is completed.
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting g-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
axonemal microtubule depolymerization The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of an axonemal microtubule. An axonemal microtubule is a microtubule in the axoneme of a cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules.
guanine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important.
regulation of kinase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
regulation of phospholipase c activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C activity.
regulation of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.
positive regulation of fever generation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of fever generation.
lipid storage The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.
regulation of amniotic stem cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amniotic stem cell differentiation.
plasma membrane to endosome transport Transport of a vesicle from the plasma membrane to the endosome.
negative regulation of cellular organofluorine metabolic process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving organofluorine compounds, as carried out by individual cells.
modulation by host of viral transcription Any process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.
negative regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus
cell recognition The process in which a cell in an organism interprets its surroundings.
retinal ganglion cell axon guidance The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan.
myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a myeloid dendritic cell.
positive regulation of osteoblast proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.
histone h3-k36 demethylation The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 36 of the histone.
positive regulation of t cell apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process.
mitotic spindle midzone assembly The cell cycle process, occurring during anaphase, in which the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components forms the spindle midzone.
rap protein signal transduction A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rap family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.
regulation of wnt signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt signal transduction pathway.
entry into host cell The invasion by an organism of a cell of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
amino acid transmembrane transport The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the interactions among high molecular weight kininogen, prekallikrein, and factor XII that lead to the activation of clotting factor X.
oligodendrocyte cell fate specification The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oligodendrocyte in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
tie signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a Tie protein (a receptor) binding to one of its physiological ligands (an angiopoietin).
fatty acid homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of fatty acid within an organism or cell.
positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.
potassium ion import The directed movement of potassium ions into a cell or organelle.
indole metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole (2,3-benzopyrrole), the basis of many biologically active substances (e.g. serotonin, tryptophan).
glucan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
regulation of protein monoubiquitination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein monoubiquitination.
phagocytosis, recognition The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell.
pyridine nucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.
mast cell activation The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors.
endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol transport The directed movement of substances from endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol.
regulation of cell cycle checkpoint Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.
mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.
positive regulation of neurotransmitter uptake Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.
corticospinal neuron axon guidance The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a neuron that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed from the cerebral cortex layer V to the spinal cord dorsal funiculus in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
regulation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity.
negative regulation of protein glycosylation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the glycosylation of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.
pyridine-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyridine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyridine or a formal derivative thereof.
sensory organ development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
glycolate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid).
positive regulation of nk t cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell proliferation.
folic acid transport The directed movement of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.
positive regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of polarized epithelial cell differentiation.
behavioral response to nicotine Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a nicotine stimulus.
regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration.
negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
membrane repolarization during sa node cell action potential The process in which an SA node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.
homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.
regulation of oocyte maturation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.
regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.
positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to arsenic-containing substance Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides.
cell aging An aging process that has as participant a cell after a cell has stopped dividing. Cell aging may occur when a cell has temporarily stopped dividing through cell cycle arrest (GO:0007050) or when a cell has permanently stopped dividing, in which case it is undergoing cellular senescence (GO:0090398). May precede cell death (GO:0008219) and succeed cell maturation (GO:0048469).
regulation of l-glutamate import Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import.
cellular localization A localization process that takes place at the cellular level; as a result of a cellular localization process, a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell.
regulation of behavior Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
pattern specification involved in mesonephros development Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the mesonephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
regulation of mrna binding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA binding.
regulation of cellular respiration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration, the enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds.
positive regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell.
negative regulation of sequestering of triglyceride Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
positive regulation of transcription on exit from mitosis Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription as the cell leaves M phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.
regulation of response to reactive oxygen species Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.
regulation of golgi inheritance Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of Golgi inheritance. Golgi inheritance is the partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division.
inner cell mass cell proliferation The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass.
histone h3-r2 methylation The modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to arginine at position 2 of the histone.
nuclear dna replication The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.
calcium ion import into cytosol The directed movement of calcium ion into a cytosol.
formate transport The directed movement of formate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of myoblast proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.
anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
detection of external biotic stimulus The series of events in which an external biotic stimulus is detected and converted into a molecular signal. An external biotic stimulus is defined as one caused or produced by a living organism other than the one being stimulated.
steroid hormone secretion The regulated release of any steroid that acts as a hormone into the circulatory system.
non-recombinational repair A DNA repair process in which that does not require the exchange of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous region of DNA.
phenol-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
regulation of cellular metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
regulation of apoptotic dna fragmentation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.
olfactory placode formation The formation of a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.
cellular response to arsenic-containing substance Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides.
cellular response to low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus.
myeloid leukocyte migration The movement of a myeloid leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
histone h4 deacetylation The modification of histone H4 by the removal of one or more acetyl groups.
positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation.
cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell activation The change in morphology and behavior of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
cellular response to ketone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ketone stimulus.
positive regulation of peptidase activity Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
nadh dehydrogenase complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an NADH dehydrogenase complex.
positive regulation of gamma-delta t cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation.
lactate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactate, the anion of lactic acid.
negative regulation of mhc class ii biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.
thymus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components.
protein kinase c deactivation Any process resulting in the inhibition or termination of the activity of protein kinase C.
nucleoside biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
cellular response to bacterial lipoprotein Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus.
negative regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.
transforming growth factor beta receptor complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a ligand-bound type II transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor dimer with a type I TGF-beta receptor dimer, following ligand binding, to form a heterotetrameric TGF-beta receptor complex.
regulation of cd8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic t cell extravasation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell extravasation.
inositol trisphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving myo-inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with three phosphate groups attached.
negative regulation of gliogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
actin filament bundle organization A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actin filament bundle.
okazaki fragment processing involved in mitotic dna replication Any DNA replication, Okazaki fragment processing that is involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.
heart valve morphogenesis The process in which the structure of a heart valve is generated and organized.
regulatory t cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a regulatory T cell. Regulatory T cells control or suppress immune responses through a variety of mechanisms and subsets include the CD4+CD25+ cell type as well as certain CD8+ cell types.
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.
alveolar primary septum development The progression of a primary alveolar septum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A primary alveolar septum is a specialized epithelium that surrounds the saccule as it forms.
heterochromatin assembly involved in chromatin silencing Any process that results in the assembly of chromatin into heterochromatin and contributes to chromatin silencing.
positive regulation of heart induction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart induction.
cellular response to triacyl bacterial lipopeptide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.
dissemination or transmission of symbiont from host The movement of an organism from a host to another host or from a host to another place in the environment. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
metanephric glomerular epithelial cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric glomerular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Metanephric glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the metanephric glomerulus; there are two types, metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells and metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cells.
negative regulation of interleukin-13 production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.
co-translational protein modification The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after translation has begun but before the protein has been released from the ribosome.
regulation of vasoconstriction by norepinephrine Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
positive regulation of blood microparticle formation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood microparticle formation.
dna-dependent dna replication maintenance of fidelity A DNA metabolic process that prevents or corrects errors to ensure that DNA is replicated accurately. Errors can be corrected either by intrinsic DNA polymerase proofreading activity or via mismatch repair.
negative regulation of eosinophil extravasation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil extravasation.
response to hydrostatic pressure Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrostatic pressure stimulus. Hydrostatic pressure is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is at rest (as opposed to moving). The weight of the fluid above the object creates pressure on it.
cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus.
determination of pancreatic left/right asymmetry Determination of the asymmetric location of the pancreas with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.
positive regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
regulation of catecholamine metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamines.
response to alcohol Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.
smoothened signaling pathway involved in regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor cell proliferation The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened in cerebellar granule cells that contributes to the regulation of proliferation of the cells.
branching morphogenesis of a nerve The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in a nerve are generated and organized. This term refers to an anatomical structure (nerve) not a cell (neuron).
regulation of mhc class i biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I.
changes to dna methylation involved in embryo development The addition or removal of methyl groups to DNA that contributes to the epigenetic regulation of embryonic gene expression.
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands contributing to the anterior/posterior pattern of the neural plate.
purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
response to reactive oxygen species Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.
ornithine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.
regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.
clathrin coat assembly The process that results in the assembly of clathrin triskelia into the ordered structure known as a clathrin cage.
negative regulation of cilium assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.
dcmp phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate, to produce dCDP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces dCTP.
carboxylic acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
regulation of collateral sprouting Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting.
regulation of testosterone secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone secretion.
regulation of chromosome segregation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
mitochondrial genome maintenance The maintenance of the structure and integrity of the mitochondrial genome; includes replication and segregation of the mitochondrial chromosome.
regulation of protein folding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein folding.
glomerular parietal epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular parietal epithelial cell. Glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport.
plus-end-directed vesicle transport along microtubule The directed movement of a vesicle towards the plus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.
rna capping The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which a cap structure is added to the 5' end of a nascent RNA polymerase II transcript. All RNA polymerase II transcripts receive a 7-methyl-G cap. Then for (at least) small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), the7-methyl-G cap is hypermethylated to become a 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine (TMG) cap.
regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
regulation of corticotropin secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropic hormone from a cell.
negative regulation of apoptotic cell clearance Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic cell clearance.
enteric nervous system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the enteric nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gall bladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation.
cell-cell junction organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells.
regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.
wnt signaling pathway involved in kidney development The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the kidney over time.
endothelin receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by an endothelin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, and proceeding with the activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
regulation of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
positive regulation of catecholamine metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine.
enucleate erythrocyte development The process aimed at the progression of an enucleate erythrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
nucleotide-excision repair, dna gap filling Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes.
metanephric cortex development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric cortex is the outer region of the metanephros.
negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.
atrial septum primum morphogenesis The process in which anatomical structure of an atrial septum primum is generated and organized.
regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.
regulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel.
branching involved in pancreas morphogenesis The process in which the branches of the pancreas are generated and organized.
embryonic heart tube elongation The developmental growth that results in the increase in length of the embryonic heart tube. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.
folic acid-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.
cysteine transmembrane transport The directed movement of cysteine across a membrane.
fibroblast activation A change in the morphology or behavior of a fibroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
positive regulation of organelle organization Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
positive regulation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
positive regulation of integrin-mediated signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of integrin-mediated signaling pathway.
mitochondrial alanyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
regulation of eosinophil chemotaxis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil chemotaxis.
regulation of eif2 alpha phosphorylation by dsrna Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation as a cellular response to double-stranded RNA.
establishment of viral latency A process by which a virus establishes a latent state within its host, either as an integrated provirus within the host genome or as an episome, where viral genome remains in the cytoplasm or nucleus as distinct objects.
carboxylic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of myeloid dendritic cell activation.
oxidative deethylation The process of removing one or more ethyl groups from a molecule, involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms in the substrate.
axon ensheathment Any process in which the axon of a neuron is insulated, and that insulation maintained, thereby preventing dispersion of the electrical signal.
positive regulation of mirna metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA metabolic process.
neural plate anterior/posterior regionalization The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to iron Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter in response to an iron stimulus.
sensory perception of light stimulus The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
regulation of mitotic spindle assembly
glutathione biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.
positive regulation of cd8-positive, alpha-beta t cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
immune response Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
positive regulation of presynaptic membrane organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of presynaptic membrane organization.
neurexin clustering The clustering process in which neurexins are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane. Neurexins are synaptic cell surface proteins which act as cell recognition molecules at nerve terminals.
negative regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.
protein o-linked fucosylation The process of transferring a fucosyl group to a serine or threonine residues in a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage.
methylglyoxal catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in wound healing Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation, contributing to the restoration of integrity to a damaged tissue following an injury.
5s class rrna transcription from rna polymerase iii type 1 promoter The synthesis of 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), or an equivalent rRNA, from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a type 1 RNA polymerase III promoter.
positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, rem sleep Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
diaphragm contraction A process in which force is generated within involuntary skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the diaphragm. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The diaphragm is a striated muscle that is necessary for the process of respiratory gaseous exchange.
regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors.
dorsal spinal cord development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dorsal region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The dorsal region of the mature spinal cord contains neurons that process and relay sensory input.
regulation of dna replication Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by endothelin The process in which endothelin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. Endothelin is a hormone that is released by the endothelium, and it is a vasoconstrictor.
positive regulation of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.
patterning of blood vessels The process that regulates the coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system.
ear morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the ear are generated and organized. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.
peptidyl-lysine modification to peptidyl-hypusine The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form hypusine, peptidyl-N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine.
regulation of microtubule plus-end binding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule plus-end binding.
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.
positive regulation of histone h3-k4 methylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 4 of histone H3.
androgen biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.
positive regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.
regulation of translation by machinery localization Any process in which proteins and protein complexes involved in translation are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
intracellular bile acid receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by a bile acid binding to an receptor located within a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
iron assimilation by chelation and transport A process in which iron (Fe3+) is solubilized by ferric iron-specific chelators, known as siderophores, excreted by a cell; the iron-siderophore complex is then transported into the cell by specific cell surface receptors.
negative regulation of heart growth Any process that decreases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.
entry into other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Penetration by an organism into the body, tissues, or cells of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are dermatan sulfate (chondroitin sulfate B). Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.
regulation of camp metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
autophagic vacuole assembly The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.
growth plate cartilage chondrocyte development The progression of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte over time from after its fate commitment to the mature cell.
tyrosine transport The directed movement of tyrosine, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
citrate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate. Citrate is widely distributed in nature and is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.
substrate-dependent cerebral cortex tangential migration The process where neuronal precursors migrate tangentially in the cerebral cortex, primarily guided through physical cell-cell interactions.
developmental growth The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.
intussusceptive angiogenesis The formation of new blood vessels as a result of the insertion and extension of lumenal tissue pillars.
post-mating behavior The specific behavior of an organism following mating.
signal transduction involved in mitotic g1 dna damage checkpoint A signal transduction process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle G1/S transition DNA damage checkpoint.
response to immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
pyrimidine ribonucleotide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
immature t cell proliferation in thymus The expansion of an immature T cell population by cell division in the thymus.
secretion Material that is secreted as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance.
detection of other organism The series of events in which a stimulus from another organism is received and converted into a molecular signal.
negative regulation of b cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.
regulation of glutamate metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate metabolic process.
transepithelial water transport The directed movement of water (H2O) from one side of an epithelium to the other.
regulation of cellular component biogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.
signal transduction involved in mitotic g2 dna damage checkpoint A signal transduction process that contributes to a mitotic G2/M transition DNA damage checkpoint.
aldosterone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.
negative regulation of fas signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Fas signaling pathway.
activation of blood coagulation via clotting cascade Any process that initiates the clotting cascade of blood coagulation, a cascade of plasma enzymes that is triggered following damage to blood vessels, leading to formation of a clot.
'de novo' nad biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), beginning with the synthesis of tryptophan or aspartate from simpler precursors; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
regulation of dermatome development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
phosphatidylserine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.
synaptonemal complex disassembly The controlled breakdown of a synaptonemal complex.
regulation of response to food Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus.
cellular response to hydroxyurea Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyurea stimulus.
regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity involved in g2/m transition of mitotic cell cycle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity contributing to the G2/M transition of the cell cycle.
golgi ribbon formation The formation of a continuous ribbon of interconnected Golgi stacks of flat cisternae.
early endosome to late endosome transport The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the late sorting endosomes; transport occurs along microtubules and can be experimentally blocked with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs.
positive regulation by virus of viral protein levels in host cell Any process where the infecting virus increases the levels of viral proteins in a cell.
positive regulation of chylomicron remnant clearance Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of chylomicron remnant clearance. Chylomicron clearance is the process in which a chylomicron remnant is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis into liver cells and its constituent parts degraded.
l-glutamate import into cell The directed movement of L-glutamate from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.
regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitter Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitter.
protein localization to plasma membrane A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.
endocardial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
negative regulation of organic acid transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of locomotion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development.
negative regulation of stress fiber assembly Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.
negative regulation of epidermis development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.
positive regulation of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O.
regulation of transcription of nuclear large rrna transcript from rna polymerase i promoter Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of nuclear large rRNA transcript from RNA polymerase I promoter.
skeletal muscle fiber development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.
axial mesoderm formation The process that gives rise to the axial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
negative regulation of cytoplasmic transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic transport.
pyridine nucleotide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.
positive regulation of growth hormone secretion Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of growth hormone from a cell.
tetrahydrofolate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrofolate, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a folate derivative bearing additional hydrogens on the pterin group.
regulation of interferon-beta production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.
retrotrapezoid nucleus neuron differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the retrotrapezoid nucleus.
nicotinate nucleotide salvage The generation of nicotinate nucleotide without de novo synthesis.
histamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
response to topologically incorrect protein Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure.
regulation of immature t cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation.
regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle assembly. High-density lipoprotein particle assembly is the aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids to form a high-density lipoprotein particle.
positive regulation of stress fiber assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.
positive regulation of interleukin-8 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.
peptidyl-threonine dephosphorylation The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine to form peptidyl-threonine.
negative regulation of g1/s transition of mitotic cell cycle by negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle by stopping, preventing, or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
homologous chromosome movement towards spindle pole involved in homologous chromosome segregation The directed movement of homologous chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, that contributes to meiosis I.
skeletal muscle satellite cell commitment The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a satellite cell.
developmental cell growth The growth of a cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from one condition to another.
energy coupled proton transmembrane transport, against electrochemical gradient The transport of protons across a membrane and against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from a source such as ATP hydrolysis, light, or electron transport.
regulation of lipid transport by negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid transport by stopping, preventing, or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
negative regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.
cellular response to cgmp Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cGMP (cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.
positive regulation of hyaluranon cable assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluranon cable assembly.
purine nucleoside catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
negative regulation of type i interferon production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
ovarian follicle development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
negative regulation of dopamine secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.
coumarin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving coumarins, compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.
negative regulation of cell motility Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
microtubule depolymerization The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule.
cellular response to oxygen radical Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion.
serotonin uptake The directed movement of serotonin into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.
negative regulation of protein localization to cell surface Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface.
medullary reticular formation development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the medullary reticular formation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The medullary reticular formation is a series of brain nuclei located in the medulla oblongata.
positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to oxidative stress Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
phosphate ion transport The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus
glossopharyngeal nerve morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the glossopharyngeal nerve is generated and organized. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.
negative regulation of gene expression Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
left/right pattern formation The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of the left/right axis in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.
lysine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
coenzyme a transmembrane transport The process in which coenzyme A is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, is an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.
regulation of carbohydrate biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates.
bundle of his cell to purkinje myocyte communication by electrical coupling The process that mediates signaling interactions between a bundle of His cardiac muscle cell and a Purkinje myocyte by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
sodium-dependent phosphate transport The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore, by a mechanism dependent upon sodium ions.
membrane raft organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of membrane rafts, small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.
pro-b cell differentiation The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-B cell. Pro-B cells are the earliest stage of the B cell lineage and undergo heavy chain D and J gene rearrangements, although they are not fully committed.
prolactin signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the peptide hormone prolactin to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
positive regulation of interferon-gamma secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interferon-gamma secretion.
leukocyte homeostasis The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
lateral geniculate nucleus development The progression of the lateral geniculate nucleus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The lateral geniculate nucleus is the primary processor of visual information received from the retina.
positive regulation of stem cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.
positive regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation The process that activates or increases the rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation.
transcription from rna polymerase iii promoter The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.
membrane fusion The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.
age-dependent response to oxidative stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
mitotic g2/m transition checkpoint A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G2 to M phase as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
regulation of hepatocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation.
tdp phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into TDP to produce a TTP.
long-chain fatty acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
regulation of elastin biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of elastin.
response to tellurium ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tellurium ion stimulus.
foramen ovale closure The morphogenetic process in which the foramen ovale closes after birth, to prevent blood flow between the right and left atria. In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium. Closure of the foramen ovale after birth stops this blood flow.
negative regulation of biological process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
thermosensory behavior Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of temperature.
glycolipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolipids, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). Some substances classified as bacterial glycolipids have the sugar group acylated by one or more fatty acids and the glycerol group may be absent.
regulation of hormone secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide.
natural killer cell activation The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
cellular glucose homeostasis A cellular homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.
tyrosine phosphorylation of stat3 protein The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein.
cellular response to abiotic stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus.
transitional stage b cell differentiation The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow become mature B cells in the spleen. Transitional stage B cells are subdivided into transitional one (T1) and transitional two (T2) stages and are short-lived and functionally incompetent.
embryonic genitalia morphogenesis The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the genitalia are generated and organized.
negative regulation of organ growth Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.
positive regulation of amine transport Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of gamma-delta t cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation.
nucleoside bisphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
neuron fate determination The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in ventricular septum morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in ventricular septum morphogenesis.
regulation of proton transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proton transport into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration.
branch elongation involved in mammary gland duct branching The developmental growth process in which a branch of a mammary gland duct elongates.
peptidyl-serine modification The modification of peptidyl-serine.
response to external stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.
regulation of interleukin-5 secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-5 secretion.
telomere organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of telomeres, terminal regions of a linear chromosome that include the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.
gamma-delta t cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic cell acquires specialized features of a gamma-delta T cell. A gamma-delta T cell is a T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex.
positive regulation of mast cell differentiation Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.
palmitic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of palmitic acid.
regulation of anion channel activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anion channel activity.
cmp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving CMP, cytidine monophosphate.
phospholipase c-activating g-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
negative regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-10.
chondroitin sulfate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.
lipid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
somatic stem cell division The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.
otolith mineralization The precipitation of specific crystal forms of calcium carbonate with extracellular matrix proteins in the otolith organs of the vertebrate inner ear.
negative regulation of hepatocyte proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte proliferation.
oxidative stress-induced premature senescence A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to oxidative stress, e.g. high levels of reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals.
myosin filament organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a filament composed of myosin molecules.
interleukin-10 production The appearance of interleukin-10 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
peptidyl-arginine methylation, to symmetrical-dimethyl arginine The process of methylation of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine.
pantothenate transmembrane transport The directed movement of pantothenate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Pantothenate is the anion of pantothenic acid, the amide of beta-alanine and pantoic acid; it is a B complex vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A and is distributed ubiquitously in foods.
positive regulation of endocytosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
positive regulation of potassium ion transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of protein ubiquitination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.
regulation of fibrinolysis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.
interleukin-8-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-8 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines.
cellular response to retinoic acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.
regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development.
regulation of rna biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.
regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process.
er-associated misfolded protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation.
membrane lipid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.
plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell occurring in response to tissue damage and initiated within blood plasma by the action of activated Factor XII (Hageman Factor) on prekallikrein to convert it to plasma kallikrein, and the subsequent reaction of plasma kallikrein with high molecular weight kininogen. The ultimate product of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade is bradykinin, an agent known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability.
endomembrane system organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system.
positive regulation of plasma cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasma cell differentiation.
macrophage chemotaxis The movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.
telomere formation via telomerase The addition of telomeric repeats to a non-telomeric double-stranded DNA end by telomerase.
peyer's patch morphogenesis The process in which a Peyer's patch is generated and organized. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.
microglial cell proliferation The expansion of a microglial cell population by cell division.
cerebral cortex gabaergic interneuron fate commitment The process in which the developmental fate of a neuroblast becomes restricted such that it will develop into a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.
positive regulation of fat cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of nuclease activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
protein localization to nucleus A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the nucleus.
sodium ion export The directed movement of sodium ions out of a cell or organelle.
dendritic cell cytokine production Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a dendritic cell.
metanephric thick ascending limb development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric thick ascending limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric thick ascending limb is the last part of the metanephric loop of Henle. Its thick, mitochondria-rich epithelium characterizes the outer medulla, and is responsible for very avid active salt transport. At the macula densa, the thick ascending limb connects to the distal convoluted tubule.
negative regulation of long term synaptic depression Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of long term synaptic depression.
response to biotic stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism.
substrate-independent telencephalic tangential interneuron migration The directional movement of tangentially migrating interneurons that are not guided by attaching to extracellular substrates.
dna replication preinitiation complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the DNA replication preinitiation complex, a protein-DNA complex that is assembled at eukaryotic DNA replication origins immediately prior to the initiation of DNA replication, by the assembly of additional proteins onto an existing prereplicative complex.
negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.
outflow tract morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.
skin epidermis development
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells.
regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.
negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
immune effector process Any process of the immune system that can potentially contribute to an immune response.
negative regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.
negative regulation of leukocyte degranulation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte degranulation.
peptide cross-linking via chondroitin 4-sulfate glycosaminoglycan The formation of a cross-link between peptide chains mediated by a chondroitin 4-sulfate glycosaminoglycan that originates from a typical O-glycosidic link to serine of one chain; the other chain is esterified, via the alpha-carbon of its C-terminal Asp, to C-6 of an internal N-acetylgalactosamine of the glycosaminoglycan chain.
positive regulation of steroid biosynthetic process Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
positive regulation of vitamin metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
dolichyl diphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dolichyl diphosphate, a diphosphorylated dolichol derivative. In eukaryotes, these function as carriers of mono- and oligosaccharide residues in the glycosylation of lipids and proteins within intracellular membranes.
left lung development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a left lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the left lung and ends with the mature structure. The left lung is the lung which is on the left side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect.
dna unwinding involved in dna replication The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication.
regulation of histone deacetylase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone deacetylase activity.
receptor transactivation The process in which a receptor is activated by another receptor. Receptor transactivation can occur through different mechanisms and includes cross-talk between signaling pathways where one receptor activates a receptor for a different ligand, and also activation of subunits within a receptor oligomer.
tyrosine phosphorylation of stat protein The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.
regulation of type b pancreatic cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.
urate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of urate, the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine.
mitochondrial fragmentation involved in apoptotic process The change in the morphology of the mitochondria in an apoptotic cell from a highly branched network to a fragmented vesicular form.
regulation of potassium ion import Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion import.
negative regulation of dna metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
regulation of cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation, the change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
regulation of lipid transport by positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid transport by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
regulation of intermediate filament depolymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the disassembly of intermediate filaments by the removal of monomers from a filament.
single-organism localization A localization which involves only one organism.
execution phase of apoptosis A stage of the apoptotic process that starts with the controlled breakdown of the cell through the action of effector caspases or other effector molecules (e.g. cathepsins, calpains etc.). Key steps of the execution phase are rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.
positive regulation of natural killer cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.
negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mrna poly(a) tail shortening Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.
cellular response to antibiotic Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms.
neutrophil clearance The selective elimination of senescent neutrophils from the body by autoregulatory mechanisms.
nadp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.
cellular response to water stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water.
amine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
leukotriene catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.
response to starvation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment.
deoxyadenosine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.
negative regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
regulation of brown fat cell differentiation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of brown fat cell differentiation. Brown fat cell differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.
cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
negative regulation of t cell mediated immunity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
positive regulation of cell cycle g1/s phase transition Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle G1/S phase transition.
lipoprotein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
glycine decarboxylation via glycine cleavage system The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine by oxidative cleavage to carbon dioxide, ammonia, and a methylene group, mediated by enzymes of the glycine cleavage complex.
termination of signal transduction The signaling process in which signal transduction is brought to an end rather than being reversibly modulated.
cellular carbohydrate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, carried out by individual cells.
response to lipid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.
positive regulation of dna replication Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.
regulation of glial cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.
negative regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandin.
glycerophospholipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.
angiogenesis involved in coronary vascular morphogenesis Blood vessel formation in the heart when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
negative regulation of cgmp-mediated signaling Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling. cGMP-mediated signaling is a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic GMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
fatty acid elongation, saturated fatty acid Elongation of a saturated fatty acid chain.
negative regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.
regulation of kinetochore assembly Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of kinetochore assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.
synaptic vesicle clustering The process that results in grouping synaptic vesicles, prior to release, at a specialized patch of the presynaptic membrane referred to as the active zone.
regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
positive regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.
hemostasis The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part.
positive regulation of tolerance induction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric oxide synthase enzyme.
positive regulation of hemopoiesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.
regulation of pancreatic a cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation.
regulation of bone resorption Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone tissue loss (resorption).
negative regulation of histone ubiquitination Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of a ubiquitin group to a histone protein.
actin filament bundle assembly The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.
wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell contributing to the establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis.
muscle cell fate commitment The process in which the cellular identity of muscle cells is acquired and determined.
regulation of endocytosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
chloride ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of chloride ions within an organism or cell.
negative regulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational elongation.
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via mhc class i The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
positive regulation of intracellular sterol transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.
eosinophil chemotaxis The movement of an eosinophil in response to an external stimulus.
ctp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving CTP, cytidine triphosphate.
microtubule anchoring at microtubule organizing center Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell by attachment to a microtubule organizing center.
regulation of renin secretion into blood stream Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of renin secretion into blood stream.
vesicle fusion Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane.
o-glycan processing, core 3 The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 3 O-glycan structure, GlcNAc-beta-(1->3)-GalNAc.
positive regulation of vascular wound healing Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.
tetrahydrofolate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrofolate, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a folate derivative bearing additional hydrogens on the pterin group.
dump biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUMP, deoxyuridine monophosphate (2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate).
endothelial cell fate commitment The commitment of a cell to an endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an endothelial cell.
glial cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a glial cell, a non-neuronal cell of the nervous system.
nik/nf-kappab signaling The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the NIK-dependent processing and activation of NF-KappaB. Begins with activation of the NF-KappaB-inducing kinase (NIK), which in turn phosphorylates and activates IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha). IKKalpha phosphorylates the NF-Kappa B2 protein (p100) leading to p100 processing and release of an active NF-KappaB (p52).
negative regulation of peroxidase activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peroxidase activity.
synaptic vesicle recycling The trafficking of synaptic vesicles from the pre-synaptic membrane so the vesicle can dock and prime for another round of exocytosis and neurotransmitter release. Recycling occurs after synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and is necessary to replenish presynaptic vesicle pools, sustain transmitter release and preserve the structural integrity of the presynaptic membrane.
protein transport within lipid bilayer The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer.
pyridine nucleotide salvage Any process that generates a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.
regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response.
regulation of sequence-specific dna binding transcription factor activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.
polyprenol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polyprenols, prenols with more than 4 isoprenoid residues, which may be all-trans, or a mixture of cis and trans.
exocrine pancreas development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the exocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells.
cellular biogenic amine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
glucuronoside metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucuronosides, any compound formed by combination in glycosidic linkage of a hydroxy compound with the anomeric carbon atom of a glucuronate.
epiboly involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells involved in deuterostomic gastrulation.
regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron.
tolerance induction to self antigen Tolerance induction directed at self antigens.
meiotic metaphase plate congression The cell cycle process in which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the meiotic spindle, during meiosis.
lateral sprouting from an epithelium The process in which a branch forms along the side of an epithelium.
cell surface pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
viral process A multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant. The other participant is the host. Includes infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle.
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development.
terpenoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure.
t-helper cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized thymocyte acquires specialized features of a T-helper cell.
positive regulation of cell motility Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
taurine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative important in the metabolism of fats.
idp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving IDP, inosine 5'-diphosphate.
protein splicing The post-translational removal of peptide sequences from within a protein sequence.
protein secretion The controlled release of proteins from a cell.
nitrite transport The directed movement of nitrite into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis.
cellular response to testosterone stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a testosterone stimulus.
plasma membrane repair The resealing of a cell plasma membrane after cellular wounding due to, for instance, mechanical stress.
negative regulation of protein processing Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.
induction by organism of defense-related nitric oxide production in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction The activation by an organism of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
pancreatic a cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic A cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.
positive regulation of leukocyte migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
glycine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid.
alanine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid.
histone h2a-k13 ubiquitination The modification of histone H2A by addition of ubiquitin group at lysine 13 (H2A-K13) in metazoans, and at the equivalent residue in other organisms. Monoubiquitin is first attached to H2A-K13 and K63-linked ubiquitin chains are then extended from this monoubiquitin.
rna (guanine-n7)-methylation The addition of a methyl group to the N7 atom in the base portion of a guanine nucleotide residue in an RNA molecule.
pulmonary myocardium development The progression of the pulmonary myocardium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The pulmonary myocardium is the myocardial tissue present in the pulmonary vein.
regulation of rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin-mediated signaling.
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex ii assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex II, in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
disaccharide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of disaccharides, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.
embryonic hemopoiesis The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo.
planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to axis elongation.
negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation.
regulation of protein targeting to membrane Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.
midbrain-hindbrain boundary morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary is generated and organized. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
glycyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling glycine to glycyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glycyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
convergent extension involved in axis elongation The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis contributing to the lengthening of the axis of an organism.
mrna splice site selection Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.
osteoclast maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an osteoclast cell to attain its fully functional state. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, and which typically differentiates from monocytes.
regulation of eosinophil degranulation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of eosinophil degranulation.
small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a snoRNA to form a small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex.
regulation of t-helper cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.
response to unfolded protein Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus.
regulation of protein kinase a signaling Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
regulation of protein stability Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein by altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation.
glutamate receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of glutamate to a glutamate receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
regulation of ribosome biogenesis Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.
isopeptide cross-linking The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within peptide chains, where either the amino group or the carboxyl group, or both, are not attached to the alpha carbon.
modified amino acid transport The directed movement of modified amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
diol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a diol, a compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic.
regulation of vasodilation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of increases in the diameter of blood vessels.
deoxyadenosine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.
positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
negative regulation of mitochondrial dna metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.
regulation of monocyte extravasation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte extravasation.
negative regulation of endopeptidase activity Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
mitochondrion degradation The autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.
regulation of prostatic bud formation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of prostatic bud formation, the morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.
negative regulation of membrane potential Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
angiotensin catabolic process in blood The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of angiotensin in the blood.
positive regulation of sequestering of triglyceride Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
positive regulation of protein ubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein ubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.
skeletal system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).
metanephric ascending thin limb development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric ascending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule in the metanephros lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent.
negative regulation of presynaptic membrane organization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of presynaptic membrane organization.
regulation of interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.
negative regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines.
regulation of cell adhesion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin The process in which renin-angiotensin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.
serotonin secretion involved in inflammatory response The regulated release of serotonin by a cell as part of an inflammatory response.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by hormone The process in which hormones modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.
cochlea development The progression of the cochlea over time from its formation to the mature structure. The cochlea is the snail-shaped portion of the inner ear that is responsible for the detection of sound.
virion assembly A late phase of the viral life cycle during which all the components necessary for the formation of a mature virion collect at a particular site in the cell and the basic structure of the virus particle is formed.
borate transmembrane transport The directed movement of borate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Borate is the anion (BO3)3-; boron is a group 13 element, with properties which are borderline between metals and non-metals.
phenylpropanoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.
mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in kidney development The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
inositol phosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.
negative regulation of neurotrophin production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a neurotrophin.
mhc protein complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC protein complex.
defecation The expulsion of feces from the rectum.
medium-chain fatty acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving medium-chain fatty acids, any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
positive regulation of digestive system process Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
d-amino acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-amino acids, the D-enantiomers of amino acids.
regulation of interleukin-5 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.
cellular component organization A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
epithelial cell-cell adhesion The attachment of an epithelial cell to another epithelial cell via adhesion molecules.
regulation of wound healing Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
medium-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
regulation of type iia hypersensitivity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
regulation of spindle assembly Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of spindle assembly. Spindle assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.
spongiotrophoblast differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell of the ectoplacental cone acquires specialized features of a spongiotrophoblast of the placenta. A spongiotrophoblast cell is a basophilic cell.
negative regulation of immunoglobulin secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of immunoglobulins from a cell.
l-xylitol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-xylitol, a five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group. It is as sweet as sucrose and is used as a noncariogenic sweetner and as a sugar substitute in diabetic diets.
positive regulation of kinase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
crd-mediated mrna stabilization An mRNA stabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with a sequence in the open reading frame called the coding region instability determinant (CRD).
negative regulation of synapse assembly Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.
neutrophil differentiation The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a neutrophil.
positive regulation of centrosome cycle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle.
regulation of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O.
egg activation The process in which the egg becomes metabolically active, initiates protein and DNA synthesis and undergoes structural changes to its cortex and/or cytoplasm.
nucleobase catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.
adenosine receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to extracellular adenosine and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity.
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis.
regulation of integrin biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins.
nucleotide-sugar catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell. A thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin.
ribose phosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ribose phosphate, any phosphorylated ribose sugar.
pentose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.
epoxygenase p450 pathway The chemical reactions and pathways by which arachidonic acid is converted to other compounds including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids.
relaxation of vascular smooth muscle A process in which the extent of vascular smooth muscle contraction is reduced. Vascular smooth muscle relaxation is mediated via a decrease in the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain. This can be achieved by removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases leading to a decrease myosin light chain kinase activity, and through calcium-independent pathways leading to a increase in myosin light chain phosphatase activity.
negative regulation of cell development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
endodermal cell fate commitment The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the endoderm.
response to uv-b Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 290 to 320 nm.
trna 3'-trailer cleavage Cleavage of the 3'-end of the pre-tRNA as part of the process of generating the mature 3'-end of the tRNA; may involve endonucleolytic or exonucleolytic cleavage, or both.
neural crest cell migration The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo.
positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2.
neurotransmitter secretion The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin.
negative regulation of exit from mitosis Any process involved in the inhibition of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity).
glycine betaine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycine betaine, N-trimethylglycine.
mitotic g1 dna damage checkpoint A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression through the G1/S transition of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage.
negative regulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.
phosphatidylinositol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.
homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in a tissue.
bundle of his cell action potential An action potential that occurs in a bundle of His cell.
granulosa cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a granulosa cell, a supporting cell for the developing female gamete in the ovary of mammals.
semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway involved in neuron projection guidance Any semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway that is involved in neuron projection guidance.
fatty acid elongation, polyunsaturated fatty acid Elongation of a fatty acid chain into which two or more C-C double bonds have been introduced.
regulation of osteoclast development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast development.
regulation of ubiquitin-specific protease activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulation of ubiquitin-specific protease activity (deubiquitinase) activity.
positive regulation of protein activation cascade Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein activation cascade.
smooth muscle cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
skeletal muscle satellite cell maintenance involved in skeletal muscle regeneration Any process by which the number of skeletal muscle satellite cells in a skeletal muscle is maintained during muscle regeneration. There are at least three mechanisms by which this is achieved. Skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division ensures satellite stem cell numbers are kept constant. Symmetric division of these cells amplifies the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells. Some adult skeletal muscle myoblasts (descendants of activated satellite cells) can develop back into quiescent satellite cells, replenishing the overall pool of satellite cells.
regulation of lipid metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, nadh to ubiquinone Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone.
dendritic cell proliferation The expansion of a dendritic cell population by cell division. A dendritic cell is a cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation.
positive regulation of cgmp metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cGMP.
regulation of t cell extravasation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell extravasation.
regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.
negative regulation of mast cell degranulation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of mast cell degranulation.
regulation of response to external stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.
positive regulation of mismatch repair Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mismatch repair.
polynucleotide dephosphorylation The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a polynucleotide.
immature t cell proliferation The expansion of an immature T cell population by cell division.
nlrp3 inflammasome complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
negative regulation of transcription by transcription factor localization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription using a mechanism that involves the localization of a transcription factor.
regulation of telomeric rna transcription from rna pol ii promoter Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric RNA transcription from RNA pol II promoter.
b cell cytokine production Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a B cell.
negative regulation of receptor binding Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.
negative regulation of lymphocyte proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.
response to uv-a Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-A radiation stimulus. UV-A radiation (UV-A light) spans the wavelengths 400 to 500 nm.
exogenous drug catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a drug that has originated externally to the cell or organism.
proteolysis The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.
atp hydrolysis coupled proton transport The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from ATP hydrolysis.
negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle phase transition.
negative regulation of oxidoreductase activity Any process that stops or reduces the rate of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered.
ultradian rhythm The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with a regularity more frequent than every 24 hours.
putrescine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
n-acetylneuraminate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.
heterocycle metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation.
regulation of urine volume Any process that modulates the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.
positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.
modulation by virus of host autophagy Any process in which a virus effect a change in the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host.
regulation of metanephric glomerulus development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of metanephric glomerulus development, the progression of the metanephric glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The metanephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.
vesicle localization Any process in which a vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
hair follicle cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of hair follicle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
histone exchange The replacement, within chromatin, of resident histones or histone subunits with alternative, sometimes variant, histones or subunits.
release from viral latency The process by which a virus switches from latency and begins to replicate. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell lipopolysaccharides, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, various chemicals and super-infecting viruses.
nucleoside monophosphate phosphorylation The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a nucleoside monophosphate to produce a polyphosphorylated nucleoside.
adaptive immune response An immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for enhanced response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory).
response to amphetamine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amphetamine stimulus. Amphetamines consist of a group of compounds related to alpha-methylphenethylamine.
galactosylceramide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.
ossification involved in bone maturation The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.
establishment of cell polarity The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
glycogen catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.
regulation of transcription by galactose Any process involving galactose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent or transcription.
response to copper ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus.
lipid phosphorylation The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents.
negative regulation of sterol import Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sterol import.
negative regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.
secondary alcohol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving secondary alcohol.
xylulose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose.
response to light stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.
negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol.
regulation of ectoderm development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development.
cellular response to virus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.
optokinetic behavior The behavior of an organism pertaining to movement of the eyes and of objects in the visual field, as in nystagmus.
pyridine-containing compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyridine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyridine or a formal derivative thereof.
photoperiodism Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a period of light or dark of a given length, measured relative to a particular duration known as the 'critical day length'. The critical day length varies between species.
female genitalia development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female genitalia over time, from formation to the mature structure.
prostate gland epithelium morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia of the prostate gland are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.
embryonic skeletal system development The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
protein exit from endoplasmic reticulum The directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.
positive regulation of peripheral t cell tolerance induction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction.
metencephalon development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
response to hexose Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hexose stimulus.
branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis The process in which the branching structure of the salivary gland is generated and organized.
regulation of early endosome to recycling endosome transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to recycling endosome transport.
negative regulation of metanephric glomerulus development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of metanephric glomerulus development, the progression of the metanephric glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The metanephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.
phenylpropanoid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.
response to human chorionic gonadotropin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus.
urate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of urate, the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine.
mitochondrial depolarization The process in which the membrane potential of the mitochondria changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential, from negative to positive.
extracellular matrix constituent secretion The controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell.
n-terminal peptidyl-lysine acetylation The acetylation of the N-terminal lysine of proteins.
protein transport out of membrane raft The directed movement of a protein out of a membrane raft. Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.
resolution of recombination intermediates The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, such as Holliday junctions, formed during DNA recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged.
regulation of the force of heart contraction by chemical signal The regulation of the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
positive regulation of b cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.
negative regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.
ditp catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dITP, a deoxyinosine phosphate compound having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.
negative regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.
long-chain fatty acid transport The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
negative regulation of interleukin-18 production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production.
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) located on the surface of the receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
positive regulation of triglyceride metabolic process Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
positive regulation of nad(p)h oxidase activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.
regulation of synaptic vesicle clustering Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle clustering.
negative regulation of androgen biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of androgen biosynthetic process.
regulation of protein modification process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
positive regulation of isomerase activity Any process that increases the activity of an isomerase. An isomerase catalyzes the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.
neurotransmitter uptake The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. It does not occur during cholinergic synaptic transmission. Instead, acetylcholine is enzymatically degraded in the synaptic cleft.
regulation of glycogen metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.
cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.
l-alanine catabolic process, by transamination The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine by transamination.
negative regulation of dna recombination at telomere Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of genetic recombination within the telomere.
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress.
inner mitochondrial membrane organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial inner membrane.
mesonephric duct morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric duct are generated and organized. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros.
regulation of cell growth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
negative regulation of fertilization Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
negative regulation of male gonad development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.
regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process by regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter A regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that results in regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process.
positive regulation of trophoblast cell migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.
negative regulation of secretion by cell Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.
actin filament reorganization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of actin filaments.
thick ascending limb development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thick ascending limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thick ascending limb is the last part of the loop of Henle. Its thick, mitochondria-rich epithelium characterizes the outer medulla, and is responsible for very avid active salt transport. At the macula densa, the thick ascending limb connects to the distal convoluted tubule.
mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted.
regulation of endodermal cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress by p53 class mediator Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress by p53 class mediator.
establishment or maintenance of cell polarity regulating cell shape Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a polarized intracellular organization or cell growth patterns that regulate the shape of a cell.
response to insulin-like growth factor stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin-like growth factor stimulus.
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.
regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric-oxide synthase enzyme.
intracellular ph elevation Any process that increases the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
l-methylmalonyl-coa metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-methylmalonyl-CoA, the L-enantiomer of 2-carboxypropanoyl-CoA. S-methylmalonyl-CoA is an intermediate in the beta oxidation of odd-numbered fatty acids in animals.
sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) binding to a receptor on the surface of the cell, and which proceeds with the activated receptor transmitting the signal by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
positive regulation of viral release from host cell Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral release from host cell.
regulation of protein linear polyubiquitination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein linear polyubiquitination.
negative regulation of hexokinase activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hexokinase activity.
protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process The removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein as part of a process of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism.
sleep Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a periodic, readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity. Usually accompanied by physical relaxation, the onset of sleep in humans and other mammals is marked by a change in the electrical activity of the brain.
interleukin-18-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-18 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
renal artery morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of a renal artery is generated and organized. Renal arteries supply the kidneys with blood.
endosomal vesicle fusion The homotypic fusion of endocytic vesicles to form or add to an early endosome.
regulation of t cell receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid.
cell chemotaxis The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
trna methylation The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in a tRNA molecule.
triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle remodeling The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride from a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle.
positive regulation of dna damage checkpoint Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.
positive regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity A process that increases long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers.
regulation of establishment or maintenance of cell polarity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
sorbitol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.
regulation of cardiac chamber formation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation.
glycerol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.
regulation of smooth muscle cell migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.
nitrogen fixation The process in which nitrogen is taken from its relatively inert molecular form (N2) in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other chemical processes, such as ammonia, nitrate and nitrogen dioxide.
skeletal muscle satellite cell migration The orderly movement of a skeletal muscle satellite cell from one site to another. Migration of these cells is a key step in the process of growth and repair of skeletal muscle cells.
ncrna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of non-coding RNA transcripts (ncRNAs). Includes the breakdown of cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs).
trna aminoacylation The chemical reactions and pathways by which the various amino acids become bonded to their corresponding tRNAs. The most common route for synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA is by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, usually catalyzed by the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA ligase. A given aminoacyl-tRNA ligase aminoacylates all species of an isoaccepting group of tRNA molecules.
evasion or tolerance of host defense response Any process, either active or passive, by which an organism avoids or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defense response. The host defense response is mounted by the host in response to the presence of the organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
detection of calcium ion The series of events in which a calcium ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
medium-chain fatty acid transport The directed movement of medium-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A medium-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane
positive regulation of establishment of endothelial barrier Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of endothelial barrier.
regulation of natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation as part of an immune response.
carbamoyl phosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbamoyl phosphate, an intermediate in the urea cycle and other nitrogen compound metabolic pathways.
5-methylcytosine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA.
sphinganine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine, D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.
positive regulation of cytolysis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis.
positive regulation of transcription during meiosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription during meiosis.
positive regulation of rna polymerase ii transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly.
arachidonic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer.
central tolerance induction Tolerance induction in the central lymphoid organs: the thymus and bone marrow.
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase iii promoter Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA ploymerase III promoter.
odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel.
regulation of canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment.
cellular stress response to acidic ph Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in the homeostasis of organismal or cellular pH (with pH < 7). pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
carbohydrate mediated signaling A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of carbohydrate.
positive regulation of rna biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.
calcium ion export from cell The directed movement of calcium ions out of a cell.
rna splicing, via transesterification reactions with bulged adenosine as nucleophile Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions with a bulged adenosine residue from the intron branch point as the initiating nucleophile. When the initial RNA for the splicing reaction is a single molecule (cis splicing), the excised intron is released in a lariat structure.
positive regulation of monocyte chemotaxis Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis.
dna repair The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.
divalent inorganic cation homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent cations within an organism or cell.
ribonucleoside biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
maintenance of protein location in membrane Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in a membrane, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.
farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of farnesyl diphosphate.
regulation of phosphorus metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
flavin-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a flavin, any derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position.
oncostatin-m-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of oncostatin-M (OSM) to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. OSM can signal via at least two different receptors (a specific receptor and a LIF receptor) to activate different downstream signal transduction pathways.
regulation of response to oxidative stress Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.
positive regulation of t-helper 2 cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.
protein linear polyubiquitination A protein ubiquitination process in which a linear polymer of ubiquitin, formed by the amino-terminal methionine (M1) of one ubiquitin molecule and by the carboxy-terminal glycine (G76) of the next, is added to a protein.
interleukin-13-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-13 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
positive regulation of fibroblast migration Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
positive regulation of lipid kinase activity Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid.
positive regulation of mrna binding Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA binding.
cell proliferation in forebrain The creation of greater cell numbers in the forebrain due to cell division of progenitor cells.
single organism reproductive process A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving a single organism.
positive regulation of mesoderm development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.
macula densa development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the macula densa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus.
membrane fusion involved in viral entry into host cell Merging of the virion membrane and a host membrane (host plasma membrane or host organelle membrane) that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell.
purine nucleobase transport The directed movement of purine bases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
golgi transport vesicle coating The addition of specific coat proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles.
regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in outflow tract morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
positive regulation of protein polymerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.
neurotrophin signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a neurotrophin to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Neurotrophins are a family of secreted growth factors that induce the survival, development, and function of neurons.
dopamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
regulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to photoperiod, the intermittent cycle of light (day) and dark (night).
middle ear morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the middle ear are generated and organized. The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window).
response to nitrite Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrate stimulus.
connective tissue growth factor biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTGF, produced by human umbilical vein endothelial cells and by skin fibroblasts after activation with TGF-beta.
regulation of tolerance induction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
antibiotic transport The directed movement of an antibiotic, a substance produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction.
monocyte extravasation The migration of a monocyte from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.
regulation of tissue remodeling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.
protein import into nucleus, docking A protein complex assembly process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the association of a cargo protein, a carrier protein such as an importin alpha/beta heterodimer, and a nucleoporin located at the periphery of the nuclear pore complex.
detection of hypoxic conditions in blood by chemoreceptor signaling The process in which information about a lack of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and the aortic bodies.
deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
parathyroid gland development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parathyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parathyroid gland is an organ specialised for secretion of parathyroid hormone.
epithelial cell proliferation involved in renal tubule morphogenesis Any epithelial cell proliferation that is involved in renal tubule morphogenesis.
organ growth The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function.
negative regulation of jun kinase activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.
dermatan sulfate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dermatan sulfate, any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units. They are important components of ground substance or intercellular cement of skin and some connective tissues.
mitochondrial rna 5'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome; occurs in the mitochondrion.
dopamine receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
pyruvate transmembrane transport The directed movement of pyruvate across a membrane.
microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved in mitosis Any microtubule cytoskeleton organization that is involved in mitosis.
biomineral tissue development Formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds, and also contain a small amounts of organic matrices that are believed to play important roles in their formation.
dna catabolic process, endonucleolytic The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of internal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides.
cytosolic calcium ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the cytosol of a cell or between the cytosol and its surroundings.
glandular epithelial cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glandular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.
regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.
negative regulation of leukocyte proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.
leucine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.
positive regulation of prolactin signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of prolactin signaling pathway.
regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.
inter-male aggressive behavior Aggressive behavior based on competition between males of the same species over access to resources such as females, dominance, status, etc. and characterized by noise, threats, and is often less injurious.
positive regulation of lamellipodium morphogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium morphogenesis.
neuron projection extension Long distance growth of a single neuron projection involved in cellular development. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.
negative regulation of action potential Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
negative regulation of estrogen receptor binding Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of estrogen receptor binding, interacting selectively with an estrogen receptor.
dissemination or transmission of organism from other organism involved in symbiotic interaction The movement of an organism from a second organism to another place in the environment, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The first organism may also move to a different organism.
axon guidance The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
modulation by organism of defense-related nitric oxide production in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
organelle membrane fusion The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single organelle membrane.
pyruvate transport The directed movement of pyruvate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of skeletal muscle tissue regeneration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle.
zinc ion transmembrane import The directed movement of zinc ions across a membrane into a cell or organelle.
glutamate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.
regulation of prolactin signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of prolactin signaling pathway.
regulation of ripoptosome assembly involved in necroptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ripoptosome assembly involved in a necroptotic process.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
anatomical structure arrangement The process that gives rise to the configuration of the constituent parts of an anatomical structure. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
protein nucleotidylation The addition of a nucleotide to a protein amino acid.
positive regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
l-serine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.
cytosolic calcium ion transport The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within the cytosol.
opioid receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an opioid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
chorio-allantoic fusion The cell-cell adhesion process in which the cells of the chorion fuse to the cells of the allantois.
negative regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.
negative regulation of astrocyte differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.
metanephric nephron morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric nephron are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros.
dna damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle.
organic hydroxy compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic hydroxy compound.
blood circulation The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products.
proximal straight tubule development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proximal straight tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The proximal straight tubule is the part of the descending limb that extends from the proximal convoluted tubule to the descending thin tubule.
wound healing, spreading of cells The migration of a cell along or through a wound gap that contributes to the reestablishment of a continuous surface.
negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
olefin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving olefin.
vitamin d receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a vitamin D receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
regulation of multivesicular body size involved in endosome transport Any process that modulates the volume of a multivesicular body as part of the directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes or vacuoles.
spindle localization Any process in which is the spindle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
protein transport into plasma membrane raft The directed movement of a protein into a plasma membrane raft.
macromolecule modification The covalent alteration of one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule, resulting in a change in its properties.
regulation of amino acid uptake involved in synaptic transmission Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acid neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell.
ureter maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the ureter to attain its fully functional state. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut.
negative regulation of mitochondrion degradation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation (mitophagy).
platelet alpha granule organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a platelet alpha granule. A platelet alpha granule is a secretory organelle found in blood platelets.
positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
mitochondrial asparaginyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling asparagine to asparaginyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
phagocytosis, engulfment The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis.
negative regulation of mitotic recombination Any process that inhibits or decreases the rate of DNA recombination during mitosis.
positive regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ceramide biosynthetic process.
cell-cell signaling involved in kidney development Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
negative regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process.
positive regulation of fractalkine production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of fractalkine production.
cofactor transport The directed movement of a cofactor into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A cofactor is a substance that is required for the activity of an enzyme or other protein.
negative regulation of macrophage fusion Any process that stops, prevents, or decreases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage fusion.
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste The series of events involved in the perception of taste in which a gustatory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
cortisol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cortisol, the steroid hormone 11-beta-17,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal gland and controls carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and has anti-inflammatory properties.
negative regulation of dendritic cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.
neural fold bending The morphogenesis of the neural fold elevations that results in the movement of the tips of the elevations towards each other in order to fuse.
regulation of i-kappab kinase/nf-kappab signaling Any process that modulates I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling.
lymphocyte proliferation The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division.
phosphatidylethanolamine acyl-chain remodeling Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylethanolamine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylethanolamine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.
negative regulation of schwann cell proliferation Any process that decreases the frequency or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.
b cell chemotaxis The directed movement of a B cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
positive regulation of metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
regulation of rubidium ion transmembrane transporter activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rubidium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
golgi to lysosome transport The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to lysosomes.
negative regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an ion transporter.
positive regulation of heart induction by negative regulation of canonical wnt signaling pathway Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway that positively regulates heart induction. Canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart induction is the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.
facioacoustic ganglion development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
7-methylguanosine mrna capping Addition of the 7-methylguanosine cap to the 5' end of a nascent messenger RNA transcript.
positive regulation of female receptivity Any process that activates or increases the receptiveness of a female to male advances.
xanthine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.
mitochondrial dna repair The process of restoring mitochondrial DNA after damage.
intestinal epithelial cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
g-protein coupled receptor catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a G-protein coupled receptor.
negative regulation of calcium-transporting atpase activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-transporting ATPase activity.
d-aspartate transport The directed movement of D-aspartate, the D-enantiomer of the anion of (2R)-2-aminobutanedioic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat3 protein Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein.
bmp signaling pathway involved in renal system segmentation A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the segmentation of the renal system.
positive regulation of isotype switching to ige isotypes Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes.
snrna transcription The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template.
negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.
regulation of sclerotome development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.
exit from mitosis The cell cycle process where a cell leaves M phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.
dimethylallyl diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dimethylallyl diphosphate.
response to pyrethroid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pyrethroid stimulus. Pyrethroids are a group of growth regulators, analogous to insect juvenile hormones, that interfere with the development of insect larvae and are used in the control of insects that are harmful in the adult stage.
phosphate ion transmembrane transport The directed movement of phosphate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
adenohypophysis morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the adenohypophysis are generated and organized. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus.
behavioral response to nutrient Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a nutrient stimulus.
negative regulation of chemokine-mediated signaling pathway Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of a chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor.
negative regulation of sodium-dependent phosphate transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium-dependent phosphate transport.
cut catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs).
helper t cell enhancement of adaptive immune response Positive regulation of an adaptive immune response mediated via cytokine production by helper T cell.
axoneme assembly The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.
negative regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proteasomal protein catabolic process.
regulation of stem cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
dadp phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate, to produce dATP.
rna splicing The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.
regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.
5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate, also known as 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate.
negative regulation of ribosome biogenesis Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.
receptor metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
regulation of dendritic cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.
regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.
l-arginine import into cell The directed movement of L-arginine from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.
valyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling valine to valyl-tRNA, catalyzed by valyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
eosinophil degranulation The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil cationic protein by an eosinophil.
notochord formation The formation of the notochord from the chordamesoderm. The notochord is composed of large cells packed within a firm connective tissue sheath and is found in all chordates at the ventral surface of the neural tube. In vertebrates, the notochord contributes to the vertebral column.
erythrocyte homeostasis Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism.
negative regulation of renal albumin absorption Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of renal albumin absorption.
negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
cellular response to interleukin-4 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-4 stimulus.
cellular response to interleukin-6 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-6 stimulus.
cellular response to interleukin-1 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus.
cellular response to interleukin-3 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-3 stimulus.
regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron death Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron death.
regulation of metanephros size Any process that modulates the size of a metanephric kidney.
cellular response to epidermal growth factor stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epidermal growth factor stimulus.
response to folic acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a folic acid stimulus.
positive regulation of neurotransmitter transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
pyridoxine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, one of the vitamin B6 compounds.
regulation of response to osmotic stress Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the response to osmotic stress.
regulation of mrna export from nucleus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.
regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.
digestive system process A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
positive regulation of interleukin-4-dependent isotype switching to ige isotypes Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-4-dependent isotype switching to IgE isotypes.
embryonic cranial skeleton morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the cranial skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase.
organic hydroxy compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic hydroxy compound.
positive regulation of adaptive immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
signal transduction downstream of smoothened The series of molecular signals that are initiated by the transmembrane protein Smoothened. In the presence of a Hedgehog signaling molecule, the Patched protein no longer inhibits the activity of Smoothened, and Smoothened signals via the Hedgehog signaling complex to activate downstream components of the Hedgehog signaling pathway.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to stress Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
positive regulation of macrophage tolerance induction Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
neuroblast fate determination The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
spinal cord anterior/posterior patterning The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.
phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.
negative regulation of immature t cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation.
protein destabilization Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation.
mesonephros development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney.
purine nucleoside bisphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
mitochondrial ribosome assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mitochondrial ribosome and of its subunits.
phosphatidylethanolamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. It is a major structural phospholipid in mammalian systems. It tends to be more abundant than phosphatidylcholine in the internal membranes of the cell and is an abundant component of prokaryotic membranes.
response to prostaglandin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin stimulus.
positive regulation of cell cycle g2/m phase transition Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle G2/M phase transition.
endocardial cushion formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
plus-end-directed organelle transport along microtubule The directed movement of an organelle towards the plus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination.
positive regulation of corticosteroid hormone secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of corticosteroid hormone secretion.
response to symbiont Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiont, an organism living with an organism of a different species in close physical association. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of transcription by competitive promoter binding Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription using a mechanism that involves direct competition for interaction with a promoter binding site.
activation of adenylate cyclase activity Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase.
hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.
posterior midgut development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
negative regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.
epidermal cell fate specification The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an epidermal cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
acetate ester biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an acetate esteran acetate ester, any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.
cap1 mrna methylation Methylation of the ribose of the first nucleotide of a 5'-capped mRNA.
neutrophil extravasation The migration of a neutrophil from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.
cerebellar purkinje cell layer maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer to attain its fully functional state. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.
purkinje myocyte development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Purkinje myocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber) is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle.
protein c-linked glycosylation via tryptophan The glycosylation of a carbon atom of a peptidyl-tryptophan residue.
regulation of histone h3-k4 methylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 4 of histone H3.
positive regulation of vitamin d biosynthetic process Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).
chromosome breakage Regulated cleavage of the developing macronuclear genome at a limited number of chromosome breakage sites (CBS). The macronuclear destined segment (MDS) sequence adjacent to the CBS (or separated from it by a BES) receives a macronuclear telomere following chromosome breakage.
dna replication initiation The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action.
maintenance of cell polarity The maintenance of established anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity involved in g2/m transition of mitotic cell cycle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity involved in the G2/M transition of the cell cycle.
syncytium formation The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division.
g1 dna damage checkpoint A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G1 to S phase in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage.
regulation of osteoclast proliferation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population.
rrna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rRNA, ribosomal RNA, a structural constituent of ribosomes.
detection of molecule of bacterial origin The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of bacterial origin is received and converted into a molecular signal.
osmosensory signaling pathway The series of molecular signals initiated in response to osmotic change.
protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere A process that prevents non-homologous end joining at telomere, thereby ensuring that telomeres do not fuse.
nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.
alternative mrna splicing, via spliceosome The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules from a given set of exons by differential use of exons from the primary transcript(s) to form multiple mature mRNAs that vary in their exon composition.
purine ribonucleoside biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
maltose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose), an intermediate in the catabolism of glycogen and starch.
coenzyme biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
regulation of rna interference Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA interference.
udp phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into UDP, uridine diphosphate, to produce UTP.
cell wall polysaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving cell wall polysaccharides.
translocation of peptides or proteins into host The directed movement of peptides or proteins produced by an organism to a location inside its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.
cellular response to cobalt ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cobalt ion stimulus.
response to ph Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
acetylcholine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
regulation of mrna polyadenylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA polyadenylation.
mitochondrial proton-transporting atp synthase complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting ATP synthase in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
macrophage activation involved in immune response A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
cell cycle phase transition The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next cell cycle phase.
regulation of postsynaptic density protein 95 clustering Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynaptic density protein 95 clustering.
heart process A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
regulation of transcription by glucose Any process involving glucose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent or transcription.
cellular phosphate ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phosphate ions at the level of a cell.
activation of meiosis Any process that starts the inactive process of meiosis.
regulation of synapse structure or activity Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).
regulation of constitutive secretory pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of constitutive secretory pathway.
protein localization to cilium A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cilium.
actin filament network formation The assembly of a network of actin filaments; actin filaments on different axes and with differing orientations are crosslinked together to form a mesh of filaments.
negative regulation of t cell tolerance induction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
palmitic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving palmitic acid.
ribosomal subunit export from nucleus The directed movement of a ribosomal subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
beta selection The process in which successful recombination of a T cell receptor beta chain into a translatable protein coding sequence leads to rescue from apoptosis and subsequent proliferation of an immature T cell.
tissue migration The process in which the population of cells that make up a tissue undergo directed movement.
antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antibacterial peptide.
hepatocyte proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of hepatocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Hepatocytes form the main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.
intermediate filament organization Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.
positive regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.
regulation of actin phosphorylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of one or more phosphate groups to an actin molecule.
regulation of g-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity.
cell-type specific apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a specific cell type.
protein k11-linked deubiquitination A protein deubiquitination process in which a K11-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 11 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.
regulation of cholesterol import Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cholesterol import. Cholesterol import is the directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle.
regulation of sarcomere organization Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
ureter development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut.
blood vessel maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state.
regulation of t-helper 2 cell cytokine production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.
bone marrow development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bone marrow over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
negative regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.
skin morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the skin are generated and organized. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner, sensitive and vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.
regulation of map kinase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.
metanephric cap mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in metanephros development The multiplication or reproduction of metanephric cap mesenchymal cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. A metanephric cap mesenchymal cell is a mesenchymal cell that has condensed with other mesenchymal cells surrounding the ureteric bud tip.
regulation of peptidyl-lysine acetylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-lysine acetylation.
regulation of nfat protein import into nucleus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of an NFAT protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
autophagic vacuole fusion The fusion of an autophagic vacuole with a vacuole (yeast) or lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects). In the case of yeast, inner membrane-bounded structures (autophagic bodies) appear in the vacuole.
negative regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).
cerebellar granule cell differentiation The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar granule cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a granule cell fate. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.
modulation of catalytic activity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction The process in which an organism effects a change in enzyme activity in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
post-embryonic organ development Development, taking place during the post-embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
negative regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
regulation of cell-cell adhesion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell.
cyanate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid.
actin filament-based movement Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.
mitochondrial trna wobble uridine modification The process in which a uridine in position 34 of a mitochondrial tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.
endocardium formation Formation of the endocardium of the heart. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
ureteric bud morphogenesis The process in which the ureteric bud is generated and organized.
positive regulation of phospholipase c activity Any process that increases the rate of phospholipase C activity.
wax biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of wax, which includes C16 and C18 fatty acids.
growth plate cartilage chondrocyte growth The growth of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time from one condition to another.
regulation of defense response to virus by host Any host process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of a host cell or organism.
positive regulation of lactation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lactation.
regulation of embryonic cell shape Any process that modulates the surface configuration of an embryonic cell.
cholesterol biosynthetic process via lathosterol The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, via the intermediate lathosterol.
regulation of catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
hindbrain development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium).
paraxial mesoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paraxial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube.
epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
dephosphorylation of rna polymerase ii c-terminal domain The process of removing a phosphate group from an amino acid residue in the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Some dephosphorylation occurs during transcription while some may occur after the enzyme is released from the template in order to prepare it for the beginning of the transcription cycle again. RNA polymerase II with little or no phosphorylation is referred to as the hypophosphorylated or II(A) form.
pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
skeletal muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control.
ires-dependent translational initiation The process where translation initiation recruits the 40S ribosomal subunits via an internal ribosome entry segment (IRES) before an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate mRNA translation.
positive regulation of chromatin silencing Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin silencing.
activin receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
positive regulation of vitamin d receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway activity.
adhesion of symbiont to host The attachment of a symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
spermatogenesis The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis.
keratan sulfate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.
visual perception The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image.
sex differentiation The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation.
vagus nerve development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vagus nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis.
endocytic recycling The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from recycling endosomes back to the plasma membrane where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.
negative regulation of protein acetylation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein acetylation.
response to radiation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.
positive regulation by symbiont of host phagocytosis Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
cellular response to cocaine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.
inferior colliculus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inferior colliculus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The inferior colliculus (IC) (Latin, lower hill) is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several more peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex. The inferior colliculus has three subdivisions: the central nucleus (CIC), a dorsal cortex (DCIC) by which it is surrounded, and an external cortex (ICX) which is located laterally.
negative regulation of triglyceride biosynthetic process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
regulation of thyroid hormone generation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone generation.
macrophage proliferation The expansion of a macrophage population by cell division.
golgi to plasma membrane protein transport The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane.
regulation of cell cycle g1/s phase transition Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle G1/S phase transition.
regulation of interleukin-4 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.
regulation of polyamine biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine biosynthesis. Polyamine biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.
regulation of prostaglandin secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell.
response to silicon dioxide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a silicon dioxide stimulus.
somatic diversification of immune receptors via somatic mutation The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through somatic mutation.
glycosaminoglycan catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.
regulation of cholesterol efflux Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.
regulation of gamma-delta t cell activation involved in immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response.
regulation of anion transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
involuntary skeletal muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within involuntary skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Involuntary skeletal muscle is skeletal muscle that is not under conscious control.
d-alanine transport The directed movement of D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
organ development Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via mhc class i via er pathway, tap-dependent The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-dependent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following TAP-dependent transport from the cytosol. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
regulation of type iii hypersensitivity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
purine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
response to organic cyclic compound Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.
transport The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
multicellular organismal metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways in a single multicellular organism that occur at the tissue, organ, or organismal level. These processes, unlike cellular metabolism, can include transport of substances between cells when that transport is required.
determination of left/right asymmetry in lateral mesoderm The establishment of the lateral mesoderm with respect to the left and right halves.
regulation of nad+ adp-ribosyltransferase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.
membrane repolarization during bundle of his cell action potential The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the bundle of His cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.
cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.
scf complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the SKP1-Cullin/Cdc53-F-box protein ubiquitin ligase (SCF) complex.
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
regulation of retina development in camera-type eye Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye.
regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.
negative regulation of plasminogen activation Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.
extracellular polysaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides used in extracellular structures.
cellular response to type i interferon Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a type I interferon stimulus. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
epithelial cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances.
positive regulation by organism of phagocytosis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
anterior/posterior axon guidance The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site along the anterior-posterior body axis in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.
maintenance of chromatin silencing The maintenance of chromatin in a transcriptionally silent state such as heterochromatin.
regulation of t-helper 2 cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell activation.
clathrin-mediated endocytosis An endocytosis process that begins when material is taken up into clathrin-coated pits, which then pinch off to form clathrin-coated endocytic vesicles.
positive regulation of glycogen catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.
flavonoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids, a group of phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton.
determination of stomach left/right asymmetry Determination of the asymmetric location of the stomach with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.
d-ribose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-ribose (ribo-pentose). As beta-D-ribofuranose, D-ribose forms the glycose group of all ribonucleosides, ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids, and also of ribose phosphates, various glycosides, some coenzymes and some forms of vitamin B12.
transcription factor import into nucleus The directed movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
platelet formation The process in which platelets bud from long processes extended by megakaryocytes.
negative regulation of insulin secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.
preantral ovarian follicle growth Increase in size of follicles surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells up to the onset of antrum formation.
negative regulation of response to nutrient levels Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.
fourth ventricle development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fourth ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fourth ventricle is an irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space.
cellular polysaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides, polymers of more than 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages, as carried out by individual cells.
basophil degranulation The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a basophil.
protein localization to t-tubule A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the T-tubule. The T-tubule is an invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril.
glomerular filtration The process in which plasma is filtered through the glomerular membrane which consists of capillary endothelial cells, the basement membrane, and epithelial cells. The glomerular filtrate is the same as plasma except it has no significant amount of protein.
positive regulation of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity.
regulation of chemokine-mediated signaling pathway Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of a chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor.
drug metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease; as used here antibiotic substances (see antibiotic metabolism) are considered to be drugs, even if not used in medical or veterinary practice.
negative regulation of blood pressure Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is decreased.
interleukin-4 secretion The regulated release of interleukin-4 from a cell.
idp catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of IDP, inosine 5'-diphosphate.
negative regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase.
regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the bone marrow.
negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.
negative regulation of histone acetylation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.
formaldehyde catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), the simplest aldehyde.
regulation of neuron death Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.
response to symbiotic bacterium Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiotic bacterium, a bacterium living in close physical association with another organism.
actin polymerization or depolymerization Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.
olfactory bulb interneuron development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb, from its initial commitment, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
negative regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.
negative regulation of leukocyte differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.
regulation of protein tetramerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein tetramerization.
positive regulation of chromatin binding Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
positive regulation of protein kinase c activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase C activity.
regulation of ion homeostasis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ion homeostasis.
peptidyl-glutamine methylation The addition of a methyl group to a glutamine residue in a protein.
negative regulation of axon guidance Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.
receptor localization to nonmotile primary cilium A process in which a receptor is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nonmotile primary cilium.
ovulation cycle The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.
positive regulation of neutrophil migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.
regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
d-amino acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-amino acids, the D-enantiomers of amino acids.
protein localization to lysosome A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a lysosome.
g-protein coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to an extracellular purine nucleotide and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity.
membrane protein intracellular domain proteolysis The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of an intracellular domain.
negative adaptation of signaling pathway The negative regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus.
aspartyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling aspartate to aspartyl-tRNA, catalyzed by aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
purine ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
epithelial-mesenchymal cell signaling Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted.
ump biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate.
heme a metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving heme a, a derivative of heme found in cytochrome aa3.
ameboidal-type cell migration Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
cell proliferation in midbrain The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the midbrain.
negative regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric-oxide synthase enzyme.
myofibril assembly Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle.
t cell mediated cytotoxicity The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
circadian behavior The specific behavior of an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
intramembranous ossification Direct ossification that occurs within mesenchyme or an accumulation of relatively unspecialized cells.
negative regulation of triglyceride metabolic process Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
ditp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dITP (deoxyinosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyinosine 5'-triphosphate). dITP is a deoxyinosine phosphate compound having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.
regulation of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production.
regulation of cardioblast proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
cell migration in hindbrain The orderly movement of a cell that will reside in the hindbrain.
negative regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation.
negative regulation of hepatocyte growth factor biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hepatocyte growth factor.
autolysis The spontaneous death by lysis of bacteria in response to environmental conditions.
positive regulation of sodium ion export from cell Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion export from cell.
ribonucleotide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
peroxisome organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.
positive regulation of aldosterone metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.
regulation of interleukin-3 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-3 production.
regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.
actin-myosin filament sliding The sliding movement of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other.
multicellular organismal iron ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of the distribution of iron stores within tissues and organs of a multicellular organism.
epidermal cell division Any process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis, into daughter cells.
pronephric duct morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric duct are generated and organized. The pronephric duct collects the filtrate from the pronephric tubules and opens to the exterior of the kidney.
regulation of protein heterodimerization activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein heterodimerization, interacting selectively with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.
rna splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation Splicing of RNA via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.
bone trabecula formation The process of creating a trabecula in the bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
regulation of anterior head development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anterior head development.
luteolysis The lysis or structural demise of the corpus luteum. During normal luteolysis, two closely related events occur. First, there is loss of the capacity to synthesize and secrete progesterone (functional luteolysis) followed by loss of the cells that comprise the corpus luteum (structural luteolysis). Preventing luteolysis is crucial to maintain pregnancy.
sulfur amino acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
erythropoietin-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of erythropoietin (EPO) to the erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R) on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
oxygen metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving diatomic oxygen (O2).
cortical microtubule organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane of a cell.
ribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
positive regulation of attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore
positive regulation of cytoplasmic mrna processing body assembly Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.
endothelial cell fate specification The process involved in the specification of identity of an endothelial cell. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.
regulation of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.
regulation of response to stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.
copper ion import into cell The directed movement of copper ions from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.
acrosomal vesicle exocytosis The release of intracellular molecules contained within the acrosomal granule by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of the oocyte, requiring calcium ions.
positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.
positive regulation of biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
neural crest cell development The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
protein o-linked glycosylation via threonine The glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-threonine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-threonine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, and galactosyl threonine.
epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostatic bud elongation The multiplication of epithelial cells, contributing to the expansion of the primary prostatic bud.
histone arginine demethylation The modification of a histone by the removal of a methyl group from an arginine residue.
primary alcohol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
spindle assembly checkpoint A cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
regulation of exocyst assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocyst assembly.
negative regulation of lipoprotein lipid oxidation Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of lipoprotein lipid oxidation. Lipoprotein lipid oxidation is the modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of the lipid group.
maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate.
negative regulation of blood vessel morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel morphogenesis.
negative regulation of leukocyte migration Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
regulation of isotype switching to ige isotypes Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes.
phospholipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
positive regulation of translation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA.
argininosuccinate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving argininosuccinate, 2-(N(omega)-arginino)succinate, an intermediate in the ornithine-urea cycle, where it is synthesized from citrulline and aspartate.
protein monoubiquitination Addition of a single ubiquitin group to a protein.
regulation of formation of translation preinitiation complex Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation preinitiation complex.
negative regulation of rac protein signal transduction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction.
cellular nitrogen compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds.
spemann organizer formation Formation of the specialized region on the dorsalmost side of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the vertebrate body plan.
glomerular endothelium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus.
filopodium assembly The assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.
interleukin-7-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-7 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
positive regulation of axon regeneration Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of axon regeneration.
chloramphenicol transport The directed movement of chloramphenicol, a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
organism emergence from protective structure The developmental process in which an organism emerges from a surrounding protective structure such as an egg or pupa case.
negative regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.
response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. GnRH is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus.
positive regulation of protein localization to cell surface Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface.
fractalkine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving fractalkine, a chemokine involved in the control of the key regulatory mechanisms of cell trafficking at sites of inflammation. It exists as a secreted protein and in a membrane-bound form, and exhibits a novel C-X-X-X-C cysteine signature motif. The counterpart of human fractalkine is murine neurotactin; fractalkine is also referred to as CX3C membrane-anchored chemokine or ABCD-3 and has been renamed CX3CL1.
atrial ventricular junction remodeling The reorganization or renovation of heart tissue that contributes to the maturation of the connection between an atrium and a ventricle.
inhibition of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process Any process that prevents the activation of an inactive cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in an apoptotic process.
cerebellum vasculature morphogenesis The process in which the vasculature of the cerebellum is generated and organized.
positive regulation of chemokine production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.
negative regulation of ubiquitin-protein ligase activity involved in mitotic cell cycle Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity that contributes to the mitotic cell cycle.
serotonin secretion by platelet The regulated release of serotonin by a platelet or group of platelets.
response to stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
regulation of anatomical structure size Any process that modulates the size of an anatomical structure.
positive regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.
regulation of actin cytoskeleton reorganization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin cytoskeleton reorganization.
regulation of fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane Any process that modulates the binding and fusion of a sperm to the oocyte plasma membrane.
brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
regulation of renal albumin absorption Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of renal albumin absorption.
positive regulation of type i interferon production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
regulation of t cell homeostatic proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation.
vitamin b6 biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the vitamin B6 compounds; pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.
fungiform papilla morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the fungiform papilla are generated and organized. The fungiform papilla is a mushroom-shaped papilla of the tongue.
regulation of apoptotic process Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.
homocysteine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid.
regulation of metanephros development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of metanephros development. Metanephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
regulation of female receptivity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the willingness or readiness of a female to receive male advances.
regulation of phagocytosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the process in which phagocytes engulf external particulate material.
positive chemotaxis The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.
regulation of heart contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.
response to electrical stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
double-strand break repair The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix.
frontal suture morphogenesis The process in which the frontal suture is generated and organized.
presynaptic membrane assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a presynaptic membrane, a specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction.
nonmotile primary cilium assembly The assembly of a primary cilium which contains a variable array of axonemal microtubules but does not contain molecular motors. Nonmotile primary cilia are found on many different cell types and function as sensory organelles that concentrate and organize sensory signaling molecules.
myeloid cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages.
negative regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization
negative regulation of t cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.
somatic diversification of t cell receptor genes The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of T cell receptor genes.
regulation of histone h3-k79 methylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K79 methylation.
negative regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.
regulation of catenin import into nucleus Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the directed movement of a catenin protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
positive regulation of behavior Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
interferon-beta production The appearance of interferon-beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
cellular amino acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
positive regulation of canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment.
regulation of hepatocyte proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte proliferation.
regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death.
regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences.
negative regulation of muscle hypertrophy Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hypertrophy.
sperm-egg recognition The initial contact step made between the sperm plasma membrane and outer layer of the egg during fertilization.
neuron cellular homeostasis The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state.
regulation of golgi to plasma membrane cftr protein transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transport of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
cholesterol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
atrioventricular canal development The progression of the atrioventricular canal over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The atrioventricular canal is the part of the heart connecting the atrium to the cardiac ventricle.
positive regulation by symbiont of defense-related host nitric oxide production Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
regulation of histamine secretion by mast cell Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histamine secretion by mast cell.
protein k48-linked ubiquitination A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K48-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.
stem cell division The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types.
intracellular protein transport in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction The directed movement of an organism's proteins within a cell of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
nitrogen catabolite activation of transcription A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one nitrogen source leads to an increase in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other nitrogen sources.
negative regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.
sphingolipid mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals mediated by a sphingolipid.
positive regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation.
inosine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.
interleukin-3 production The appearance of interleukin-3 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
cellular response to monosaccharide stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monosaccharide stimulus.
membrane disassembly The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy.
regulation of zinc ion transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of zinc ions (Zn2+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
cellular response to prostaglandin e stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin E stimulus.
peptidyl-proline modification The modification of peptidyl-proline.
detection of temperature stimulus The series of events in which a temperature stimulus (hot or cold) is received and converted into a molecular signal.
mitochondrial translation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a mitochondrion. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code.
cytoskeletal matrix organization at active zone The assembly and arrangement of cytomatrix proteins to form complexes in the cell cortex beneath the active zone, i.e. just beneath the presynaptic plasma membrane.
metanephric glomerular mesangial cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the glomerular mesangial cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the metanephros.
gdp-l-fucose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-L-fucose, a substance composed of L-fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
marginal zone b cell differentiation The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a marginal zone B cell. Marginal zone B cells are localized in a distinct anatomical region of the spleen that represents the major antigen-filtering and scavenging area (by specialized macrophages resident there). It appears that they are preselected to express a BCR repertoire similar to B-1 B cells, biased toward bacterial cell wall constituents and senescent self-components (such as oxidized LDL).
regulation of cell cycle Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
regulation of fibroblast growth factor production Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the appearance of a fibroblast growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, rem sleep Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
fatty acid beta-oxidation A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).
proteasome core complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active 20S proteasome core particle complex that does not contain any regulatory particles.
peptidyl-glutamic acid modification The modification of peptidyl-glutamic acid.
regulation of endocrine process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endocrine process, a process involving the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.
organelle fission The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle.
regulation of viral genome replication Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.
regulation of b cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
negative regulation of phosphate metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
axial mesodermal cell fate specification The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an axial mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
response to bmp Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulus.
positive regulation of secretion of lysosomal enzymes Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of secretion of lysosomal enzymes, the controlled release of lysosomal enzymes by a cell.
gene silencing by rna Any process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.
serotonin receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
response to monoamine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.
regulation of branching involved in prostate gland morphogenesis Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of prostate gland branching, the process in which the branching structure of the prostate gland is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem.
regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.
positive regulation of antimicrobial peptide production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
response to chemical Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.
imp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate.
oncosis A cellular process that results in swelling of the cell body, and that is morphologically characteristic of necrotic cell death.
regulation of immunoglobulin biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin biosynthesis.
intralumenal vesicle formation The evagination of the endosome membrane, resulting in the formation of a vesicle.
response to peptide hormone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.
establishment of chromatin silencing The initial formation of a transcriptionally silent chromatin structure such as heterochromatin.
positive regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
regulation of protein kinase c signaling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
single organism cell adhesion The attachment, via cell adhesion molecules, of a cell to either another cell of the same organism, or to an underlying substrate of the same organism such as the extracellular matrix.
hydroxylysine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydroxylysine (5-hydroxy-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid), a chiral alpha-amino acid. Hydroxylysine is found in collagen and commonly has galactose and then glucose added sequentially by glycosyltransferases.
negative regulation of adrenergic receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adrenergic receptor protein signaling pathway activity. An adrenergic receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
positive regulation of dna strand elongation Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA strand elongation. DNA strand elongation is the DNA metabolic process in which a DNA strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing DNA stand.
regulation of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission.
negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
gdp phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into GDP, guanosine diphosphate, to produce GTP.
purine nucleobase metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.
nucleotide-excision repair A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts).
ganglioside biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.
snare complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a SNARE complex, a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.
trigeminal ganglion development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trigeminal ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
regulation of sodium ion export Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion export.
cellular pigment accumulation The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in a cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus.
negative regulation of serotonin uptake Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of serotonin into a cell.
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
lymph circulation The flow of lymph through the body of an animal.
polyamine homeostasis Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a polyamine.
circadian sleep/wake cycle The cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm.
pattern specification process Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
regulation of lipid biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.
molybdate ion transport The directed movement of molybdate (MoO4 2-) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Molybdate is the bivalent anion derived from molybdic acid.
vestibulocochlear nerve formation The process that gives rise to the vestibulocochlear nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.
cilium assembly The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
negative regulation of vasoconstriction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasoconstriction.
tricarboxylic acid cycle A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle.
membrane depolarization during purkinje myocyte cell action potential The process in which Purkinje myocyte membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.
negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized.
cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells.
regulation of mucus secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.
galactosylceramide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.
positive regulation of histone h3-k27 trimethylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K27 trimethylation.
regulation of interleukin-17 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.
cellular hypotonic salinity response Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.
regulation of metanephric dct cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric DCT cell differentiation.
d-serine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-serine, the D-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid. D-serine is often formed by racemization of L-serine.
regulation of endoribonuclease activity Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
lipid homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of lipid within an organism or cell.
negative regulation of osteoclast development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast development.
response to oleic acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oleic acid stimulus.
regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation.
aldehyde biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O.
regulation of phosphorylation of rna polymerase ii c-terminal domain serine 2 residues Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 2 residues.
pancreatic a cell fate commitment The commitment of a cell to a pancreatic A cell and its capacity to differentiate into a pancreatic A cell. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.
microtubule polymerization The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule.
regulation of cytokine production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine.
t-helper 1 cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a T-helper 1 (Th1) cell. A Th1 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma.
apoptotic nuclear changes Alterations undergone by nuclei at the molecular and morphological level as part of the execution phase of apoptosis.
beta-alanine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins.
anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in ureteric bud development The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the ureteric bud along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
multicellular organismal homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the multicellular organism.
regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process.
regulation of neuronal signal transduction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal signal transduction.
positive regulation of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.
translocation of peptides or proteins into other organism involved in symbiotic interaction The directed movement of peptides or proteins produced by an organism to a location inside a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-rem sleep Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.
germline stem cell asymmetric division The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell which will divide to form one or more gametes.
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in mammary gland specification The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a fibroblast growth factor to its receptor on the surface of al cell in the epidermis resulting in the formation of the mammary line. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes.
membrane fission A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous membrane into two membranes.
regulation of b cell mediated immunity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
defense response to fungus Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism.
actin filament organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.
positive regulation of response to extracellular stimulus Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an extracellular stimulus.
mesenchymal stem cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of mesenchymal stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A mesenchymal stem cell, or MSC, is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.
exocyst assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of various polypeptides into the exocyst complex.
l-methionine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine, the L-enantiomer of (2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoic acid.
regulation of entry of bacterium into host cell Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of entry of bacterium into host cell.
regulation of t-helper 17 cell lineage commitment Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell lineage commitment.
epiboly The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells or yolk.
anterior semicircular canal development The progession of the anterior semicircular canal from its initial formation to the mature structure.
regulation of gene expression Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
hepatic immune response An immune response taking place in the liver.
positive regulation of cell fate specification Any process that activates or enables a cell to adopt a specific fate.
positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta3.
coumarin catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of coumarins, compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.
positive regulation of energy homeostasis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of energy homeostasis.
negative regulation of cd8-positive, alpha-beta t cell activation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.
rna import into mitochondrion The directed movement of RNA from the cytoplasm into a mitochondrion.
maintenance of protein location Any process in which a protein is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration, stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that do move away.
antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B or T cell.
sequestering of nodal from receptor via nodal binding Binding to a nodal protein in the extracellular region, and inhibiting nodal signaling by preventing nodal from binding to its cell surface receptor.
determination of left/right asymmetry in nervous system The establishment of the nervous system with respect to the left and right halves.
regulation of rubidium ion transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rubidium ion transport.
regulation of cortisol biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cortisol biosynthetic process.
regulation of protein ubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein ubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.
regulation of udp-glucose catabolic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of UDP-glucose catabolism. UDP-glucose catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
carbohydrate derivative catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate derivative.
response to mitotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling A process that acts directly to delay or stop progression through the cell cycle in response to signals generated as a result of mitotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling; contributes to a mitotic cell cycle checkpoint.
positive regulation of ion transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of transcription elongation from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.
pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class i Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
positive regulation of lipid metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
branch elongation of an epithelium The growth process in which a branch increases in length from its base to its tip.
regulation of heart rate Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.
carnitine metabolic process, coa-linked The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine, where metabolism is linked to CoA.
nuclear membrane organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane.
polyprenol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyprenols, prenols with more than 4 isoprenoid residues, which may be all-trans, or a mixture of cis and trans.
protein sulfhydration The modification of a protein amino acid by the addition of sulfur.
purine nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
cartilage homeostasis A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within cartilage, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.
thorax and anterior abdomen determination Specification of the central (trunk) regions of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of the Kruppel gene product.
muscle tissue development The progression of muscle tissue over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers.
keratan sulfate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.
negative regulation of vitamin d receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the vitamin D receptor signaling pathway activity.
coenzyme a transport The directed movement of coenzyme A into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, is an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.
cellular response to peptidoglycan Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.
leukocyte proliferation The expansion of a leukocyte population by cell division.
galactose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose.
cellular response to insulin-like growth factor stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin-like growth factor stimulus.
positive regulation of lateral motor column neuron migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lateral motor column neuron migration.
negative regulation of acrosome reaction Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of acrosome reaction.
histone demethylation The modification of histones by removal of methyl groups.
mitochondrial atp synthesis coupled electron transport The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP, as it occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane or chloroplast thylakoid membrane.
cation transmembrane transport A process in which a cation is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
eye development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight.
amino acid uptake involved in synaptic transmission The uptake of amino acid neurotransmitters by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.
positive regulation of protein kinase b signaling Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.
lipoxygenase pathway The chemical reactions and pathways by which an unsaturated fatty acid (such as arachidonic acid or linolenic acid) is converted to other compounds, and in which the first step is hydroperoxide formation catalyzed by lipoxygenase.
positive regulation of prostaglandin secretion involved in immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell and contributes to the immune response.
phosphorylation of rna polymerase ii c-terminal domain The process of introducing a phosphate group on to an amino acid residue in the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Typically, this occurs during the transcription cycle and results in production of an RNA polymerase II enzyme where the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit is extensively phosphorylated, often referred to as hyperphosphorylated or the II(0) form. Specific types of phosphorylation within the CTD are usually associated with specific regions of genes, though there are exceptions. The phosphorylation state regulates the association of specific complexes such as the capping enzyme or 3'-RNA processing machinery to the elongating RNA polymerase complex.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the commitment of a neuroblast to a neuronal fate. The neuron will reside in the forebrain.
ether lipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ether lipids, lipids that contain (normally) one lipid alcohol in ether linkage to one of the carbon atoms (normally C-1) of glycerol.
mast cell cytokine production Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a mast cell.
regulation of superoxide metabolic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of superoxide metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.
trabecular meshwork development The progression of the trabecular meshwork over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trabecular meshwork is a fenestrated endothelial-like tissue situated at the intersection of the cornea and the iris. The trabecular meshwork provides drainage for the aqueous humor.
chromosome condensation The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.
embryonic skeletal limb joint morphogenesis The process, occurring in the embryo, in which the anatomical structures of a skeletal limb joint are generated and organized. A skeletal limb joint is the connecting structure between the bones of a limb.
liver regeneration The regrowth of lost or destroyed liver.
cartilage development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones.
regulation of myotube differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
modulation of programmed cell death in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
response to denervation involved in regulation of muscle adaptation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a denervation stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
l-glutamate import The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L-enantiomer of the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into a cell or organelle.
pirna metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving piRNAs, Piwi-associated RNAs, a class of 24- to 30-nucleotide RNA derived from repeat or complex DNA sequence elements and processed by a Dicer-independent mechanism.
hypophysis morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the hypophysis are generated and organized. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands.
negative regulation of dna-templated transcription, elongation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
negative regulation of calcium ion transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
gamma-aminobutyric acid import The directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) into a cell or organelle.
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the postsynaptic membrane potential, which is generated by changes in the membrane potential of the post synaptic neuron that receives information at a synapse. The presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft which bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. After being bound by the neurotransmitters, these receptors can open or close an ion channel, allowing ions to enter or leave the cell and therefore altering the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron.
dttp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTTP, deoxyribosylthymine triphosphate.
regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros.
rna modification The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule to produce an RNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
positive regulation of immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.
cadmium ion transmembrane transport A process in which a cadmium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
dna methylation involved in embryo development The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 of cytosine that contributes to the epigenetic regulation of embryonic gene expression.
neural retina development The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
positive regulation of apoptotic dna fragmentation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.
stem cell maintenance The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of stem cells of a single type. This can be achieved by a number of mechanisms: stem cell asymmetric division maintains stem cell numbers; stem cell symmetric division increases them; maintenance of a stem cell niche maintains the conditions for commitment to the stem cell fate for some types of stem cell; stem cells may arise de novo from other cell types.
rna import into nucleus The import of RNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
oxidation-dependent protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the oxidation of one or more amino acid residues in the protein.
protein desuccinylation The removal of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) from a residue in a peptide or protein.
positive regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).
kidney mesenchymal cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population in the kidney.
cellular response to molecule of fungal origin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of fungal origin such as chito-octamer oligosaccharide.
cofactor metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cofactor, a substance that is required for the activity of an enzyme or other protein. Cofactors may be inorganic, such as the metal atoms zinc, iron, and copper in certain forms, or organic, in which case they are referred to as coenzymes. Cofactors may either be bound tightly to active sites or bind loosely with the substrate.
smoothened signaling pathway A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.
positive regulation of cellular response to drug Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to drug.
positive regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration by platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration as a result of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta binding to one of its physiological ligands.
protein-fad linkage The formation of a linkage between a protein amino acid and flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
regulation of t cell mediated cytotoxicity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
positive regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
positive regulation of fatty acid transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.
negative regulation of nucleotide metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.
aggrephagy Selective degradation of protein aggregates by macroautophagy.
oxidation-reduction process A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons.
negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.
negative regulation of golgi to plasma membrane cftr protein transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transport of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
cellular response to oxygen levels Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of oxygen.
induction of programmed cell death A process which directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death.
positive regulation of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process.
nucleobase-containing compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
negative regulation of viral process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.
ribose phosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving ribose phosphate, any phosphorylated ribose sugar.
termination of g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway The signaling process in which G-protein coupled receptor signaling is brought to an end. For example, through the action of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) that act to accelerate hydrolysis of GTP to GDP on G-alpha proteins, thereby terminating the transduced signal.
regulation of multicellular organism growth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.
regulation of transcription during mitosis A cell cycle process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription during mitosis.
tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into er membrane A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which a tail-anchored (TA) transmembrane protein is incorporated into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. TA transmembrane protein, also named type II transmembrane proteins, contain a single C- terminal transmembrane region.
cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell cytokine production Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the ureter gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
trigeminal sensory nucleus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal sensory nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
creatine transmembrane transport The directed movement of creatine across a membrane.
positive regulation of renin secretion into blood stream Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of renin secretion into blood stream.
acetate ester metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving an acetate ester, any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.
retina vasculature morphogenesis in camera-type eye The process in which the vasculature of the retina is generated and organized.
nucleotide-excision repair involved in interstrand cross-link repair Any nucleotide-excision repair that is involved in interstrand cross-link repair.
epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
protein geranylgeranylation The covalent attachment of a geranylgeranyl group to a protein.
response to dexamethasone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dexamethasone stimulus.
single-organism biosynthetic process A biosynthetic process - chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances - involving a single organism.
mesendoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesendoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, mesendoderm development gives rise to both mesoderm and endoderm tissues.
nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic process The biosynthetic process in which peptide bond formation occurs in the absence of the translational machinery. Examples include the synthesis of antibiotic peptides, and glutathione.
single-organism carbohydrate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, occurring within a single organism.
antigen processing and presentation The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
establishment of nucleus localization The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell.
neuron remodeling The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development.
positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
response to iron ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus.
cellular response to iron ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus.
granuloma formation The formation of nodular inflammatory lesions, usually small or granular, firm, persistent, well-structured, and containing compactly grouped T lymphocytes and modified phagocytes such as epithelioid cells, giant cells, and other macrophages. Granuloma formation represents a chronic inflammatory response initiated by various infectious and noninfectious agents. The center of a granuloma consists of fused macrophages, which can become necrotic.
dna biosynthetic process The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the formation of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one.
lytic vacuole organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lytic vacuole.
regulation of canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of Wnt signaling through beta-catenin that results in the formation of the neural plate anterior/posterior pattern.
negative regulation of cell-substrate adhesion Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.
negative regulation of tolerance induction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
central nervous system projection neuron axonogenesis Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells in a different central nervous system region.
quinone metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinone.
regulation of collagen biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
negative regulation of translation involved in gene silencing by mirna The process in which microRNAs (miRNAs) block the translation of target mRNAs into proteins. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA will typically repress translation if the miRNA imperfectly base-pairs with the 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs.
negative regulation of translation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA.
detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
mammary duct terminal end bud growth The morphogenetic growth of the large, club-shaped terminal end of a mammary gland duct during prepubertal growth and during puberty.
regulation of voltage-gated chloride channel activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated chloride channel activity.
leukocyte apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a leukocyte, an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.
retinal cell programmed cell death Programmed cell death that occurs in the developing retina.
positive regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process.
cellular response to peptide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide stimulus.
response to decreased oxygen levels Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen.
chromatin organization involved in regulation of transcription Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-dependent transcription.
negative regulation of thymocyte aggregation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte aggregation.
neuronal stem cell division The self-renewing division of a neuronal stem cell.
phosphorelay signal transduction system A conserved series of molecular signals found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; involves autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase and the transfer of the phosphate group to an aspartate that then acts as a phospho-donor to response regulator proteins.
peptidyl-tyrosine modification The modification of peptidyl-tyrosine.
host programmed cell death induced by symbiont Cell death in a host resulting from activation of host endogenous cellular processes after direct or indirect interaction with a symbiont (defined as the smaller of two, or more, organisms engaged in symbiosis, a close interaction encompassing mutualism through parasitism). An example of direct interaction is contact with penetrating hyphae of a fungus; an example of indirect interaction is encountering symbiont-secreted molecules.
negative regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin transferase activity.
inositol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
mapk phosphatase export from nucleus The directed movement of a MAPK phosphatase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
regulation of hydrolase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3.
trna export from nucleus The directed movement of tRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
metanephric glomerular capillary formation The process that gives rise to a metanephric glomerular capillary. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
t cell differentiation The process in which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.
diacylglycerol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.
heparan sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans that have repeat units consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues, the former being a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids, and the latter being either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups.
negative regulation of collagen catabolic process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
disaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any disaccharide, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.
positive regulation of gene silencing by mirna Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene silencing by miRNA.
negative regulation of b cell receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.
response to external biotic stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external biotic stimulus, an external stimulus caused by, or produced by living things.
positive regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
cardiac pacemaker cell fate commitment The commitment of cells to pacemaker cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into pacemaker cells. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.
regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity Any process that modulates the activity of an ion transporter.
alditol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.
regulation of membrane lipid distribution Any process that modulates the proportions or spatial arrangement of lipids in a cellular membrane.
regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of engulfment of apoptotic cell.
negative regulation of synaptic plasticity A process that decreases synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.
regulation of ectodermal cell fate specification Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an ectoderm cell.
epinephrine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.
negative stranded viral rna replication A viral genome replication process where the template genome is negative stranded, single stranded RNA ((-)ssRNA).
negative regulation of monocyte differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.
modulation by host of viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity The process in which an organism effects a change in symbiont exo-alpha-sialidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein.
cardiac left ventricle morphogenesis The process in which the left cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.
modification-dependent protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein.
trna processing The process in which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group.
regulation of store-operated calcium entry Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium entry.
polyubiquitinated misfolded protein transport The directed movement of misfolded polyubiquitinated proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell.
regulation of endodermal cell fate specification Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an endoderm cell.
selenocysteinyl-trna(sec) biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec). This process occurs through the following steps: a unique serine-tRNA with a UGA recognizing anticodon is first aminoacylated with serine; this is then phosphorylated by phosphoseryl-tRNA[Ser]Sec kinase; lastly, selenium is swapped for the phosphate on the serine.
positive regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of an ion transporter.
negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase iii promoter Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase III promoter.
negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
coenzyme catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
cell-cell adhesion involved in neuronal-glial interactions involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration The interaction between two cells that modulates the association of a neuronal cell and a glial cell involved in glial-mediated radial cell migration in the cerebral cortex.
memory The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).
negative regulation of catalytic activity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of enzyme activity in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the mitochondrion.
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the circadian sleep/wake cycle.
regulation of glucose import in response to insulin stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose import in response to insulin stimulus.
positive regulation of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance.
positive regulation of telomerase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).
regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
negative regulation of transposition Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transposition. Transposition results in the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites.
glomerulus development The progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney. The glomerulus is part of the nephron and is restricted to one body segment.
negative regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.
mrna export from nucleus in response to heat stress The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for the organism; in particular, a process that enables an organism withstand exposure to temperatures that would otherwise lethally impair poly(A)+ mRNA-nucleus export.
regulation of histone h3-k9 trimethylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 trimethylation.
male germ-line stem cell asymmetric division The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell in the male gonad, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the male gametes.
regulation of cell fate commitment Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
lipoprotein oxidation The modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of one or more amino acids or the lipid group.
regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-5.
sequestering of neurotransmitter The process of binding or confining a neurotransmitter such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
positive regulation of glial cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.
succinate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinate, also known as butanedioate or ethane dicarboxylate, the dianion of succinic acid. Succinate is an important intermediate in metabolism and a component of the TCA cycle.
reverse cholesterol transport The directed movement of peripheral cell cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, towards the liver for catabolism.
negative regulation of neutrophil activation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.
neurological system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure The regulation of blood pressure mediated by detection of stimuli and a neurological response.
cerebral cortex gabaergic interneuron migration The migration of GABAergic interneuron precursors from the subpallium to the cerebral cortex.
defense response to protozoan Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a protozoan that act to protect the cell or organism.
5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate, also known as 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate.
relaxation of skeletal muscle A process in which the extent of skeletal muscle tissue contraction is reduced. Muscle relaxation involves the removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases.
protein n-linked glycosylation via asparagine The glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine and N4 glucosyl asparagine also occur. This modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification.
maintenance of apical/basal cell polarity Retaining the established polarization of a cell along its apical/basal axis.
regulation of g1/s transition of mitotic cell cycle Any cell cycle regulatory process that controls the commitment of a cell from G1 to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
d-amino acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-amino acids, the D-enantiomers of amino acids.
gamma-tubulin complex localization Any process in which a gamma-tubulin complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
inositol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.
positive regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.
udp-glucose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
negative regulation of post-translational protein modification Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of post-translational protein modification.
response to bacterial lipopeptide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.
preassembly of gpi anchor in er membrane The stepwise addition of the components of the GPI anchor on to phosphatidylinositol lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
positive regulation of receptor binding Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.
regulation of neuron differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
negative regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2.
positive regulation of heat generation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of heat generation.
branch elongation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis The differential growth of the salivary branches along their axis, resulting in the growth of a branch.
positive regulation of rac protein signal transduction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction.
transcription initiation from rna polymerase i promoter Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase I preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase I promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription.
sa node cell action potential An action potential that occurs in a sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell.
detection of hexose stimulus The series of events in which a stimulus from a hexose is received and converted into a molecular signal.
asparagine catabolic process via l-aspartate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, via the intermediate L-aspartate.
positive regulation of cytotoxic t cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation.
cellular response to external stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.
vesicle organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.
positive regulation of muscle contraction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.
pigment granule aggregation in cell center The directed movement of dispersed pigment granules towards the center of the cell.
acetyl-coa biosynthetic process from acetate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from acetate, either directly or via acetylphosphate.
regulation of establishment of cell polarity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of cell polarity.
cytosol to er transport The directed movement of substances from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell.
arginine biosynthetic process via ornithine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine (2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid) via the intermediate compound ornithine.
thyroid hormone transport The directed movement of thyroid hormone into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
glial cell fate commitment The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glial cell.
regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport.
cell proliferation involved in kidney development The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the kidney.
regulation of catagen Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of catagen, the regression phase of the hair cycle.
protein k27-linked deubiquitination A protein deubiquitination process in which a K27-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 27 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.
positive regulation of synapse assembly Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.
ventricular compact myocardium morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the compact cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell.
regulation of chloride transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chloride transport.
loop of henle development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the loop of Henle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The loop of Henle is a nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule.
negative regulation of kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation.
positive regulation of acrosome reaction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the acrosome reaction.
protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion The cleavage of peptide bonds in proteins, usually near the N terminus, contributing to the process of import into the mitochondrion. Several different peptidases mediate cleavage of proteins destined for different mitochondrial compartments.
negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulse Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.
negative regulation of cell growth Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
positive regulation of receptor activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor activity.
regulation of histone h3-k27 acetylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K27 acetylation.
positive regulation of vasoconstriction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasoconstriction.
nipple sheath formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the nipple sheath from the unspecified epidermis. This process begins with a circular ingrowth of the epidermis around the region of the mammary sprout. It ends before the region begins to elevate.
regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.
polyadenylation-dependent rna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an RNA molecule, initiated by initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3'-end of the target RNA.
stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the stomach epithelium.
negative regulation of mrna metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA metabolic process.
sucrose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.
establishment of tissue polarity Coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.
nucleic acid-templated transcription The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA).
pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
calcium ion import The directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.
bundle of his cell to purkinje myocyte communication The process that mediates interactions between a bundle of His cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the bundle of His cell communicating with a Purkinje myocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter involved in determination of left/right symmetry Any regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that is involved in determination of left/right symmetry.
mesonephric duct development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros.
modification-dependent macromolecule catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, initiated by covalent modification of the target molecule.
granulocyte chemotaxis The movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.
positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation.
negative regulation of single stranded viral rna replication via double stranded dna intermediate Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate.
multi-organism biosynthetic process A biosynthetic process - chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances - which involves more than one organism.
regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol within cells.
negative regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity.
regulation of cd8-positive, alpha-beta t cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.
response to carbohydrate Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.
regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.
trophectodermal cellular morphogenesis The morphogenesis of trophectoderm cells.
regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.
cd4-positive or cd8-positive, alpha-beta t cell lineage commitment The process in which an immature T cell commits to CD4-positive T cell lineage or the CD8-positive lineage of alpha-beta T cells.
positive regulation of n-terminal peptidyl-lysine acetylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of N-terminal peptidyl-lysine acetylation.
coronary vasculature morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels of the heart are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
regulation of type i hypersensitivity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
positive regulation of rna interference Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA interference.
regulation of chromatin modification Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin modification.
regulation of opsonization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of opsonization.
regulation of intracellular transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
erythrocyte development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an erythrocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of natural killer mediated cytotoxicity.
positive regulation of spermidine biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spermidine biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of dna catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.
immunoglobulin mediated immune response An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution.
utp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate.
regulation of metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis.
aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell surrounding the aorta.
olfactory nerve development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The olfactory nerve is a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. This nerve conducts odor information to the brainstem.
alkanesulfonate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkanesulfonates, the anion of alkanesulfonic acids, sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
positive regulation of chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly. Chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, mediated by chaperone molecules that do not form part of the finished complex.
amylopectin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving an amylopectin.
positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart valve morphogenesis Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.
brain development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).
cysteine transport The directed movement of cysteine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
protein import The targeting and directed movement of proteins into a cell or organelle. Not all import involves an initial targeting event.
ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis Endocytosis of a protein that requires the substrate to be modified by ubiquitination. Several plasma membrane proteins, including cell surface permeases and some receptors, are targeted for internalization by endocytosis, and are thereafter delivered to the vacuole or lysosome, where they are degraded.
orthogonal dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in lung branching morphogenesis The process in which a lung bud bifurcates perpendicular to the plane of the previous bud.
polar body extrusion after meiotic divisions The cell cycle process in which two small cells are generated, as byproducts destined to degenerate, as a result of the first and second meiotic divisions of a primary oocyte during its development to a mature ovum. One polar body is formed in the first division of meiosis and the other in the second division; at each division, the cytoplasm divides unequally, so that the polar body is of much smaller size than the developing oocyte. At the second division in which a polar body is formed, the polar body and the developing oocyte each contain a haploid set of chromosomes.
regulation of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance, a tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium.
nadh metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid.
negative regulation of homeostatic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a homeostatic process.
negative regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.
protein k11-linked ubiquitination A protein ubiquitination process in which ubiquitin monomers are attached to a protein, and then ubiquitin polymers are formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 11 of the ubiquitin monomers. K11-linked polyubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation. The anaphase-promoting complex promotes the degradation of mitotic regulators by assembling K11-linked polyubiquitin chains.
regulation of fractalkine biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fractalkine, a chemokine involved in the control of the key regulatory mechanisms of cell trafficking at sites of inflammation.
leukocyte cell-cell adhesion The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules.
nitric oxide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.
angiogenesis involved in wound healing Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
u2 snrna 3'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a U2 snRNA molecule.
social behavior Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group.
negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.
collagen-activated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by collagen binding to a cell surface receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
vacuole inheritance The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton.
regulation of adenylate cyclase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.
transposition Any process involved in mediating the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites.
dna replication, okazaki fragment processing The DNA metabolic process, occurring during lagging strand synthesis, by which RNA primers are removed from Okazaki fragments, the resulting gaps filled by DNA polymerization, and the ends ligated to form a continuous strand.
response to mercury ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mercury ion stimulus.
transforming growth factor beta activation The release of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) from its latent state. TGF-beta is secreted as part of a large latent complex (LLC) that is targeted to the extracellular matrix. Release of TGFbeta from its latent state is required for TGFbeta to bind to its receptors, and can occur by a variety of mechanisms.
ventricular cardiac myofibril assembly The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventricular cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.
ciliary basal body organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a ciliary basal body, a short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium (also called flagellum).
negative regulation of blood vessel remodeling Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of blood vessel remodeling, the reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.
heat generation Any homeostatic process in which an organism produces heat, thereby raising its internal temperature.
negative regulation of mast cell activation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.
inner ear receptor cell fate commitment The process in which a cell becomes committed to become an inner ear receptor cell.
negative regulation of protein sumoylation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.
innate immune response Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.
ectoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation.
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex iii assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the cytochrome bc(1) complex (also known as ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase), in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
progesterone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.
hemoglobin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving hemoglobin, including its uptake and utilization.
positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate, a folate derivative comprising tetrahydrofolate attached to a chain of glutamate residues.
glycerol transport The directed movement of glycerol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glycerol is 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.
positive regulation of cellular amine metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.
myeloid cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a myeloid cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
cellular response to ethanol Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.
nadph regeneration A metabolic process that generates a pool of NADPH by the reduction of NADP+.
microspike assembly Formation of a microspike, a dynamic, actin-rich projection extending from the surface of a migrating animal cell.
regulation of cell projection assembly Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell projection assembly.
negative regulation of lamellipodium assembly Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.
regulation of generation of l-type calcium current Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of generation of L-type calcium current.
adenylate cyclase-modulating g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
non-canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via effectors other than beta-catenin and contributing to the progression of the heart over time.
negative regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina.
hexose mediated signaling A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of hexose.
locus ceruleus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the locus ceruleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.
melatonin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).
positive regulation of chemotaxis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.
regulation of cardioblast cell fate specification Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
negative regulation of melanin biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin.
cellular response to copper ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus.
negative regulation of interleukin-2 secretion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-2 secretion.
cellular response to triglyceride Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triglyceride stimulus.
protein polyglycylation The addition of glycyl units covalently bound to the gamma carboxyl group peptidyl-glutamic acid.
myeloid dendritic cell activation involved in immune response The change in morphology and behavior of a myeloid dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
fatty alcohol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty alcohol.
positive regulation of fibrinolysis Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.
growth plate cartilage chondrocyte proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes in a growing endochondral bone, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
cellular response to sodium dodecyl sulfate Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) stimulus.
germinal center b cell differentiation The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a germinal center B cell. Germinal center B cells are rapidly cycling B cells which have downregulated IgD expression and exhibit high levels of binding by peanut agglutinin (PNA).
purine nucleoside monophosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
negative regulation of macrophage activation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage activation.
methylation The process in which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule.
histone h4 acetylation The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group.
dna hypermethylation An increase in the epigenetic methylation of cytosine and adenosine residues in DNA.
response to cadmium ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cadmium (Cd) ion stimulus.
regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
positive regulation of keratinocyte apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte apoptotic process.
lactation The secretion of milk by the mammary gland.
cellular response to mechanical stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.
keratinocyte proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Keratinocytes are epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo a characteristic change as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin.
negative regulation of type 2 immune response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
geranyl diphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving geranyl diphosphate, the universal precursor of the monoterpenes.
male gonad development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
response to immobilization stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of being rendered immobile.
brainstem development The progression of the brainstem from its formation to the mature structure. The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord.
embryonic skeletal joint development The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal joints over time, from formation to mature structure.
nicotinamide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide, pyridine-3-carboxamide, the amide of nicotinic acid. It is a member of the B complex of vitamins and occurs widely in living organisms.
spinal cord dorsal/ventral patterning The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random dorsal-ventral spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.
regulation of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide catabolic process.
positive regulation of gap junction assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gap junction assembly.
indolalkylamine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.
positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.
positive regulation of protein lipidation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein lipidation.
g-protein coupled purinergic receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to an extracellular purine or purine derivative and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity.
disruption of cells of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction A process in which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the second organism's cells, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
protein localization to vacuole A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a vacuole.
peroxisomal long-chain fatty acid import The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into a peroxisome. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
response to trichostatin a Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a trichostatin A stimulus.
meiotic nuclear division One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
positive regulation of camp metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
sequestering of calcium ion The process of binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
zymogen activation The proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form.
regulation of cytotoxic t cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytotoxic T cell differentiation.
regulation of calcium ion binding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion binding.
modulation of growth of symbiont on or near host Any process in which the symbiont regulates the increase in its size or mass on or near the cells or tissues of the host organism.
udp-glucuronate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucuronate, a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic cell surface A phospholipid scrambling process that results in the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of an apoptotic cell, which acts as an 'eat-me' signal for engulfing cells. Phosphatidylserine is exposed on the apoptotic cell surface by a phospholipid scramblase activity.
atp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
regulation of prostaglandin-e synthase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of prostaglandin-E synthase activity.
mesodermal-endodermal cell signaling Any process that mediates the transfer of information from mesodermal cells to endodermal cells.
box c/d snorna metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving box C/D type small nucleolar RNA.
positive regulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
mesenchyme morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells.
noradrenergic neuron fate commitment The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a noradrenergic neuron.
histone deubiquitination The modification of histones by removal of ubiquitin groups.
negative regulation of regulatory t cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of differentiation of regulatory T cells.
primary sex determination The sex determination process that results in the initial specification of sexual status of an individual organism.
positive regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation.
positive regulation of ras protein signal transduction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.
regulation of transcription regulatory region dna binding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.
protein k29-linked ubiquitination A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 29 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K29-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.
peptidyl-arginine methylation, to asymmetrical-dimethyl arginine The process of methylation of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine.
detection of bacterial lipoprotein The series of events in which a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Bacterial lipoproteins are lipoproteins characterized by the presence of conserved sequence motifs called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
negative regulation of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway involved in ureteric bud formation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway involved in ureteric bud formation.
deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
gmp salvage Any process which produces guanosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
bone mineralization involved in bone maturation The deposition of hydroxyapatite, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.
positive regulation of epidermis development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.
positive regulation of muscle hyperplasia Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hyperplasia.
positive regulation of oligopeptide transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligopeptide transport.
amyloid precursor protein metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.
tumor necrosis factor production The appearance of tumor necrosis factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
positive regulation of cortisol biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cortisol biosynthetic process.
negative regulation of atp metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.
acetylcholine catabolic process in synaptic cleft The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine that occurs in the synaptic cleft during synaptic transmission.
forebrain anterior/posterior pattern specification The creation of specific areas of progenitor domains along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing forebrain.
pyrimidine ribonucleotide salvage The pathway by which pyrimidine bases or pyrimidine ribonucleosides from pyrimidine nucleotide breakdown are converted back to pyrimidine ribonucleotides. The salvage pathway is important where there is no de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis.
ribonucleoprotein complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex.
regulation of abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
mitotic dna integrity checkpoint A mitotic cell cycle process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and ends with signal transduction.
heme o metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving heme O, a derivative of heme containing a 17-carbon hydroxyethylfarnesyl side chain at position 8 of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle.
cellular response to granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.
regulation of wnt protein secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.
negative regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) pathway.
mitotic cell cycle process A process that is part of the mitotic cell cycle.
negative regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.
cortical cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane.
mitochondrial protein processing The peptide cleavage of mitochondrial proteins, including cleavage contributing to their import.
establishment of planar polarity involved in nephron morphogenesis Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium that contributes to the shaping of a nephron.
regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron death Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron death.
positive regulation of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
gamma-aminobutyric acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.
prostate epithelial cord elongation The developmental growth process in which solid chords of prostate epithelium increase in length.
negative regulation of peptide hormone secretion Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.
wnt receptor catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a Wnt receptor. Internalized Wnt receptors can be recycled to the plasma membrane or sorted to lysosomes for protein degradation.
negative regulation of i-kappab kinase/nf-kappab signaling Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of -kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling.
exonucleolytic trimming to generate mature 3'-end of 5.8s rrna from tricistronic rrna transcript (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna) Exonucleolytic digestion of a pre-rRNA molecule to generate the mature 3'-end of a 5.8S rRNA molecule derived from an originally tricistronic pre-rRNA transcript that contained the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
protein farnesylation The covalent attachment of a farnesyl group to a protein.
regulation of dna binding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
positive regulation of protein dephosphorylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.
positive regulation of adrenergic receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the adrenergic receptor protein signaling pathway. An adrenergic receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
myeloid leukocyte activation A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
cytoskeleton-dependent cytokinesis A cytokinesis that involves the function of a set of proteins that are part of the microfilament or microtubule cytoskeleton.
regulation of intracellular ph Any process that modulates the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
hemoglobin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.
l-amino acid import The directed movement of L-enantiomer amino acids into a cell or organelle.
zinc ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of zinc ions within an organism or cell.
negative regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of dopamine into a presynaptic neuron or glial cell.
negative regulation of cytokine activity Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the activity of a molecule that controls the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.
d-serine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-serine, the D-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.
movement of cell or subcellular component
regulation of organelle assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.
vascular wound healing Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.
s-adenosyl-l-methionine transmembrane transport The directed movement of S-adenosyl-L-methionine across a membrane.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by ischemic conditions The process that modulates blood pressure by the detection of carbon dioxide levels in the brain stem. Increased levels activate the sympathetic vasoconstrictor mechanism increasing the force with which blood flows through the circulatory system.
negative regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.
uracil metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, one of the pyrimidine bases occurring in RNA, but not in DNA.
positive regulation of eosinophil differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil differentiation.
response to nitrogen dioxide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen dioxide (NO2) stimulus.
negative regulation of metanephric glomerular mesangial cell proliferation Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.
heme a biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme a, a derivative of heme found in cytochrome aa3.
negative regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.
response to iron(iii) ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron(III) ion stimulus.
positive regulation of wnt signaling pathway by bmp signaling pathway A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor that results in an increase in the rate, frequency or extent of a Wnt signaling pathway.
muscle hypertrophy The muscle system process that results in enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development (it stops in cardiac muscle after adolescence) and can also be brought on in response to demand. In athletes cardiac and skeletal muscles undergo hypertrophy stimulated by increasing muscle activity on exercise. Smooth muscle cells in the uterus undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy.
poly-n-acetyllactosamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a carbohydrate composed of N-acetyllactosamine repeats (Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-beta-1,3)n.
g1/s transition of mitotic cell cycle The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated.
establishment of rna localization The directed movement of RNA to a specific location.
fatty acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.
negative regulation of death-inducing signaling complex assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of death-inducing signaling complex assembly.
negative regulation of helicase activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a helicase.
amino acid import across plasma membrane The directed movement of an amino acid from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
myeloid cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a myeloid cell, a cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.
cell activation A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
regulation of toll signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Tl signaling pathway.
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to dna damage Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.
epithelium migration The process in which the population of cells that make up an epithelium undergo directed movement.
regulation of blood vessel remodeling Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of blood vessel remodeling, the reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.
type b pancreatic cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
regulation of auditory receptor cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation.
response to leptin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptin stimulus. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. It plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism].
negative regulation of collateral sprouting in absence of injury Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting in the absence of injury.
jak-stat cascade involved in growth hormone signaling pathway The process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of physiological ligands to the growth hormone receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes.
dna recombination Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.
xylulose catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose.
g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway coupled to cgmp nucleotide second messenger The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of guanylyl cyclase (GC) activity and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic GMP (cGMP).
metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis The process in which the metanephric comma-shaped body is generated and organized. The metanephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the metanephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros.
response to cgmp Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cGMP (cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.
planar dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in lung branching morphogenesis The process in which a lung bud bifurcates parallel to the plane of the previous bud.
dna replication The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.
peptide stabilization Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a peptide and preventing it from being degraded.
regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis.
negative regulation of histone methylation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones.
phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.
positive regulation of metalloenzyme activity Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate activity of a metalloenzyme. A metalloenzyme is any enzyme that contains metal.
fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to an Fc-gamma receptor on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.
positive regulation of apoptotic process by virus Any viral process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
cellular response to hexose stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hexose stimulus.
nuclear rna surveillance The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant RNAs within the nucleus.
single-organism process A biological process that involves only one organism.
mammary gland duct morphogenesis The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary ducts are generated and organized. Mammary ducts are epithelial tubes that transport milk.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction.
keratinocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte.
positive regulation of multicellular organism growth Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.
negative regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
spindle checkpoint A cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the mitotic or meiotic spindle.
regulation of protein k63-linked deubiquitination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked deubiquitination.
single strand break repair The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair.
peroxisome transport along microtubule The directed movement of a peroxisome along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.
n-acetylneuraminate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.
cellular response to uv-a Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-A radiation stimulus. UV-A radiation (UV-A light) spans the wavelengths 400 to 500 nm.
cellular response to uv-c Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 290 nm.
cellular response to uv-b Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 290 to 320 nm.
internal peptidyl-lysine acetylation The addition of an acetyl group to a non-terminal lysine residue in a protein.
acute-phase response An acute inflammatory response that involves non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals.
lens morphogenesis in camera-type eye The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
follicular dendritic cell activation A change in the morphology or behavior of a follicular dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
positive regulation of interleukin-1 alpha secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 alpha from a cell.
sulfate transmembrane transport The directed movement of sulfate across a membrane.
nuclear-transcribed mrna catabolic process, exonucleolytic The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs when the ends are not protected by the 5'-cap or the 3'-poly(A) tail.
autophagic cell death A form of programmed cell death that is accompanied by macroautophagy, which is characterized by the sequestration of cytoplasmic material within autophagosomes for bulk degradation by lysosomes. Autophagic cell death is characterized by lack of chromatin condensation, massive vacuolization of the cytoplasm, and accumulation of (double-membraned) autophagic vacuoles, with little or no uptake by phagocytic cells.
pyrimidine-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.
cellular response to phosphate starvation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of phosphate.
tube development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts.
protein activation cascade A response to a stimulus that consists of a sequential series of modifications to a set of proteins where the product of one reaction acts catalytically in the following reaction. The magnitude of the response is typically amplified at each successive step in the cascade. Modifications typically include proteolysis or covalent modification, and may also include binding events.
sorbitol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.
positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta.
positive regulation of mitochondrial translation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
histone h3-k36 dimethylation The modification of histone H3 by addition of two methyl groups to lysine at position 36 of the histone.
superior temporal gyrus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior temporal gyrus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The superior temporal gyrus is a portion of the cerebral cortex that extends from the lateral sulcus to the superior temporal sulcus.
sequestering of zinc ion The process of binding or confining zinc ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
positive regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of myeloid dendritic cell activation.
pre-mirna export from nucleus Transport of pre-microRNAs (pre-miRNAs) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Pre-miRNAs are a ~60-70 nucleotide stem loop intermediate in miRNA production, produced by the nuclear cleavage of a primary miRNA (pri-mRNA) transcript. Pre-miRNAs are transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where further cleavage occurs to produce a mature miRNA product.
extracellular regulation of signal transduction Any regulation of signal transduction that takes place in the extracellular region.
protein k33-linked ubiquitination A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 33 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein.
positive regulation of striated muscle contraction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.
vitamin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems.
phospholipase c-activating g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent increase in the concentration of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
glial cell development The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
mesodermal cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mesoderm cell.
regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.
negative regulation of molecular function in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of proteins in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of phosphorylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule.
negative regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential Any process that prevents the establishment or decreases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.
lymphocyte homeostasis The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
regulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fast-twitch skeletal muscle contraction.
phosphatidylserine exposure on blood platelet A phospholipid scrambling process that results in the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the surface of activated blood platelets, and triggers the clotting system.
cell-cell junction maintenance The maintenance of junctions between cells.
apoptotic process A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.
cytokine secretion involved in immune response The regulated release of cytokines from a cell that contributes to an immune response.
regulation of muscle system process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a muscle system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in a muscle system.
late viral transcription The transcription of the final group of viral genes of the viral life cycle, following middle transcription, or where middle transcription doesn't occur, following early transcription. Involves the transcription of genes encoding structural proteins.
cellular response to calcium ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.
regulation of synapse maturation Any process that modulates the extent of synapse maturation, the process that organizes a synapse so that it attains its fully functional state.
gastrulation A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
outflow tract septum morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract septum are generated and organized. The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract.
tetrapyrrole catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
positive regulation of jak-stat cascade Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity.
collateral sprouting The process in which outgrowths develop from the shafts of existing axons.
fibrinolysis A process that solubilizes fibrin in the bloodstream of a multicellular organism, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin.
regulation of muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.
positive regulation of receptor recycling Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor recycling.
face morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the face are generated and organized. The face is the ventral division of the head.
negative regulation of hepatocyte growth factor production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of hepatocyte growth factor production.
negative regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-alpha.
negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
cell-cell adhesion involved in gastrulation The attachment of one cell to another cell affecting gastrulation.
golgi inheritance The partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division.
regulation of bone development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.
leukocyte migration involved in immune response The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body as part of an immune response.
re-entry into mitotic cell cycle The resumption of the mitotic cell division cycle by cells that were in a quiescent or other non-dividing state.
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide.
regulation of immunological synapse formation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of immunological synapse formation.
negative regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
peroxisome localization Any process in which a peroxisome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. A peroxisome is a small membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.
genetic imprinting Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules by a mechanism that is mediated by DNA, is mitotically or meiotically heritable, or is stably self-propagated in the cytoplasm of a resting cell, and does not entail a change in DNA sequence.
cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels and contributes to the process of cardiac conduction.
regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.
leucine transport The directed movement of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
cardiac neural crest cell development involved in outflow tract morphogenesis The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract.
regulation of interleukin-6 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.
innate immune response in mucosa Any process of the innate immune response that takes place in the mucosal tissues.
eosinophil differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specializes features of an eosinophil.
positive regulation of protein targeting to membrane Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.
positive regulation of nucleotide catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides.
cardiac pacemaker cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a pacemaker cell. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.
regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity that is an integral part of a G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway.
response to high density lipoprotein particle Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a high density lipoprotein particle stimulus.
response to oxygen levels Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of oxygen.
cellular response to copper ion starvation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of copper ions.
purine nucleotide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
eosinophil migration The movement of an eosinophil within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
positive regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.
formation of translation preinitiation complex The joining of the small ribosomal subunit, ternary complex, and mRNA.
regulation of interferon-gamma secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interferon-gamma secretion.
negative regulation of developmental process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.
maintenance of protein location in extracellular region Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within the extracellular region and is prevented from moving elsewhere.
regulation of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity.
enzyme active site formation The modification of part of an enzyme to form the active site.
regulation of action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
neuropeptide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of neuropeptides. Neuropeptides are signaling peptides that travel across a synaptic junction.
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
protein phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.
lateral ganglionic eminence cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of lateral ganglionic eminence cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population.
closure of optic fissure The closure of the temporary ventral gap in the optic cup that contributes to its shaping.
melanosome assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a melanosome, a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored.
vesicle targeting, trans-golgi to endosome The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport from the trans-Golgi to the endosome.
negative regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to stress Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
protein complex localization A localization process that acts on a protein complex; the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
regulation of protein k63-linked ubiquitination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked ubiquitination.
glycerophospholipid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.
tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production The appearance of any member of the TNF superfamily due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
regulation of microtubule nucleation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.
opsin transport The directed movement of an opsin (a G-protein coupled receptor of photoreceptor cells) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
cell growth The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
positive regulation of connective tissue growth factor production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of connective tissue growth factor production.
regulation of phospholipid scramblase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid scramblase activity.
golgi organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.
optic cup formation involved in camera-type eye development The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the optic cup, a two-walled vesicle formed from the optic vesicle.
protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum exit site A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location at an endoplasmic reticulum exit site.
single-organism catabolic process A catabolic process - chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances - which involves a single organism.
myoblast differentiation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration The process in which a relatively unspecialized satellite cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
regulation of t cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell proliferation.
regulation of phospholipase c-activating g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway.
gephyrin clustering The clustering process in which gephyrin molecules are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane. Gephyrin is a component of the postsynaptic protein network of inhibitory synapses.
positive regulation of cellular component movement Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component.
response to monosaccharide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monosaccharide stimulus.
neuron apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.
evasion or tolerance of host defenses Any process, either active or passive, by which an organism avoids or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defense(s). Host defenses may be induced by the presence of the organism or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
leading strand elongation The synthesis of DNA from a template strand in the 5' to 3' direction; leading strand elongation is continuous as it proceeds in the same direction as the replication fork.
toxin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.
establishment of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum membrane The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
basement membrane organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane.
regulation of neurotrophin trk receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.
purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
small molecule metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
regulation of fibroblast migration Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
dedifferentiation The process in which a specialized structure (cell, tissue or organ) loses structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these structures can revert back to the features of their ancestors.
sulfate assimilation The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds.
negative regulation of mapk cascade Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPKKK cascade.
determination of heart left/right asymmetry Determination of the asymmetric location of the heart with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.
cellular response to stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
lymph vessel morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of lymph vessels are generated and organized. The lymph vessel is the vasculature carrying lymph.
lymphocyte chemotaxis The directed movement of a lymphocyte in response to an external stimulus.
mannitol transport The directed movement of mannitol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Mannitol is the alditol derived from D-mannose by reduction of the aldehyde group.
nitrobenzene metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrobenzene (nitrobenzol), a derivative of benzene with an NO2 group attached to the ring. It is a yellow aromatic liquid used in perfumery and manufactured in large quantities in the preparation of aniline.
centrosome localization Any process in which a centrosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
copi-coated vesicle budding The evagination of a Golgi membrane, resulting in formation of a COPI-coated vesicle.
ribonucleoside metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
metanephric mesenchymal cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
negative t cell selection The process of elimination of immature T cells which react strongly with self-antigens.
establishment of meiotic spindle orientation Any process that set the alignment of meiotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.
neuropilin signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to an neuropilin protein on the surface of a target cell, followed by transmission of the signal, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
biotin transport The directed movement of biotin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Biotin is cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.
positive regulation of cd8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic t cell extravasation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell extravasation.
rna export from nucleus The directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
membrane repolarization during action potential The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.
histone h3-k4 methylation The modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 4 of the histone.
positive regulation of cellular protein localization
cellular modified amino acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
corneocyte development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corneocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A corneocyte is the last stage of development of a keratinocyte where the keratinocyte flattens, loses its nucleus and eventually delaminates from the epidermis.
ribosome biogenesis A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
regulation of vesicle fusion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.
protein localization Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
axonogenesis involved in innervation The neurite development process that generates a long process of a neuron, as it invades a target tissue.
response to selenium ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from selenium ion.
positive regulation of macrophage cytokine production Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
convergent extension involved in neural plate elongation The process of directed cell movement in the neural plate resulting in tissue elongation via intercalation of adjacent cells in an epithelial sheet at the midline, leading to narrowing and lengthening of the neural plate.
triglyceride homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of triglyceride within an organism or cell.
regulation of satellite cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell proliferation.
peptide modification The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a peptide, resulting in a change in the properties of that peptide.
response to norepinephrine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a norepinephrine stimulus. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C8H11NO3; it acts as a hormone, and as a neurotransmitter in most of the sympathetic nervous system.
deoxyribonucleoside biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
positive regulation of interleukin-2 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.
amino-acid betaine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.
hard palate development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hard palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The hard palate is the anterior portion of the palate consisting of bone and mucous membranes.
protein kinase c-activating g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is activated by second messengers including diacylglycerol (DAG).
organ senescence The process that occurs in an organ near the end of its active life that is associated with the dismantling of cell components and membranes, and an overall decline in metabolism. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
response to growth factor Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.
fibroblast migration Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a fibroblast pseudopodium. A fibroblast is a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
cell fate determination A process involved in cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.
histidine catabolic process to glutamate and formamide The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine into other compounds, including glutamate and formamide.
response to follicle-stimulating hormone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.
spinal cord motor neuron migration The orderly movement of a spinal cord motor neuron from one site to another. A spinal cord motor neuron is a motor neuron that passes from the spinal cord toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.
positive regulation of eosinophil activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil activation.
histone citrullination The hydrolysis of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-citrulline on a histone protein.
post-translational protein acetylation The addition of an acetyl group to one or more amino acids in a protein, occurring after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.
susceptibility to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity The process of causing a cell to become susceptible to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.
polyamine acetylation The modification of polyamines by addition of acetyl groups.
positive regulation of lymphangiogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphangiogenesis.
astrocyte fate commitment The commitment of a cells to a specific astrocyte fate and its restriction to develop only into an astrocyte.
positive regulation of t cell extravasation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell extravasation.
positive regulation of gastrulation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation.
nose development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nose over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity).
regulation of mrna metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA metabolic process.
glycoprotein biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
acetate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetate, the anion of acetic acid.
cellular response to lipid hydroperoxide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid hydroperoxide stimulus. Lipid hydroperoxide is the highly reactive primary oxygenated products of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
nucleic acid metabolic process Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleic acids.
regulation of srebp signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the SREBP signaling pathway.
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to dna damage A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
positive regulation of mitochondrial dna metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.
activation of janus kinase activity The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
positive regulation of oxidoreductase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered.
monocyte chemotaxis The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus.
prostate gland growth The increase in size or mass of the prostate gland where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the gland, from its formation to its mature state.
lipid transport across blood brain barrier The directed movement of lipid molecules passing through the blood-brain barrier.
regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
positive regulation of cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
response to toxic substance Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.
epinephrine transport The directed movement of epinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
activation of mapk activity involved in innate immune response Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase in the context of an innate immune response, a defense response mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.
t cell lineage commitment The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell.
regulation of atp biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.
guanosine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving guanine, guanine riboside, a nucleoside with a wide species distribution.
regulation of calcium-mediated signaling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling, the process in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
positive regulation of histone h2b ubiquitination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone H2B ubiquitination.
glycosyl compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosyl compound.
response to nerve growth factor A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nerve growth factor stimulus.
leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response The synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
endoplasmic reticulum membrane organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the catecholamine neurotransmitter dopamine into a cell.
bone morphogenesis The process in which bones are generated and organized.
calcium ion import into sarcoplasmic reticulum The directed movement of calcium ions into a sarcoplasmic reticulum.
negative regulation of mitochondrial fusion Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.
negative regulation of protein kinase activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.
natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity The directed killing of a target cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters from LDL to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride to LDL.
response to stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
pigment metabolic process involved in developmental pigmentation The chemical reactions and pathways involving biological pigments e.g. melanin, occurring as part of the development of an organ or organism.
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 (NOD1).
pyrimidine nucleotide salvage Any process which produces a pyrimidine nucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by aortic arch baroreceptor feedback The process that modulates blood pressure by sensing the amount of stretch occurring in the aorta and responding to the input via central nervous system control.
positive regulation of cell projection organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
cellular response to metal ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.
positive regulation of natural killer cell cytokine production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
cell-cell signaling involved in cell-cell junction organization Any cell-cell signaling that is involved in cell-cell junction organization.
cellular cadmium ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cadmium ions at the level of a cell.
regulation of glucocorticoid secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid secretion.
ubiquinone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.
cell migration involved in heart formation The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that contribute to the formation of the heart. The initial heart structure is made up of mesoderm-derived heart progenitor cells and neural crest-derived cells.
regulation of nucleus size Any process that modulates the size of the nucleus.
negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.
regulation of mediator complex assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mediator complex assembly.
negative regulation of t cell activation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.
translational readthrough The continuation of translation beyond a stop codon by the use of a special tRNA that recognizes the UAG and UGA codons as modified amino acids, rather than as termination codons.
dna methylation involved in gamete generation The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 of cytosine that contributes to the establishment of DNA methylation patterns in the gamete.
response to muramyl dipeptide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muramyl dipeptide stimulus. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.
ventricular septum morphogenesis The developmental process in which a ventricular septum is generated and organized. A ventricular septum is an anatomical structure that separates the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart from one another.
endoplasmic reticulum-golgi intermediate compartment organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment.
negative regulation of cell volume Any process that decreases cell volume.
positive regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.
wound healing The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
peptidyl-histidine modification The modification of peptidyl-histidine.
embryonic heart tube left/right pattern formation The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of the left/right axis of the embryonic heart tube in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place.
negative regulation of cgmp biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cGMP.
regulation of rho protein signal transduction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.
positive regulation of epidermal cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.
histone lysine demethylation The modification of a histone by the removal of a methyl group from a lysine residue.
modulation by symbiont of host signal transduction pathway Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
cellular extravasation The migration of a leukocyte from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.
extracellular polysaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides used in extracellular structures.
purine nucleoside bisphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
cd4-positive, cd25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory t cell differentiation The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.
regulation of fibril organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibril organization.
regulation of calcineurin-nfat signaling cascade Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.
bmp signaling pathway involved in mesodermal cell fate specification A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to a cell becoming specified to adopt a mesodermal fate.
regulation of fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway. The Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway is a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.
negative regulation of intracellular protein transport Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
positive regulation of sperm motility Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sperm motility.
negative regulation of cell killing Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing.
regulation of er to golgi vesicle-mediated transport Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.
negative regulation of protein adp-ribosylation Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of protein ADP-ribosylation. Protein ADP-ribosylation is the transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids.
smad protein import into nucleus The directed movement of a SMAD proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
cellular component maintenance The organization process that preserves a cellular component in a stable functional or structural state.
tyrosyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling tyrosine to tyrosyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
glomerular mesangial cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular mesangial cell in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
chemosensory behavior Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals.
regulation of alpha-beta t cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
intracellular copper ion transport The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions within a cell.
cerebellar granular layer structural organization The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cerebellar granule layer. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.
vitamin catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
clustering of voltage-gated sodium channels The process in which voltage-gated sodium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, nodes of Ranvier differ dramatically from internodal axonal regions in very high densities of voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels responsible for the rapid, inward ionic currents that produce membrane depolarization.
response to peptide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide stimulus.
vitamin a metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene.
peroxisomal membrane transport The directed movement of substances to, from or across the peroxisomal membrane.
negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat6 protein Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat6 protein.
protein secretion by platelet The regulated release of proteins by a platelet or group of platelets.
mammary gland bud elongation The process in which the mammary gland bud grows along its axis.
positive regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity.
sensory perception of bitter taste The series of events required to receive a bitter taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
heart contraction The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.
regulation of lung blood pressure The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the lungs. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
regulation of isotype switching Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.
positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
regulation of erythrocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
gonad development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones.
positive regulation of response to interferon-gamma Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to interferon-gamma. Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.
neutrophil homeostasis The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
protein deamination The removal of an amino group from a protein amino acid.
positive regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
developmental induction Signaling at short range between cells or tissues of different ancestry and developmental potential that results in one cell or tissue effecting a developmental change in the other.
germinal center formation The process in which germinal centers form. A germinal center is a specialized microenvironment formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are the foci for B cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation.
regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.
clustering of voltage-gated potassium channels The process in which voltage-gated potassium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are clustered beneath the myelin sheath in regions immediately adjacent to paranodes, called juxtaparanodes, and along the inner mesaxon within the internode.
positive regulation of cytokinesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.
regulation of response to dna damage stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage stimulus.
cellular response to electrical stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus.
adenine salvage Any process that generates adenine, 6-aminopurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
very-low-density lipoprotein particle assembly The aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids in the liver to form a very-low-density lipoprotein particle.
limb development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin.
detection of glucose The series of events in which a glucose stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
cell cycle comprising mitosis without cytokinesis A mitotic cell cycle in which mitosis is completed but cytokinesis does not occur, resulting in a cell containing multiple nuclei each with a chromosomal complement of the original ploidy (usually 2N).
chorion development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chorion from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The chorion is an extraembryonic membrane.
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
telomeric loop formation The process in which linear telomeric DNA is remodeled into duplex loops, by the invasion of a 3' single-stranded overhang into the duplex region.
regulation of histone h3-k9 acetylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 acetylation.
l-methionine salvage Any process that generates L-methionine from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
regulation of t-helper 17 type immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.
activation of nf-kappab-inducing kinase activity The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues.
negative regulation of protein transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
notch signaling pathway involved in regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell contributing to the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
trypsinogen activation The proteolytic processing of trypsinogen to the active form, trypsin.
regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.
cellular response to iron(iii) ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron(III) ion stimulus.
negative regulation of interleukin-12 secretion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-12 secretion.
regulation of cellular response to testosterone stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to testosterone stimulus.
udp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate.
negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
regulation of polyamine transmembrane transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine transmembrane transport.
negative regulation of mitochondrial calcium ion concentration Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in mitochondria.
carbohydrate derivative biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrate derivative.
regulation of smoothened signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning.
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) located on the surface of the receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
t-helper 2 cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a T-helper 2 (Th2) cell. A Th2 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive and produces interleukin-4.
dtmp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate).
targeting of mrna for destruction involved in rna interference The process in which small interfering RNAs target cognate mRNA molecules for degradation.
purine nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
quorum sensing involved in interaction with host The process in which a community of single-celled organisms living in intimate contact with a host organism monitors population density by detecting the concentration of small diffusible signal molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
eye photoreceptor cell development Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve.
dentate gyrus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dentate gyrus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The dentate gyrus is one of two interlocking gyri of the hippocampus. It contains granule cells, which project to the pyramidal cells and interneurons of the CA3 region of the ammon gyrus.
histone h3-t3 phosphorylation involved in chromosome passenger complex localization to kinetochore Any histone H3-T3 phosphorylation that is involved in chromosome passenger complex localization to kinetochore.
locomotor rhythm The rhythm of the locomotor activity of an organism during its 24 hour activity cycle.
non-canonical wnt signaling pathway via mapk cascade The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the signal is passed on via the MAPKKK cascade.
forebrain-midbrain boundary formation The process whose specific outcome is the creation of the forebrain-midbrain boundary.
av node cell to bundle of his cell communication The process that mediates interactions between an AV node cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the AV node cell communicating with a bundle of His cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.
protein-pyridoxal-5-phosphate linkage The formation of a linkage between a protein amino acid and pyridoxal-5-phosphate.
retrograde transport, vesicle recycling within golgi The retrograde movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by COP I vesicles. Cis-Golgi vesicles are constantly moving forward through the Golgi stack by cisternal progression, eventually becoming trans-Golgi vesicles. They then selectively transport membrane and luminal proteins from the trans- to the medial-Golgi while leaving others behind in the trans-Golgi cisternae; similarly, they selectively move proteins from the medial- to the cis-Golgi.
fatty acid derivative catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fatty acid derivative.
positive regulation of lyase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.
cellular response to starvation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nourishment.
cytokine production involved in inflammatory response The synthesis or release of a cytokine following a inflammatory stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
negative regulation of interleukin-4 production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.
positive regulation of serine-type endopeptidase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.
low-density lipoprotein particle receptor biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of low-density lipoprotein receptors, cell surface proteins that mediate the endocytosis of low-density lipoprotein particles by cells.
biphenyl metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving biphenyl, a toxic aromatic hydrocarbon used as a heat transfer agent, as a fungistat in packaging citrus fruits and in plant disease control. Biphenyl can be chlorinated with 1-10 chlorine molecules to form polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
regulation of histone h3-k27 trimethylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K27 trimethylation.
cellular response to inorganic substance Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.
copii vesicle coating The addition of COPII proteins and adaptor proteins to ER membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.
positive regulation of cell cycle arrest Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cell cycle arrest, the process in which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases.
deltoid tuberosity development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the deltoid tuberosity over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The deltoid tuberosity is the region on the shaft of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches. The deltoid tuberosity develops through endochondral ossification in a two-phase process; an initiating tendon-dependent phase, and a muscle-dependent growth phase.
detection of mechanical stimulus The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
response to virus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.
regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.
neurotransmitter receptor biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of neurotransmitter receptors.
thrombin receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a thrombin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
positive regulation of phospholipase a2 activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.
negative regulation of mast cell differentiation Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.
multicellular organismal signaling The transfer of information occurring at the level of a multicellular organism.
sphingoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds.
response to methotrexate Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methotrexate stimulus. Methotrexate is 4-amino-10-methylformic acid, a folic acid analogue that is a potent competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
glycosphingolipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.
positive regulation of interleukin-12 biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-12.
fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis An Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway that contributes to the endocytic engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes.
seryl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling serine to seryl-tRNA, catalyzed by seryl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
regulation of gluconeogenesis by regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, by regulation of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
protein kinase b signaling A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (also called AKT), which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
regulation of cellular amine metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines.
membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain).
vitamin d metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).
response to jasmonic acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a jasmonic acid stimulus.
positive regulation of calcineurin-nfat signaling cascade Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.
purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell signaling Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a Purkinje myocyte to a ventricular cardiac muscle cell.
regulation of rna-directed rna polymerase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity.
positive regulation of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity.
lactate biosynthetic process from pyruvate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactate from other compounds, including pyruvate.
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.
regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis.
hatching The emergence of an immature organism from a protective structure.
urea metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving urea, the water soluble compound O=C-(NH2)2.
response to muscle inactivity involved in regulation of muscle adaptation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle inactivity stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
regulation of erk1 and erk2 cascade Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.
muscle cell apoptotic process A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte, that forms one of three kinds of muscle.
metanephric proximal tubule development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric proximal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle in the metanephros. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.
bronchiole morphogenesis The process in which a bronchiole is generated and organized. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi.
negative regulation of isotype switching to iga isotypes Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgA isotypes.
intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a intracellular steroid hormone receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
positive regulation of nik/nf-kappab signaling Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling.
cellular response to drug Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
protein glycosylation in golgi The addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid in any compartment of the Golgi apparatus.
uridine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving uridine, uracil riboside, a ribonucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids.
inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus An inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus, which can be include any number of T cell or B cell epitopes.
neuromuscular process controlling balance Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors.
osteoblast development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an osteoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Osteoblast development does not include the steps involved in committing a cranial neural crest cell or an osteoprogenitor cell to an osteoblast fate. An osteoblast is a cell that gives rise to bone.
regulation of transforming growth factor-beta secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transforming growth factor-beta secretion.
regulation of muscle hyperplasia Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hyperplasia.
establishment of apical/basal cell polarity The specification and formation of the polarity of a cell along its apical/basal axis.
positive regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur amino acids.
developmental process involved in reproduction A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring.
cardiac right ventricle formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a right cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.
protein localization to basolateral plasma membrane A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a basolateral plasma membrane.
sodium-independent organic anion transport The directed, sodium-independent, movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
cellularization The separation of a multi-nucleate cell or syncytium into individual cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster embryo development.
detection of cell density by contact stimulus The series of events in which information about the density of cells in a population is received by direct cell-cell contact and is converted into a molecular signal.
negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
globus pallidus development The progression of the globus pallidus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The globus pallidus is one of the basal ganglia involved with control of voluntary movement in the brain.
optic placode formation involved in camera-type eye formation Establishment and formation of the optic placode, paired ectodermal placodes that become invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles.
desensitization of g-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway by arrestin The process that inhibits the signaling function of a G-protein coupled receptor by uncoupling the receptor from its downstream G proteins.
tendon sheath development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon sheath over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon sheath is a layer of membrane around a tendon. It permits the tendon to move.
regulation of establishment of protein localization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location.
regulation of twitch skeletal muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of twitch skeletal muscle contraction.
negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
protein methylation The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.
serotonin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
protein polyubiquitination Addition of multiple ubiquitin groups to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain.
hair follicle maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a hair follicle to attain its fully functional state.
tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.
butyrate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of butyrate, the anion of butyric acid.
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to dna damage by p53 class mediator A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
post-embryonic camera-type eye morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during post-embryonic development.
segmentation The regionalization process that divides an organism or part of an organism into a series of semi-repetitive parts, or segments, often arranged along a longitudinal axis.
signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.
uterine wall breakdown The sloughing of the endometrium and blood vessels during menstruation that results from a drop in progesterone levels.
negative regulation of neurotrophin trk receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of kidney size Any process that modulates the size of a kidney.
catecholamine secretion The regulated release of catecholamines by a cell. The catecholamines are a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
ferric iron import The directed movement of ferric iron (Fe(III) or Fe3+) ions into a cell or organelle.
smooth muscle cell migration The orderly movement of a smooth muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
cell differentiation involved in salivary gland development The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the salivary gland.
positive regulation of respiratory burst Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
mast cell degranulation The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a mast cell.
positive regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.
astral microtubule organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of astral microtubules, any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles.
branchiomotor neuron axon guidance The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.
platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to a beta-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFbeta) on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.
mrna stabilization Prevention of degradation of mRNA molecules. In the absence of compensating changes in other processes, the slowing of mRNA degradation can result in an overall increase in the population of active mRNA molecules.
negative regulation of lymphocyte activation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.
regulation of intracellular lipid transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.
paraxial mesodermal cell fate commitment The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a paraxial mesoderm cell.
circadian regulation of translation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA translation with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
melanosome transport The directed movement of melanosomes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
proline biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
maintenance of location Any process in which a cell, substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere.
negative regulation of adiponectin secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of adiponectin from a cell.
positive regulation of histone h3-k14 acetylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to histone H3 at position 14 of the histone.
regulation of cap-independent translational initiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cap-independent translational initiation.
renin-angiotensin regulation of aldosterone production The process in which an increase in active angiotensin stimulates the adrenal cortices to secrete aldosterone.
tangential migration from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb The migration of cells in the telencephalon from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration.
regulation of protein depolymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.
elastin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving elastin, a glycoprotein which is randomly coiled and crosslinked to form elastic fibers that are found in connective tissue.
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, gabaergic Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
response to auditory stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an auditory stimulus.
cellular response to amino acid starvation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of amino acids.
regulation of mrna catabolic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a mRNA catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
microglial cell activation involved in immune response The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
myosin filament assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a filament composed of myosin molecules.
response to cobalamin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cobalamin (vitamin B12) stimulus.
citrulline metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
negative regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.
cardiac chamber morphogenesis The process in which a cardiac chamber is generated and organized. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.
negative regulation of response to interferon-gamma Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to interferon-gamma. Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.
cellular response to vitamin d Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus.
cellular response to vitamin e Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin E stimulus.
cytoplasmic rna surveillance The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant RNAs within the cytoplasm.
cellular response to vitamin k Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin K stimulus.
spermatogenesis, exchange of chromosomal proteins The replacement of somatic histones within sperm chromatin with sperm-specific histones or protamines with unique DNA-binding properties, resulting in condensation of the sperm chromatin.
pre-replicative complex assembly involved in nuclear cell cycle dna replication The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the nuclear pre-replicative complex, a protein-DNA complex that forms at the eukaryotic DNA replication origin and is required for replication initiation.
regulation of ion transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of activation of jak2 kinase activity Any process that increase the frequency or rate of activation of JAK2 protein. The activation of JAK2 protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK2 (Janus Activated Kinase 2) protein, thereby activating it.
arginine import The directed movement of arginine into a cell or organelle.
dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process The elongation of dermatan sulfate proteoglycan chains by alternate addition of N-acetylhexosamine and GlcUA residues to the GAG-protein linkage region tetrasaccharide of dermatan sulfate.
regulation of sequestering of calcium ion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
peroxisome degradation The process in which peroxisomes are delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing nutrient conditions.
rhythmic behavior The specific behavior of an organism that recur with measured regularity.
positive regulation of wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification.
triterpenoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units.
toxin transport The directed movement of a toxin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
epithelial cell apoptotic process involved in palatal shelf morphogenesis An apoptotic process in a palatal shelf epithelial cell that contributes to the shaping of the palatal shelf.
optic chiasma development The developmental process pertaining to the progression of the optic chiasm from its initial formation to the mature structure. The process begins when the pathfinding of the axons of the developing optic nerve cause some axons to cross at the midline of the brain and ends when the axons are mature.
negative regulation of interferon-beta secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta secretion.
iron ion transport The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
calcium ion transport from endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol The directed movement of calcium ion from endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol.
sterol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
female gamete generation Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.
telomere capping A process in which telomeres are protected from degradation and fusion, thereby ensuring chromosome stability by protecting the ends from both degradation and from being recognized as damaged DNA. May be mediated by specific single- or double-stranded telomeric DNA binding proteins.
regulation of heart induction Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of heart induction. Heart induction is the close range interaction between mesoderm and endoderm or ectoderm that causes cells to change their fates and specify the development of the heart.
positive regulation of membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization during a cardiac muscle cell action potential.
isopentenyl diphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.
interleukin-12 secretion The regulated release of interleukin-12 from a cell.
negative regulation of chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 5 production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5.
endocytosis A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of immunoglobulin E (IgE) to an Fc-epsilon receptor on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.
positive regulation of adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cardiac adrenergic receptor signaling pathway.
protein complex subunit organization Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein complex.
cytokine secretion The regulated release of cytokines from a cell. Cytokines are any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity.
negative regulation of sister chromatid segregation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.
mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in lung development The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell of the lung. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.
internal protein amino acid acetylation The addition of an acetyl group to a non-terminal amino acid in a protein.
regulation of lymphotoxin a production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphotoxin A production.
cellular response to alcohol Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.
histone h4-k20 demethylation The modification of histone H4 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 20 of the histone.
negative regulation of canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment.
nuclear retention of pre-mrna at the site of transcription The process involved in retention of aberrant or improperly formed mRNAs, e.g. those that are incorrectly or incompletely spliced or that have incorrectly formed 3'-ends, within the nucleus at the site of transcription.
response to heparin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heparin stimulus.
induction by symbiont of host immune response Any process in which an organism activates the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
left lung morphogenesis The process in which anatomical structures of the left lung are generated and organized.
barrier septum assembly The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a barrier septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.
response to cold Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism.
dibenzo-p-dioxin catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dibenzo-p-dioxin, a substance composed of two benzene rings linked by two ether bonds.
positive regulation of dipeptide transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dipeptide transport.
molting cycle process A multicellular organismal process involved in the periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin.
pyramidal neuron differentiation The process in which a neuroblast or one of its progeny commits to a pyramidal neuron fate, migrates from the ventricular zone to the appropriate layer in the cortex and develops into a mature neuron.
regulation of exit from mitosis Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity.
prepulse inhibition The process in which a startle magnitude is reduced when the startling stimulus is preceded by a low-intensity prepulse.
translational elongation The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.
negative regulation of glycogen (starch) synthase activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen (starch) synthase activity.
positive regulation of trail biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand.
regulation of mhc class ii biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
cardioblast differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
regulation of response to cytokine stimulus Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.
granulocyte activation The change in morphology and behavior of a granulocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
positive regulation of chromatin modification Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin modification.
chemokine-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a chemokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
fungiform papilla formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a spongiform papilla from unspecified parts. The fungiform papilla is a mushroom-shaped papilla of the tongue.
response to stilbenoid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of exposure to a stilbenoid. Stilbenoids are secondary products of heartwood formation in trees that can act as phytoalexins. Stilbenoids are hydroxylated derivatives of stilbene. They belong to the family of phenylpropanoids and share most of their biosynthesis pathway with chalcones.
n-glycan fucosylation The process of transferring a fucosyl group to an N-glycan. An N-glycan is the carbohydrate portion of an N-glycoprotein when attached to a nitrogen from asparagine or arginine side-chains.
positive regulation of proteoglycan biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
microvillus organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.
calcium ion transport from cytosol to endoplasmic reticulum The directed movement of calcium ion from cytosol to endoplasmic reticulum.
positive regulation of protein acetylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein acetylation.
regulation of vasculature development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.
negative regulation of heart contraction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction.
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by baroreceptor feedback The neural regulation of blood pressure in which baroreceptors sense the amount of stretch occurring in vessels and respond to the input via central nervous system control.
cell fate commitment The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
regulation of membrane repolarization Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential, usually from positive to negative.
negative regulation of dna-templated transcription, termination Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-dependent transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.
vesicle transport along microtubule The directed movement of a vesicle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.
putrescine biosynthetic process from arginine The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane, from other compounds, including arginine.
positive regulation of podosome assembly Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of podosome assembly.
nad catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; catabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
autonomic nervous system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the autonomic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands.
regulation of the force of heart contraction by cardiac conduction A cardiac conduction process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled.
intermediate mesoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the intermediate mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads.
post-embryonic body morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic soma are generated and organized.
s-adenosylhomocysteine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving S-adenosylhomocysteine; the L-enantiomer is formed from S-adenosylmethionine and is a strong inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine-mediated methylation reactions. It can be cleaved to form adenosine and homocysteine.
uronic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving uronic acid, any monocarboxylic acid formally derived by oxidizing to a carboxyl group the terminal hydroxymethylene group of either an aldose with four or more carbon atoms in the molecule, or of any glycoside derived from such an aldose.
regulation of heart rate by chemical signal The regulation of the rate of heart contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
myoblast migration involved in skeletal muscle regeneration The process in which a myoblast migrates along an entire fiber to the site of injury. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.
positive regulation of beta-amyloid clearance Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of beta-amyloid clearance.
positive regulation of protein catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
ribosomal protein import into nucleus The directed movement of a ribosomal protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.
positive regulation of androgen secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion.
regulation of monophenol monooxygenase activity Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme monophenol monooxygenase. Monophenol monooxygenase catalyzes the reaction: L-tyrosine + L-DOPA + O2 = L-DOPA + DOPAquinone + H2O.
negative regulation of dna demethylation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA demethylation.
centrosome organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.
regulation of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity.
positive regulation of ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis.
hypoxanthine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.
protein insertion into er membrane The process that results in incorporation of a protein into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. It depends on specific topogenic sequences of amino acids that ensure that a protein acquires the proper orientation during its insertion into the ER membrane.
tricarboxylic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing three carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
cotranslational protein targeting to membrane The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation. The transport of most secretory proteins, particularly those with more than 100 amino acids, into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen occurs in this manner, as does the import of some proteins into mitochondria.
organic hydroxy compound transport The directed movement of an organic hydroxy compound (organic alcohol) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic hydroxy compound is an organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.
negative regulation of fibril organization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibril organization.
negative regulation of natural killer cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.
dicarboxylic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
metanephric proximal convoluted tubule development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the metanephric proximal tubule and extends from the metanephric glomerular capsule to the metanephric proximal straight tubule.
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via mhc class i, tap-independent The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a pathway not requiring TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
udp-n-acetylglucosamine transmembrane transport The directed movement of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine across a membrane.
negative regulation of receptor recycling Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of receptor recycling.
cardiovascular system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiovascular system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiovascular system is the anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels.
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron.
regulation of body fluid levels Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids.
regulation of exo-alpha-sialidase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exo-alpha-sialidase activity.
spindle elongation The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle.
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
proton-transporting v-type atpase complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex, proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient.
snrna 3'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an snRNA molecule.
regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors.
establishment of centrosome localization The directed movement of the centrosome to a specific location.
axon ensheathment in central nervous system The process in which a glial cell membrane closes around an axon in the central nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction.
cysteinyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling cysteine to cysteinyl-tRNA, catalyzed by cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
positive regulation of phagocytosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.
protein localization to chromosome Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a specific location on a chromosome.
nephric duct formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephric duct. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.
response to prostaglandin e Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin E stimulus.
response to prostaglandin d Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin D stimulus.
response to prostaglandin f Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin F stimulus.
nuclear ncrna surveillance The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant ncRNAs within the nucleus.
protein localization to paranode region of axon A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the paranode region of an axon.
ceramide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ceramides, any N-acetylated sphingoid.
l-xylitol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-xylitol, a five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group.
lipid hydroperoxide transport The directed movement of a lipid hydroperoxide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
cyclooxygenase pathway The chemical reactions and pathways by which prostaglandins are formed from arachidonic acid, and in which prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase) catalyzes the committed step in the conversion of arachidonic acid to the prostaglandin-endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2.
positive regulation of cell migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
cyclic nucleotide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.
positive regulation of wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway.
interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-6 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
regulation of receptor recycling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of receptor recycling.
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by chemical signal Any process which increases the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
positive regulation of immature t cell proliferation in thymus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.
sulfation The addition of a sulfate group to a molecule.
developmental pigmentation The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.
interleukin-15 production The appearance of interleukin-15 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
interspecies interaction between organisms Any process in which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species.
positive regulation of metanephros development Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of metanephros development. Metanephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
pattern specification involved in pronephros development Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the pronephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
neural tube closure The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline.
generation of catalytic spliceosome for first transesterification step Formation of a catalytic spliceosome complex ready to perform the first splicing reaction. This occurs by an ATP-dependent conformational change of the pre-catalytic spliceosome.
cellular response to erythropoietin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an erythropoietin stimulus.
negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.
datp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).
positive regulation of macrophage activation Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation.
negative regulation of filopodium assembly Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.
negative regulation of steroid hormone biosynthetic process Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroid hormones,compounds with a 1, 2, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus that act as hormones.
rrna-containing ribonucleoprotein complex export from nucleus The directed movement of a ribonucleoprotein complex that contains ribosomal RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
acylglycerol catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.
lung saccule development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung saccule from an initial condition to its mature state. The lung saccule is the primitive gas exchange portion of the lung composed of type I and type II cells.
lysobisphosphatidic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a lysobisphosphatidic acid. A lysobisphosphatidic acid is a lysophosphatidic acid having the unusual property of a phosphodiester moiety linked to positions sn-1 and sn1' of glycerol; and two additional fatty acids esterified to the glycerol head group.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter by histone modification A histone modification that results in regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter.
regulation of triglyceride metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
regulation of signal transduction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
protein poly-adp-ribosylation The transfer of multiple ADP-ribose residues from NAD to a protein amino acid, forming a poly(ADP-ribose) chain.
regulation of cilium movement Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
establishment of endothelial intestinal barrier The establishment of a barrier between endothelial cell layers of the intestine to exert specific and selective control over the passage of water and solutes, thus allowing formation and maintenance of compartments that differ in fluid and solute composition.
positive regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.
blood vessel morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
positive regulation of monophenol monooxygenase activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme monophenol oxygenase. Monophenol monooxygenase catalyzes the reaction: L-tyrosine + L-DOPA + O2 = L-DOPA + DOPAquinone + H2O.
dna hypomethylation An decrease in the epigenetic methylation of cytosine and adenosine residues in DNA.
aflatoxin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving aflatoxin, a fungal metabolite found as a contaminant in moldy grains that induces liver cancer. Aflatoxin induces a G to T transversion at codon 249 of p53, leading to its inactivation. Aflatoxin is converted to a chemical carcinogen by P450.
trna aminoacylation for mitochondrial protein translation The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis in a mitochondrion.
cyclic nucleotide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.
positive regulation of circadian rhythm Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.
positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
drug catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
negative regulation of muscle organ development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.
establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the plasma membrane.
retrograde axon cargo transport The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons.
apical constriction The actin-mediated process that results in the contraction of the apical end of a polarized columnar epithelial cell.
regulation of eosinophil activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil activation.
n-acetylneuraminate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.
regulation of spindle checkpoint Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the spindle checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
malate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving malate, the anion of hydroxybutanedioic acid, a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.
sa node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell communication The process that mediates interactions between an SA node cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the SA node cardiomyocyte communicating with an atrial cardiomyocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
follicle-stimulating hormone signaling pathway The series of molecular signals mediated by follicle-stimulating hormone.
corticospinal neuron axon guidance through spinal cord The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed after decussation through the spinal cord in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
regulation of neuron projection regeneration Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection regeneration, the regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage.
coenzyme a biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.
somitogenesis The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.
positive regulation of membrane potential Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
negative regulation of odontogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.
mrna destabilization Any process that decreases the stability of an mRNA molecule, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes. Messenger RNA is the intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. It includes UTR and coding sequences. It does not contain introns.
regulation of mature b cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
carbon dioxide transport The directed movement of carbon dioxide (CO2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
cell septum assembly The assembly and arrangement of a cellular component that is composed of peptidoglycan and often chitin in addition to other materials and usually forms perpendicular to the long axis of a cell or hypha. It grows centripetally from the cell wall to the center of the cell and often functions in the compartmentalization of a cell into two daughter cells.
mitotic cell cycle arrest The process in which the mitotic cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M).
negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.
negative regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.
regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.
negative regulation of sequestering of calcium ion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via mhc class ii Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
positive regulation of nuclear division Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, an important intermediate in glycolysis.
diphosphoinositol polyphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a diphosphoinositol polyphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol with one or more diphosphate groups and multiple monophosphate groups attached.
positive regulation of camp-mediated signaling Any process which activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling, a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic AMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
macropinocytosis An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment by the 'ruffling' of the cell membrane to form heterogeneously sized intracellular vesicles called macropinosomes, which can be up to 5 micrometers in size.
regulation of histone h3-k36 methylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.
interleukin-2 secretion The regulated release of interleukin-2 from a cell.
adrenergic receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
epidermis morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the epidermis are generated and organized. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.
ribosomal small subunit assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the small ribosomal subunit.
regulation of neurofibrillary tangle assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurofibrillary tangle assembly.
protein modification by small protein removal A protein modification process in which one or more covalently attached groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are removed from a target protein.
eating behavior The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of food, any substance (usually solid) that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue.
positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter involved in myocardial precursor cell differentiation Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the differentiation of a myocardial precursor cell.
positive regulation of ion transmembrane transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
regulation of t-helper 1 cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.
cellular response to dexamethasone stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dexamethasone stimulus.
negative regulation of integrin activation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation.
regulation of tooth mineralization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tooth mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth structures.
diadenosine tetraphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diadenosine tetraphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with four phosphate groups attached.
activation of jak2 kinase activity The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK2 (Janus Activated Kinase 2) protein, thereby activating it.
nonassociative learning A simple form of learning whereby the repeated presence of a stimulus leads to a change in the probability or strength of the response to that stimulus. There is no association of one type of stimulus with another, rather it is a generalized response to the environment.
negative regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
histone h3-k9 modification The modification of histone H3 at a lysine in position 9 of the histone.
cranial suture morphogenesis The process in which any suture between cranial bones is generated and organized.
tubulin deacetylation The removal of an acetyl group from tubulin. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.
auditory receptor cell fate determination The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an auditory hair cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
post-embryonic development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.
itp catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ITP, inosine (5'-)triphosphate.
establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures.
tertiary branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis The branching process in which the mammary gland ducts form tertiary branches off of the secondary branches as part of diestrus and pregnancy.
positive regulation of blood pressure Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is increased.
intermediate mesodermal cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an intermediate mesoderm cell.
quinone catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of quinone.
cellular amide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells.
regulation of collateral sprouting in absence of injury Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting in the absence of injury.
protein peptidyl-prolyl isomerization The modification of a protein by cis-trans isomerization of a proline residue.
kidney field specification The process that results in the delineation of regions of the embryo into the area in which the kidney rudiment will develop.
neutrophil chemotaxis The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.
neurotrophin production The appearance of a neurotrophin due to biosynthesis or secretion by cells in a neuron's target field, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. A neurotrophin is any of a family of growth factors that prevent apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth.
reproductive process A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.
positive regulation of cell division Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.
killing of cells in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.
growth plate cartilage development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow.
interstrand cross-link repair Removal of a DNA interstrand crosslink (a covalent attachment of DNA bases on opposite strands of the DNA) and restoration of the DNA. DNA interstrand crosslinks occur when both strands of duplex DNA are covalently tethered together (e.g. by an exogenous or endogenous agent), thus preventing the strand unwinding necessary for essential DNA functions such as transcription and replication.
basic amino acid transport The directed movement of basic amino acids, amino acids with a pH above 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
n-terminal peptidyl-alanine methylation The methylation of the N-terminal alanine of proteins.
negative regulation of cellular response to heat Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to heat.
dsrna transport The directed movement of dsRNA, double-stranded ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
plasma membrane copper ion transport The directed movement of copper ions across the plasma membrane.
plasma lipoprotein particle remodeling The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a plasma lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the esterification of cholesterol by phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; LCAT).
regulation of organ morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organ morphogenesis.
atrial septum morphogenesis The developmental process in which atrial septum is generated and organized. The atrial septum separates the upper chambers (the atria) of the heart from one another.
trochlear nerve development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trochlear nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trochlear nerve is a motor nerve and is the only cranial nerve to exit the brain dorsally. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle.
dendrite self-avoidance The process in which dendrites recognize and avoid contact with sister dendrites from the same cell.
b cell chemotaxis across high endothelial venule The movement of a B cell to cross a high endothelial venule in response to an external stimulus.
regulation of muscle cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.
multivesicular body organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a multivesicular body. A multivesicular body is a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.
toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 2.
regulation of potassium ion transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus.
butyrate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any butyrate, the anions of butyric acid (butanoic acid), a saturated, unbranched aliphatic acid.
adult feeding behavior Feeding behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.
cellular response to freezing Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a freezing stimulus, temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius.
positive regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the second heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. The secondary heart field is the region of the heart that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, the arterial pole (outflow tract) and the venous pole (inflow tract).
membrane to membrane docking The initial attachment of a membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the two membranes. Docking requires only that the membranes come close enough for the proteins to interact and adhere.
regulation of triglyceride biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
acetylcholine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.
taurine transport The directed movement of taurine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
detection of peptidoglycan The series of events in which a peptidoglycan stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.
regulation of organelle transport along microtubule Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle transport along microtubule.
photoreceptor cell fate commitment The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments.
regulation of necrotic cell death Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of necrotic cell death. Necrotic cell death is a cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents.
response to cisplatin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cisplatin stimulus.
positive regulation of developmental process Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
pyrimidine ribonucleoside biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which a pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
malonate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of malonate, the propanedioate ion.
purine nucleoside transmembrane transport The directed movement of a purine nucleoside across a membrane. A purine nucleoside is a purine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar.
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by changing the calcium ion signals that trigger contraction.
negative regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat5 protein Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein.
cell proliferation involved in heart valve development Any cell proliferation that is involved in heart valve development.
regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways in multicellular organisms that occur at the tissue, organ, or organismal level.
negative regulation of nuclease activity Any process that stops or reduces the rate of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
oxidative dna demethylation Removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a DNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.
positive regulation of transcription by galactose Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription.
regulation of translational initiation by iron Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the translation of certain mRNAs involved in iron metabolism; regulated by the concentration of iron.
azole transport The directed movement of azoles, heterocyclic compounds found in many biologically important substances, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.
skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of satellite cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. Satellite cells are quiescent cells that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fiber, which are the main contributors to postnatal muscle growth. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.
response to diacyl bacterial lipopeptide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.
response to lipoprotein particle Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoprotein particle stimulus.
regulation of interleukin-2 secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-2 secretion.
gtp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate.
regulation of hippo signaling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.
regulation of axon guidance Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.
renal glucose absorption A renal system process in which glucose is taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures.
outer ear morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the outer ear are generated and organized. The outer ear is the part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull.
double-strand break repair via break-induced replication The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the centromere-proximal end of a broken chromosome searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome. DNA synthesis initiates from the 3' end of the invading DNA strand, using the intact chromosome as the template, and progresses to the end of the chromosome.
negative regulation of adherens junction organization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adherens junction organization.
cellular ketone body metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone, as carried out by individual cells. Although 3-hydroxybutyrate is not a ketone, it is classed as a ketone body because it exists in an equilibrium with acetoacetate. Ketone bodies may accumulate in excessive amounts in the body in starvation, diabetes mellitus or in other defects of carbohydrate metabolism.
hypermethylation of cpg island An increase in the epigenetic methylation of cytosine and adenosine residues in a CpG island in DNA. CpG islands are genomic regions that contain a high frequency of the CG dinucleotide and are often associated with the transcription start site of genes.
negative regulation of negative chemotaxis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
guanine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important.
vitamin transport The directed movement of vitamins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
response to dopamine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dopamine stimulus.
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.
response to freezing Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a freezing stimulus, temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius.
positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
negative regulation of lipid kinase activity Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid.
neural plate development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural plate over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neural plate is a flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system.
proximal/distal pattern formation The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end).
spinal cord development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues.
positive regulation of cardioblast differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
negative regulation of retinoic acid biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid biosynthetic process.
viral life cycle A set of processes which all viruses follow to ensure survival; includes attachment and entry of the virus particle, decoding of genome information, translation of viral mRNA by host ribosomes, genome replication, and assembly and release of viral particles containing the genome.
positive regulation of positive chemotaxis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
protein demethylation The removal of a methyl group, from a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.
cenp-a containing nucleosome assembly The formation of nucleosomes containing the histone H3 variant CENP-A to form centromeric chromatin. This specialised chromatin occurs at centromeric region in point centromeres, and the central core in modular centromeres.
response to calcium ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.
chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 11 production The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11 (CCL11, also known as eotaxin-1) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
oxaloacetate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, an important intermediate in metabolism, especially as a component of the TCA cycle.
regulation of lens epithelial cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lens epithelial cell proliferation.
retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, golgi to er The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG.
lipid localization Any process in which a lipid is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
dolichyl monophosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichyl diphosphate, a phosphorylated dolichol derivative.
cerebellar granular layer maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellar granular layer to attain its fully functional state. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.
sensory perception The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
neuron development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.
modulation of growth of symbiont involved in interaction with host Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the increase in size or mass of an organism occurring in, on or near the exterior of its host organism.
oligosaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
regulation of calcium ion transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
glutamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.
adult somatic muscle development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
protein deubiquitination The removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein.
sulfate transport The directed movement of sulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
rhythmic excitation Any process involved in the generation of rhythmic, synchronous excitatory synaptic inputs in a neural circuit.
positive regulation of protein sumoylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.
positive regulation of leukocyte degranulation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte degranulation.
gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
gas transport The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
pigment granule organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule.
tricarboxylic acid transmembrane transport The process in which tricarboxylic acids are transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
metanephric smooth muscle tissue development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
negative regulation of receptor internalization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.
mitochondrial ornithine transport The directed movement of ornithine, 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, into, out of or within a mitochondrion.
negative regulation of immune system process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
establishment of synaptic vesicle localization The directed movement of a synaptic vesicle or vesicles to a specific location.
positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid.
negative regulation of t-helper 1 type immune response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
cell fate specification The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.
cardiac septum morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of a cardiac septum is generated and organized. A cardiac septum is a partition that separates parts of the heart.
rna localization A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
peptidyl-cysteine modification The modification of peptidyl-cysteine.
positive regulation of apoptotic process in other organism Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism.
glycoprotein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.
kidney mesenchyme morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a kidney mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney.
colon epithelial cell migration The orderly movement of a colonic epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
associative learning Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect).
regulation of ossification Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone formation.
transepithelial transport The directed movement of a substance from one side of an epithelium to the other.
neural plate regionalization The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes of the neural plate in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.
maintenance of protein location in mast cell secretory granule A process in which a protein is maintained in a secretory granule in a mast cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.
negative regulation of natural killer cell activation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.
macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cytokine macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
peptide antigen assembly with mhc class i protein complex The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
right lung morphogenesis The process in which anatomical structures of the right lung are generated and organized.
detection of triacyl bacterial lipopeptide The series of events in which a triacylated bacterial lipoprotein stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Triacylated bacterial lipoproteins are lipopeptides of bacterial origin containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of three acyl groups.
gland morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a gland are generated and organized.
actin filament depolymerization Disassembly of actin filaments by the removal of actin monomers from a filament.
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in programmed necrotic cell death Any regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in programmed necrotic cell death.
golgi calcium ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the Golgi apparatus of a cell or between the Golgi and its surroundings.
regulation of oxidative phosphorylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.
rhombomere 3 morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of rhombomere 3 is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.
establishment of organ orientation The process that determines the orientation of an organ or tissue with reference to an axis.
xenobiotic catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide.
endonucleolytic cleavage in its1 to separate ssu-rrna from 5.8s rrna and lsu-rrna from tricistronic rrna transcript (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna) Endonucleolytic cleavage between the SSU-rRNA and the 5.8S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
cellular response to laminar fluid shear stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a laminar fluid shear stress stimulus. Laminar fluid flow is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface in parallel layers.
osteoclast differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.
regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process by regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular ketone metabolic process by modulating the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
lymphocyte activation involved in immune response A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
uropod organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a uropod, a rigid membrane projection with related cytoskeletal components at the trailing edge of a lymphocyte or other cell in the process of migrating or being activated.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress.
positive regulation of astrocyte chemotaxis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte chemotaxis.
negative regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
cellular response to dithiothreitol Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dithiothreitol stimulus.
negative regulation of blood coagulation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.
negative regulation of keratinocyte proliferation Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
sertoli cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of Sertoli cells, resulting in the expansion of the Sertoli cell population. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.
archaeal or bacterial-type flagellum-dependent cell motility Cell motility due to movement of bacterial- or archaeal-type flagella.
blood coagulation, common pathway A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of events leading from the formation of activated factor X to the formation of active thrombin, the cleavage of fibrinogen by thrombin, and the formation of cleaved fibrin into a stable multimeric, cross-linked complex.
positive regulation of fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway. The Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway is a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.
cytidine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside.
sphinganine-1-phosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.
transsulfuration The interconversion of homocysteine and cysteine via cystathionine. In contrast with enteric bacteria and mammals, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two transsulfuration pathways employing two separate sets of enzymes.
positive regulation of ubiquitin-protein ligase activity involved in regulation of mitotic cell cycle transition
meiotic dna double-strand break formation The cell cycle process in which double-strand breaks are generated at defined hotspots throughout the genome during meiosis I. This results in the initiation of meiotic recombination.
response to sulfur dioxide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sulfur dioxide (SO2) stimulus.
melanocyte apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a melanocyte, the main structural component of the epidermis.
methionyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling methionine to methionyl-tRNA, catalyzed by methionyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
positive regulation of interleukin-4 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.
positive regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of engulfment of apoptotic cell.
response to indole-3-methanol Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an indole-3-methanol stimulus.
endocardium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
skeletal muscle satellite cell activation The change of a skeletal muscle satellite cell from a mitotically quiescent to a mitotically active state following exposure to some activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.
negative regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.
regulation of phosphate metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
multicellular organismal catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances in multicellular organisms that occur at the tissue, organ, or organismal level. These processes, unlike cellular metabolism, can include transport of substances between cells when that transport is required.
modulation by host of viral release from host cell A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a virus with which it is infected, from its cells.
regulation of centrosome duplication Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.
regulation of urea metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving urea.
regulation of macrophage cytokine production Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
mitochondrial transport Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion.
protein localization to cell cortex A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell cortex.
activation of phospholipase a2 activity by calcium-mediated signaling A series of molecular signals that leads to the upregulation of calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 activity in response to the signal.
salivary gland morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized.
cdp-diacylglycerol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-1,2-diacylglycerol, a substance composed of diacylglycerol in glycosidic linkage with cytidine diphosphate. It is a common intermediate in phospholipid biosynthesis.
sensory perception of umami taste The series of events required to receive an umami taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Umami taste is the savory taste of meats and other foods that are rich in glutamates. This is a neurological process.
phagosome-lysosome fusion The creation of a phagolysosome from a phagosome and a lysosome.
7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate.
positive regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter involved in norepinephrine biosynthetic process Any positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that is involved in norepinephrine biosynthetic process.
negative regulation of mesoderm development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.
mature b cell differentiation involved in immune response The process in which a naive B cell acquires the specialized features of a mature or memory B cell during an immune response.
neuroblast proliferation The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.
determination of liver left/right asymmetry Determination of the asymmetric location of the liver with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.
regulation of developmental growth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.
low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a low-density lipoprotein particle receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
positive regulation of response to nutrient levels Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.
smoothened signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened contributing to the dorsal/ventral pattern of the neural tube.
response to drug Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
mitochondrial tyrosyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling threonine to tyrosyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
lipid tube assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a macromolecular complex that contains a tube of lipid surrounded by a protein coat involved in membrane shaping of vesicle membranes as the fuse or undergo fission.
regulation of renal sodium excretion Any process that modulates the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time.
positive regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.
regulation of response to drug Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to drug.
positive regulation of phosphorylation of rna polymerase ii c-terminal domain Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain.
positive regulation of gene expression Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
regulation of pseudopodium assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia.
carbon catabolite regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to the modulation of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.
positive regulation of jnk cascade Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.
nitrogen cycle metabolic process A nitrogen compound metabolic process that contributes to the nitrogen cycle. The nitrogen cycle is a series of metabolic pathways by which nitrogen is converted between various forms and redox states; it encompasses pathways in which nitrogen is acted upon directly, such as nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, and mineralization.
fast, calcium ion-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitter The fast, initial phase of calcium ion-induced neurotransmitter release, via exocytosis, into the synaptic cleft. This depends on low affinity calcium sensors and typically begins a fraction of a millisecond after Ca2+ influx, and decays rapidly (1-10ms) with a decay constant of around 5-10ms. The underlying molecular mechanisms of this process are distinct from those of the later, slow phase of release.
terpenoid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure.
detoxification of nitrogen compound Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of nitrogenous compounds which are dangerous or toxic. This includes the aerobic conversion of toxic compounds to harmless substances.
cellular response to disaccharide stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disaccharide stimulus.
antigen transcytosis by m cells in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue The process of antigen transcytosis carried out by M cells in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Transcytosis is the process of the directed movement of endocytosed material through the cell and its exocytosis from the plasma membrane at the opposite side. M cells are specialized epithelia cells with a microfold structure that are adept at moving antigens from the gut lumen to antigen presenting cells in the MALT.
protein localization to mitochondrion A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the mitochondrion.
heart development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
behavior The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
negative regulation of histone phosphorylation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of one or more phosphate groups to a histone protein.
negative regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription.
regulation of sequestering of zinc ion Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of sequestering of zinc ion. Sequestering of zinc ion is the process of binding or confining zinc ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
negative regulation of anion channel activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the anion channel activity.
regulation of polysaccharide metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides.
estrogen catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.
regulation of interleukin-10 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to dna damage by p53 class mediator Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.
regulation of cell aging Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell aging. Cell aging is the progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan.
l-ornithine import into cell The directed movement of L-ornithine into a cell.
trif-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRIF adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.
negative regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.
protein ubiquitination The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein.
regulation of interleukin-8 secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-8 secretion.
positive regulation of er-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.
negative regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
cloacal septation The separation of the single opening of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts, the cloaca, into multiple isolated openings during development.
catagen The regression phase of the hair cycle during which cell proliferation ceases, the hair follicle shortens, and an anchored club hair is produced.
negative regulation of actin filament polymerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization.
negative regulation of protein binding Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
l-alanine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid.
datp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).
regulation of epithelial cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.
abortive mitotic cell cycle A cell cycle in which mitosis is begun and progresses normally through the end of anaphase, but not completed, resulting in a cell with increased ploidy.
protein transmembrane transport The directed movement of a protein across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of peptidyl-lysine acetylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-lysine acetylation.
single-organism cellular localization A cellular localization which involves only one organism.
mature conventional dendritic cell differentiation The process in which antigen-activated dendritic cells acquire the specialized features of a mature conventional dendritic cell. Mature conventional dendritic cells upregulate the surface expression of MHC molecules, chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules, and increase the number of dendrites (cytoplasmic protrusions) in preparation for migration to lymphoid organs where they present antigen to T cells.
terpene catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of terpenes, any of a large group of hydrocarbons made up of isoprene units.
regulation of notch signaling pathway involved in somitogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Notch signaling pathway involved in somitogenesis.
heart looping The tube morphogenesis process in which the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceding their future integration. Heart looping begins with dextral-looping and ends when the main regional divisions of the mature heart and primordium of the great arterial trunks become established preceeding septation.
inosine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.
positive regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.
positive regulation of myotube differentiation Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
datp catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.
regulation of vitamin d biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).
sinus venosus morphogenesis The process in which the sinus venosus is generated and organized. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart.
negative regulation of vascular wound healing Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.
regulation of somatostatin secretion Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas.
meiotic dna replication checkpoint A cell cycle checkpoint that acts during a meiotic cell cycle and prevents the initiation of cell division until DNA replication is complete, thereby ensuring that progeny inherit a full complement of the haploid genome.
epidermal growth factor catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of epidermal growth factor (EGF), following internalization of the receptor-bound ligand into the signal-receiving cell. Full breakdown of epidermal growth factor results in a ligand that is unable to bind and activate its receptor.
regulation of growth rate Any process that modulates the rate of growth of all or part of an organism.
l-alpha-amino acid transmembrane transport The directed movement of L-alpha-amino acid across a membrane.
regulation of caveolin-mediated endocytosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of caveolin-mediated endocytosis.
negative regulation of interleukin-23 production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-23 production.
regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation.
lymphocyte migration The movement of a lymphocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.
regulation of biomineral tissue development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds.
t cell activation via t cell receptor contact with antigen bound to mhc molecule on antigen presenting cell The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to an antigen for which its T cell receptor is specific bound to an MHC molecule on an antigen presenting cell, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
regulation of c-c chemokine binding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of C-C chemokine binding.
positive regulation of developmental pigmentation Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.
glutamate secretion The controlled release of glutamate by a cell. The glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.
l-ascorbic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-ascorbic acid, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate; L-ascorbic acid is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.
'de novo' pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors.
regulation of mitochondrial fission Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.
plasma lipoprotein particle oxidation The modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of one or more amino acids or the lipid group, occurring in the blood plasma.
regulation of ephrin receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ephrin receptor signaling pathway.
peptidyl-arginine modification The modification of peptidyl-arginine.
cleavage furrow ingression Advancement of the cleavage furrow from the outside of the cell inward towards the center of the cell. The cleavage furrow acts as a 'purse string' which draws tight to separate daughter cells during cytokinesis and partition the cytoplasm between the two daughter cells. The furrow ingresses until a cytoplasmic bridge is formed.
urea cycle The sequence of reactions by which arginine is synthesized from ornithine, then cleaved to yield urea and regenerate ornithine. The overall reaction equation is NH3 + CO2 + aspartate + 3 ATP + 2 H2O = urea + fumarate + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + AMP + diphosphate.
anatomical structure morphogenesis The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.
spinal cord motor neuron differentiation The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
sympathetic ganglion development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sympathetic ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
positive regulation of g1/s transition of mitotic cell cycle Any cell cycle regulatory process that promotes the commitment of a cell from G1 to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of response to oxidative stress Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.
regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and the processes involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.
protein k6-linked ubiquitination A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 6 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K6-linked ubiquitination is involved in DNA repair.
compound eye development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The compound eye is an organ of sight that contains multiple repeating units, often arranged hexagonally. Each unit has its own lens and photoreceptor cell(s) and can generate either a single pixelated image or multiple images, per eye.
regulation of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation.
lipid oxidation The removal of one or more electrons from a lipid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen.
spermine acetylation The modification of spermine by addition of acetyl groups.
regulation of mineralocorticoid secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mineralocorticoid secretion.
negative regulation of cellular protein localization
allantoin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea.
tear secretion The regulated release of the aqueous layer of the tear film from the lacrimal glands. Tears are the liquid product of a process of lacrimation to clean and lubricate the eyes. Tear fluid contains water, mucin, lipids, lysozyme, lactoferrin, lipocalin, lacritin, immunoglobulins, glucose, urea, sodium, and potassium.
protein localization to photoreceptor outer segment A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a photoreceptor outer segment.
phospholipase c-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
regulation of catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of catecholamine neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell.
histidine catabolic process to glutamate and formate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine into other compounds, including glutamate and formate.
regulation of vasculogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.
negative regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
endochondral bone morphogenesis The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone.
bradykinin catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the peptide bradykinin.
iron coordination entity transport The directed movement of an iron coordination entity into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of extracellular matrix organization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.
columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
positive regulation of type i interferon-mediated signaling pathway Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway. A type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of a type I interferon binding to a cell surface receptor.
prolactin secretion The regulated release of prolactin, a peptide hormone that stimulates lactation, from secretory granules in the anterior pituitary.
regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1.
protein initiator methionine removal The protein modification process in which the translation-initiating methionine or formylmethionine residue is removed from a protein.
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.
reactive nitrogen species metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive nitrogen species.
protein localization to cell junction A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell junction.
regulation of heart induction by regulation of canonical wnt signaling pathway Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway that regulates heart induction. Canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart induction is the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by relaying of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.
humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin An immune response dependent upon secreted immunoglobulin. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
neurotransmitter transport The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.
negative regulation of testosterone biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone biosynthetic process.
protein homotrimerization The formation of a protein homotrimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated identical subunits.
metanephric glomerular basement membrane development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric glomerular basement membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric glomerular basement membrane is the basal laminal portion of the metanephric glomerulus which performs the actual filtration.
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis Any process that increases the rate or frequency of epithelial cell proliferation that results in the lung attaining its shape.
cellular response to topologically incorrect protein Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure.
intra-golgi vesicle-mediated transport The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network).
regulation of neurogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the origin and formation of neurons.
positive regulation of mitochondrion organization Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.
regulation of signal transduction involved in mitotic g2 dna damage checkpoint Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction involved in mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint.
negative regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.
negative regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6.
pre-mirna processing Any process involved in the conversion of a pre-microRNA transcript into a mature microRNA molecule.
snrna processing Any process involved in the conversion of a primary small nuclear RNA (snRNA) transcript into a mature snRNA molecule.
positive regulation of phospholipase activity Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.
spinal cord oligodendrocyte cell fate specification The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oligodendrocyte in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.
ripoptosome assembly involved in necroptotic process The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of ripoptosome components leading to a necroptotic process.
positive regulation of antibacterial peptide production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.
l-arabinose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-arabinose, the D-enantiomer of arabino-pentose. L-arabinose occurs free, e.g. in the heartwood of many conifers, and in the combined state, in both furanose and pyranose forms, as a constituent of various plant hemicelluloses, bacterial polysaccharides etc.
negative regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
organic cation transport The directed movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
regulation of nuclear cell cycle dna replication Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.
er-nucleus signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals that conveys information from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, usually resulting in a change in transcriptional regulation.
response to alkaloid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active.
lamellipodium assembly Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.
positive regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.
cardiac atrium morphogenesis The process in which the cardiac atrium is generated and organized. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.
negative regulation of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance, the process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
negative regulation of reciprocal meiotic recombination Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of recombination during meiosis. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
erk1 and erk2 cascade An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK1 or ERK2 (MAPKs), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
maintenance of protein location in cell Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.
proximal convoluted tubule development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the proximal tubule and extends from the glomerular capsule to the proximal straight tubule.
basophil activation The change in morphology and behavior of a basophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the basophil has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors.
chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfates are a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues; the repeat units consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.
embryonic digestive tract development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus.
glossopharyngeal nerve development Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.
response to transition metal nanoparticle Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transition metal nanoparticle.
lysosomal transport The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a lysosome.
hindgut development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindgut is part of the alimentary canal that lies posterior to the midgut.
somatic sex determination The determination of sex and sexual phenotypes in an organism's soma.
determination of digestive tract left/right asymmetry Determination of the asymmetric location of various parts of the digestive tract with respect to the left and right halves of the organism. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.
cell-matrix adhesion The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules.
canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in neural crest cell differentiation The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in neural crest cell differentiation.
peptide antigen assembly with mhc protein complex The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC protein complex.
cut metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs), which are transcribed from intergenic regions. Many intergenic regions are heavily transcribed, but the transcripts are rarely detected due to rapid degradation by the nuclear exosome.
protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the telomeric region of a chromosome.
activation of mapkkk activity Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK).
negative regulation of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.
negative regulation of glucocorticoid mediated signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid mediated signaling pathway.
tube morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.
lacrimal gland development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lacrimal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lacrimal gland produces secretions that lubricate and protect the cornea of the eye.
negative regulation of beta-galactosidase activity
mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen The transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex IV.
regulation of kit signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Kit signaling pathway.
maternal behavior Female behaviors associated with the care and rearing of offspring.
regulation of glucose import Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.
regulation of nitrogen cycle metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nitrogen cycle metabolic process.
granulocyte differentiation The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a granulocyte. Granulocytes are a class of leukocytes characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are active in allergic immune reactions such as arthritic inflammation and rashes. This class includes basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils.
monocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a monocyte.
positive regulation of melanosome transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of melanosome transport.
triglyceride metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.
membrane depolarization during sa node cell action potential The process in which SA node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.
formation of organ boundary The regionalization process that specifies organ primordium boundaries resulting in a restriction of organogenesis to a limited spatial domain and keeping the organ separate from surrounding tissues.
t-helper 2 cell activation The change in morphology and behavior of a T helper 2 cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
positive regulation of pathway-restricted smad protein phosphorylation Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of excitation of rhodopsin by a photon and the events that convert the absorbed photons into a cellular response.
negative regulation of dna endoreduplication Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication.
carboxylic acid transport The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
dutp catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dUTP, deoxyuridine (5'-)triphosphate.
response to herbicide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a herbicide stimulus. Herbicides are chemicals used to kill or control the growth of plants.
regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.
golgi to secretory granule transport The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a secretory granule. The secretory granule is a membrane-bounded particle, usually protein, formed in the granular endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex.
protein import into mitochondrial outer membrane The process comprising the insertion of proteins from outside the organelle into the mitochondrial outer membrane, mediated by large outer membrane translocase complexes.
t-helper 1 type immune response An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis, and which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 1 cells, most notably interferon-gamma, IL-2, and lymphotoxin.
extracellular matrix assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the extracellular matrix.
regulation of macrophage apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage apoptotic process.
planar cell polarity pathway involved in pericardium morphogenesis The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the pericardium.
epithelial tube morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an epithelium. Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.
protein desumoylation The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is cleaved from its target protein.
regulation of chylomicron remnant clearance Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of chylomicron remnant clearance. Chylomicron clearance is the process in which a chylomicron remnant is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis into liver cells and its constituent parts degraded.
positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class ii Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
catecholamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
chylomicron assembly The aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids in the intestine to form a chylomicron.
protein targeting to lysosome The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein.
disaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of disaccharides, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.
response to arsenic-containing substance Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides.
activation of phospholipase a2 activity Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme phospholipase A2.
urinary bladder development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urinary bladder over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The urinary bladder is an elastic, muscular sac situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion.
membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the cardiac muscle cell plasma membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.
regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte.
positive regulation of glycogen (starch) synthase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen (starch) synthase activity.
negative regulation of viral release from host cell Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral release from host cell.
embryonic digit morphogenesis The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe.
notochord development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the notochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column.
positive regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with three phosphate groups attached.
regulation of cytoskeleton organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
embryonic skeletal system morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase.
positive regulation of i-kappab phosphorylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB phosphorylation.
anterograde synaptic vesicle transport The directed movement of substances in synaptic membrane-bounded vesicles within the neuron, along the cytoskeleton, away from the neuronal cell body.
regulation of protein localization to cell surface Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface.
positive regulation of thymocyte aggregation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte aggregation.
macromolecule depalmitoylation The removal of palymitoyl groups from a macromolecule.
metanephric nephron tubule formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of a nephron in the metanephros.
protein polyufmylation Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein UFM1 to a protein, forming an UFM1 chain.
regulation of thrombin receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a thrombin receptor signaling pathway activity. A thrombin receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a thrombin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleotides.
regulation of adherens junction organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adherens junction organization.
segment specification The process in which segments assume individual identities; exemplified in insects by the actions of the products of the homeotic genes.
peptidoglycan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found only in bacterial cell walls and consisting of strands of glycosaminoglycan cross-linked by oligopeptides to form a huge and rigid network.
cardiac muscle cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.
response to methylglyoxal Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylglyoxal stimulus. Methylglyoxal is a 2-oxoaldehyde derived from propanal.
tooth eruption The tooth development process in which the teeth enter the mouth and become visible.
acrosome matrix dispersal The proteolytic digestion of components in the acrosomal matrix that allows for their release into the egg. The dispersal of the components allows for the inner acrosomal membrane to interact with the egg.
positive regulation of glucokinase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule.
propionate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of propionate, the anion derived from propionic acid.
urogenital system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
regulation of peripheral t cell tolerance induction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction.
negative regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.
positive regulation of axon extension involved in regeneration Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of axon extension involved in regeneration.
resolution of mitotic recombination intermediates The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, mitotic recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged.
poly(a)+ mrna export from nucleus The directed movement of poly(A)+ mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
regulation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor secretion.
regulation of microtubule-based process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton.
bundle of his development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bundle of His over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The bundle of His is part of the His-Purkinje system that transmits signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers.
thioester transport The directed movement of a thioester into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the process in which the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol occurs via calcium release channels.
maintenance of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum Any process in which a protein is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the endoplasmic reticulum, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the endoplasmic reticulum.
late nucleophagy A type of nucleophagy, distinct from piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus (PNM) where the nuclear material is delivered to the vacuole/lysosome for breakdown and recycling later than observed for PNM.
positive regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
lens induction in camera-type eye Signaling at short range between the head ectoderm and the optic vesicle that results in the head ectoderm forming a lens.
isoprenoid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
response to vitamin a Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin A stimulus.
positive regulation of sequestering of calcium ion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
complement receptor mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor. Such components include both whole complement proteins and fragments of complement proteins generated through the activity of the complement pathway.
regulation of leukocyte tethering or rolling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte tethering or rolling.
abscission The controlled shedding of a body part.
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous protein antigen via mhc class ib, tap-dependent The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
negative regulation of cell cycle Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
ventricular cardiac muscle cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The ventricle is the part of the heart that pumps blood out of the organ.
glutamate decarboxylation to succinate The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of succinate from glutamate. Also known as GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate) shunt since it channels glutamate into the TCA cycle bypassing two steps of that cycle. There are three enzymes involved in the GABA shunt: glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), GABA aminotransferase (GABA-TA), and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH). These three enzymes acting in concert to convert glutamate into succinate. The GABA shunt is predominantly associated with neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. It is also present in nonneuronal cells, in plants, in unicellular eukaryotes, and in prokaryotes.
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex iii biogenesis The biogenesis of a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III (also known as cytochrome bc(1) complex or ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase), a protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Includes the synthesis of constituent proteins and their aggregation, arrangement and bonding together.
histone h4-k5 acetylation The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 5 of the histone.
protein localization to cell surface A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.
cellular protein metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes cellular protein modification.
positive regulation of fractalkine biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fractalkine, a chemokine involved in the control of the key regulatory mechanisms of cell trafficking at sites of inflammation.
bicarbonate transport The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
response to nitrogen compound Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen compound stimulus.
nucleic acid transport The directed movement of nucleic acids, single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
cellular divalent inorganic cation homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent cations at the level of a cell.
positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
positive regulation of brown fat cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of brown fat cell proliferation.
asparagine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.
regulation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
negative regulation of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.
regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of replication and segregation of genetic material in the embryo.
system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.
positive regulation of t cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter in response to oxidative stress Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
chromosome localization to nuclear envelope involved in synapsis The directed movement of a chromosome to the nuclear envelope that contributes to synapsis.
steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals mediated by a steroid hormone binding to a receptor.
cytoplasmic microtubule organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell.
negative regulation of toll signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Tl signaling pathway.
regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.
dtdp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine5'-diphosphate).
positive regulation of dense core granule biogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dense core granule biogenesis.
signal transduction involved in mitotic dna integrity checkpoint Any intracellular signal transduction that is involved in mitotic DNA integrity checkpoint.
positive regulation of hormone metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.
amino-acid betaine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.
regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity A process that modulates neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.
intermembrane transport The directed movement of substances between any membrane of a cell, including the plasma membrane and its regions.
negative regulation of ectoderm development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development.
negative regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.
positive regulation of acute inflammatory response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
cobalt ion transport The directed movement of cobalt (Co) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
protein ufmylation Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein UFM1 to another protein.
avoidance of defenses of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process, either constitutive or induced, by which an organism evades, minimizes, or suppresses the effects of a second organism's defense(s), where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
purine nucleotide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
developmental process A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
gastrulation with mouth forming second A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second.
positive regulation of tau-protein kinase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.
dendritic spine maintenance The organization process that preserves a dendritic spine in a stable functional or structural state. A dendritic spine is a specialized protrusion from a neuronal dendrite and is involved in synaptic transmission.
hypotonic response Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hypotonic environment, i.e. an environment with a lower concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.
negative regulation of sodium ion transport Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
mesenchymal to epithelial transition A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell.
negative regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.
deoxyribonucleotide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
regulation of isotype switching to igg isotypes Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgG isotypes.
protein-lipid complex remodeling The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a protein-lipid complex.
coronary vein morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of veins of the heart are generated and organized.
negative regulation of cellular extravasation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.
positive regulation of lamellipodium assembly Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.
striated muscle adaptation Any process in which striated muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
positive regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.
positive regulation of defense response to bacterium Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.
response to dietary excess The physiological process in which dietary excess is sensed by the central nervous system, resulting in a reduction in food intake and increased energy expenditure.
epithelial cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.
positive regulation of camp biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).
depyrimidination The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the C or T base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depyrimidinated sugar.
positive regulation of type i hypersensitivity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
negative regulation of telomere maintenance Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.
gamma-aminobutyric acid transport The directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
branching involved in prostate gland morphogenesis The process in which the branching structure of the prostate gland is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem.
establishment or maintenance of polarity of embryonic epithelium Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization of epithelial cells in an embryo.
regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
histamine secretion involved in inflammatory response The regulated release of histamine by a cell as part of an inflammatory response.
genitalia development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
regulation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter by glucose Any process involving glucose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
mrna export from nucleus The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
toll-like receptor 6 signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 6.
peptide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.
viral genome packaging The encapsulation of the viral genome within the capsid.
deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
negative regulation of catecholamine secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.
rrna 2'-o-methylation The addition of a methyl group to the 2'-oxygen atom of a nucleotide residue in an rRNA molecule during ribosome biogenesis.
maturation of 5.8s rrna Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5.8S rRNA molecule.
cardiac cell fate commitment The commitment of cells to specific cardiac cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac cells. Cardiac cells are cells that comprise the organ which pumps blood through the circulatory system.
sequestering of metal ion The process of binding or confining metal ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
general adaptation syndrome General adaptation syndrome is the set of changes in various organ systems of the body, especially the pituitary-endocrine system, in response to a wide range of strong external stimuli, both physiological and psychological. It is described as having three stages: alarm reaction, where the body detects the external stimulus; adaptation, where the body engages defensive countermeasures against the stressor; and exhaustion, where the body begins to run out of defenses.
response to tumor cell Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell.
formate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving formate, also known as methanoate, the anion HCOO- derived from methanoic (formic) acid.
production of molecular mediator involved in inflammatory response The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
left/right axis specification The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the left/right axis. The left/right axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes. Each side is defined from the viewpoint of the organism rather of the observer (as per anatomical axes).
mating plug formation The deposition of a plug of sperm or other gelatinous material into the opening of the vulva by a male at the termination of copulation. Probably acts to prevent subsequent matings by other males.
endoderm formation The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation.
uncoating of virus The process by which an incoming virus is disassembled in the host cell to release a replication-competent viral genome.
negative regulation of cellular metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
regulation of centromere complex assembly Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of centromere complex assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and centromeric DNA molecules to form a centromeric protein-DNA complex.
purine ribonucleotide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
establishment or maintenance of apical/basal cell polarity Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance polarization of a cell's architecture along its apical/basal axis so that the apical and basal regions of the cell have different membrane, extracellular matrix and sub-membrane cellular components.
primary ovarian follicle growth Increase in size of primary follicles including oocyte growth and granulosa and/or theca cell proliferation until more than one layer of granulosa cells is present (preantral follicle).
vasoconstriction of artery involved in baroreceptor response to lowering of systemic arterial blood pressure A process that is triggered by vasomotor excitation and results in a decrease in the diameter of an artery during the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
prostaglandin transport The directed movement of prostaglandins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
equilibrioception The series of events required for an organism to receive an orientational stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Equilibrioception refers to a combination of processes by which an organism can perceive its orientation with respect to gravity. In animals, stimuli come from labyrinth system of the inner ears, monitoring the direction of motion; visual stimuli, with information on orientation and motion; pressure receptors, which tell the organism which body surfaces are in contact with the ground; and proprioceptive cues, which report which parts of the body are in motion.
copper ion transmembrane transport The directed movement of copper cation across a membrane.
neuroblast differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroblast. There are at least four stages through which the pluripotent cells of epiblast or blastula become neuroblasts.
cobalamin transport The directed movement of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of integrin-mediated signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of integrin-mediated signaling pathway.
negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis.
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to dna damage by p53 class mediator Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.
positive regulation of dendritic spine development Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
cardiac left ventricle formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.
canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.
viral entry into host cell The process that occurs after viral attachment by which a virus, or viral nucleic acid, breaches the plasma membrane or cell envelope and enters the host cell. The process ends when the viral nucleic acid is released into the host cell cytoplasm.
chondrocyte differentiation involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
regulation of timing of subpallium neuron differentiation The process controlling the timing and/or rate at which a relatively unspecialized cell in the subpallium acquires features of a neuron. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon.
mammary gland branching involved in thelarche The process in which the branching structure of the mammary gland duct is generated and organized during the period of sexual maturity in mammals. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.
retinal rod cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal rod cell.
metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains feet that interdigitate with the feet of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.
adenine nucleotide transport The directed movement of adenine nucleotides, ATP, ADP, and/or AMP, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
chondrocyte hypertrophy The growth of a chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time.
centriole replication The cell cycle process in which a daughter centriole is formed perpendicular to an existing centriole. An immature centriole contains a ninefold radially symmetric array of single microtubules; mature centrioles consist of a radial array of nine microtubule triplets, doublets, or singlets depending upon the species and cell type.
negative regulation of eosinophil migration Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil migration.
regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.
negative regulation of mitochondrion organization Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.
positive regulation of nuclear cell cycle dna replication Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.
ribonucleoside bisphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
cellular response to sucrose stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sucrose stimulus.
regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction.
regulation of transcription factor import into nucleus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
skeletal muscle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.
positive regulation of cellular process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via a stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.
glycolate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid).
unsaturated fatty acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
distal convoluted tubule development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the distal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The distal convoluted tubule is the first segment of the nephron lying just downstream from the loop of Henle, immediately after the macula densa. Among other functions, in humans it is responsible for the reabsorption of about 5% of filtered sodium via the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl symporter.
biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.
metanephric proximal straight tubule development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric proximal straight tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric proximal straight tubule is the part of the metanephric descending limb that extends from the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule to the metanephric descending thin tubule.
regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.
regulation of protein localization to nucleus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.
positive regulation of polyamine transmembrane transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine transmembrane transport.
post-embryonic camera-type eye development The process occurring during the post-embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
negative regulation of rubidium ion transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of rubidium ion transport.
l-kynurenine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-kynurenine, the L-enantiomer of the amino acid kynurenine (3-(2-aminobenzoyl)-alanine).
vestibulocochlear nerve structural organization The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the vestibulocochlear nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.
positive regulation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.
malonyl-coa catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of malonyl-CoA, the S-malonyl derivative of coenzyme A.
positive regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.
mammary gland involution The tissue remodeling that removes differentiated mammary epithelia during weaning.
skeletal muscle myosin thick filament assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in skeletal muscle.
cytoplasmic sequestering of cftr protein The selective interaction of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its transport to the cell membrane.
collagen fibril organization Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix.
male mating behavior The specific behavior of a male organism that is associated with reproduction.
negative regulation of anion transport
regulation of branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis.
behavioral response to ethanol Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of an ethanol stimulus.
maintenance of symbiont-containing vacuole by host The process in which a host organism maintains the structure and function of a symbiont-containing vacuole. The symbiont-containing vacuole is a membrane-bounded vacuole within a host cell in which a symbiont organism resides, and can serve to reduce pathogenicity of invading symbionts by restricting them to the vacuolar compartment.
negative regulation of activation of membrane attack complex Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
salivary gland cavitation The process in which the solid core of salivary epithelium gives rise to the hollow tube of the gland.
ctp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate.
glucan catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
mitochondrial atp synthesis coupled proton transport The transport of protons across a mitochondrial membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis.
fatty acid transport The directed movement of fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.
negative regulation of stem cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation.
microtubule-based peroxisome localization The microtubule-based process in which a peroxisome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. A peroxisome is a small membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.
positive regulation of interleukin-1 alpha biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-1 alpha.
leydig cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Leydig cell. A Leydig cell is a testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area, between the seminiferous tubules, in the testis.
mannan catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mannan, the main hemicellulose of soft (coniferous) wood, made up of D-mannose, D-glucose and D-galactose.
evasion or tolerance of host defenses by virus Any process, either active or passive, by which a virus avoids or tolerates the effects of its host organism's defense(s). Host defenses may be induced by the presence of the virus or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
cellular amide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
regulation of myosin light chain kinase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myosin light chain kinase activity.
cerebral cortex gabaergic interneuron differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.
cleavage involved in rrna processing Any phosphodiester bond hydrolysis involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into a mature rRNA molecule.
detection of light stimulus involved in visual perception The series of events involved in visual perception in which a light stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
horizontal cell localization Any process in which a horizontal cell is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the retina. A horizontal cell is a neuron that laterally connects other neurons in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the retina. Targeting of retinal neurons to the appropriate lamina is vital to establish the architecture of the retina.
negative regulation of cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity Any process that stops or reduces the rate of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: nucleotide 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleotide 5'-phosphate.
negative regulation of biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
negative regulation of peptidyl-lysine acetylation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-lysine acetylation.
positive regulation of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport. Plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport is the directed movement of long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
monocarboxylic acid transport The directed movement of monocarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
polyadenylation-dependent snorna 3'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a snoRNA molecule linked to prior polyadenylation of the 3'-end of the precursor snoRNA.
female sex determination The specification of female sex of an individual organism.
negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
regulation of cgmp-mediated signaling Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling. cGMP-mediated signaling is a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic GMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
chromosome localization Any process in which a chromosome is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
voluntary musculoskeletal movement The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system that can be controlled at will.
response to manganese ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus.
t cell receptor v(d)j recombination The process in which T cell receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific locus, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).
cardiac muscle cell fate commitment The commitment of cells to specific cardiac muscle cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac muscle cells. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
response to metformin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metformin stimulus.
regulation of superoxide anion generation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.
response to organonitrogen compound Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
lactose biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.
positive regulation of cellular senescence Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.
acute inflammatory response Inflammation which comprises a rapid, short-lived, relatively uniform response to acute injury or antigenic challenge and is characterized by accumulations of fluid, plasma proteins, and granulocytic leukocytes. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.
cytosine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytosine, 4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine, a pyrimidine derivative that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids; it occurs widely in cytidine derivatives.
proline transport The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.
d-xylose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide.
smooth muscle tissue development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
negative regulation of detection of glucose Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of detection of glucose.
entry of organism into cell of other organism by promotion of phagocytosis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction The invasion by an organism of a cell of a second organism by utilizing the second organism's phagocytosis mechanism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of immunological synapse formation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immunological synapse formation.
mitochondrial fusion Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.
atrioventricular valve development The progression of the atrioventricular valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
neuroblast division The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into daughter cells. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.
positive regulation of thymocyte migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte migration.
negative regulation of pancreatic stellate cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic stellate cell proliferation.
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat5 protein Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein.
negative regulation of metalloenzyme activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a metalloenzyme. A metalloenzyme is any enzyme that contains metal.
negative regulation of stress-activated mapk cascade Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.
protein autoprocessing Processing which a protein carries out itself. This involves actions such as the autolytic removal of residues to generate the mature form of the protein.
single-organism behavior The specific behavior of a single organism in response to external or internal stimuli.
trna wobble adenosine to inosine editing The process in which an adenosine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally converted to inosine.
primary amino compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary amino compound.
av node cell to bundle of his cell communication by electrical coupling The process that mediates signaling interactions between an AV node cardiomyocyte and a bundle of His cardiac muscle cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
renal outer medulla development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal outer medulla over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal outer medulla is the region of the kidney that lies between the renal cortex and the renal inner medulla.
pre-replicative complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the pre-replicative complex, a protein-DNA complex that forms at the origin of replication during the initial step of DNA replication and allows the origin to become competent, or 'licensed', for replication.
dimethylallyl diphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving dimethylallyl diphosphate.
negative regulation of nlrp3 inflammasome complex assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly.
negative regulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
multi-organism organelle organization An organelle organization which involves another organism.
cyclic-nucleotide-mediated signaling Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via a cyclic nucleotide. Includes production or release of the cyclic nucleotide, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.
palate development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The palate is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities.
b cell activation involved in immune response The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell during an immune response, resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
regulation of carbohydrate catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates.
negative regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.
positive regulation of canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in controlling type b pancreatic cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway modulating the rate or frequency of pancreatic B cell proliferation.
aminoglycoside antibiotic metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving an aminoglycoside antibiotic, any member of a group of broad spectrum antibiotics, of similar toxicity and pharmacology, that contain an aminodeoxysugar, an amino- or guanidino-substituted inositol ring, and one or more residues of other sugars. The group includes streptomycin, neomycin, framycetin, kanamycin, paromomycin, and gentamicin.
modulation by symbiont of host phagocytosis Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur amino acids.
cardiac conduction system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat.
negative regulation of wnt signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway.
positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.
septin ring assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of septins and associated proteins to form an organized structure resembling a ring at the cell cortex.
chitin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development.
formin-nucleated actin cable assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a formin-nucleated actin cable. A formin-nucleated actin cable is an actin filament bundle that consists of short filaments organized into bundles of uniform polarity, and is nucleated by formins.
sebaceous gland cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized epidermal cell acquires the specialized features of a sebaceous gland cell.
transepithelial ammonium transport The directed movement of ammonium ions from one side of an epithelium to the other.
collagen biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).
regulation of mast cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell apoptotic process.
cellular macromolecule catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any large molecule including proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates, as carried out by individual cells.
enzyme linked receptor protein signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
protein n-linked glycosylation A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine, the omega-N of arginine, or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan.
specification of ureteric bud anterior/posterior symmetry by bmp signaling pathway A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor that results in the establishment of the ureteric bud such that there is a similar arrangement in form and relationship of parts along its anterior/posterior axis.
regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis by mesenchymal-epithelial signaling Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis as a result of signals being generated by the mesenchyme and received and interpreted by the salivary gland epithelium.
interleukin-2 biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2.
regulation of metaphase plate congression Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of metaphase plate congression, the alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the spindle.
cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of the embryonic placenta.
metaphase/anaphase transition of mitotic cell cycle The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.
multi-organism membrane fusion The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane, involving more than one organism.
establishment of planar polarity of embryonic epithelium Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an embryonic epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.
cellular response to tumor cell Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell.
regulation of type b pancreatic cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.
regulation of nucleotide metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.
purine nucleotide catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
regulation of transcription involved in anterior/posterior axis specification Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription that contributes to the specification of the anterior/posterior axis.
positive regulation of sulfur metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur.
regulation of extent of cell growth Any process that modulates the extent of cell growth.
mineralocorticoid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.
extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway A series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with either a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor, or a ligand being withdrawn from a cell surface receptor (e.g. in the case of signaling by dependence receptors), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
cartilage development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
inactivation of mapk activity Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase.
cellular nitrogen compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds.
modulation by host of symbiont transcription Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its symbiont's transcription.
pteridine-containing compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.
angiotensin-activated signaling pathway involved in heart process An angiotensin receptor signaling pathway which contributes to a circulatory system process carried out by the heart.
sequestering of actin monomers The selective interaction of actin monomers with specific molecules that inhibit their polymerization by preventing their access to other monomers.
regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of stat protein Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.
negative regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.
cellular homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the cell.
positive regulation of central tolerance induction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction.
regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.
mitotic sister chromatid segregation The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.
adp phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into ADP, adenosine diphosphate, to produce ATP.
positive regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process involved in immunological synapse formation Any positive regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process that is involved in immunological synapse formation.
monocarboxylic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).
electron transport chain A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
peripheral nervous system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.
mirna metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression.
axis specification The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or around a point.
cell-matrix adhesion involved in ameboidal cell migration The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix that contributes to the directed movement of an ameboid cell.
positive regulation of caveolin-mediated endocytosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of caveolin-mediated endocytosis.
negative regulation of exo-alpha-sialidase activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exo-alpha-sialidase activity.
negative regulation of blood circulation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.
urinary tract smooth muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary tract. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary tract consists of organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
deoxynucleotide transport The directed movement of a deoxynucleotide, a deoxyribonucleoside in ester linkage to phosphate, commonly at the 5' position of deoxyribose, into, out of or within a cell.
b cell receptor transport within lipid bilayer The directed movement of a B cell receptor within a lipid bilayer.
l-aspartate transmembrane transport The directed movement of L-aspartate across a membrane.
cellular response to interferon-alpha Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-alpha stimulus. Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon.
blastocyst growth An increase in size of a blastocyst due to expansion of the blastocoelic cavity cell shape changes and cell proliferation.
response to endoplasmic reticulum stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.
regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production.
putrescine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
negative regulation of steroid metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.
regulation of nuclear division Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
monovalent inorganic anion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monovalent inorganic anions within an organism or cell.
positive regulation of cap-dependent translational initiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cap-dependent translational initiation.
calcium ion transmembrane transport A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
dendrite regeneration The regrowth of dendrites in response to their loss or damage.
negative regulation of molecular function in other organism Any process in which an organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the function of proteins in a second organism.
peptidyl-cysteine methylation The methylation of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine.
cardiac ventricle morphogenesis The process in which the cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.
myelin maintenance The process of preserving the structure and function of mature myelin. This includes maintaining the compact structure of myelin necessary for its electrical insulating characteristics as well as the structure of non-compact regions such as Schmidt-Lantermann clefts and paranodal loops. This does not include processes responsible for maintaining the nodes of Ranvier, which are not part of the myelin sheath.
ventricular cardiac muscle tissue development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of ventricular cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.
purine nucleotide transport The directed movement of a purine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.
formation of primary germ layer The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation.
folic acid-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a folic acid-containing compound, i.e. any of a group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.
c21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.
dermatan sulfate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dermatan sulfate, any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.
bone cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bone cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
mannan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannan, a group of polysaccharides containing a backbone composed of a polymer of D-mannose units.
drinking behavior Behaviors associated with the ingesting of water and other liquids; includes rhythmic patterns of drinking (time intervals - onset and duration), frequency and satiety.
negative regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8.
constitutive secretory pathway A process of exocytosis found in all eukaryotic cells, in which transport vesicles destined for the plasma membrane leave the trans-Golgi network in a steady stream. Upon exocytosis, the membrane proteins and lipids in these vesicles provide new components for the plasma membrane, and the soluble proteins inside the vesicles are released into the extracellular space.
positive regulation of t cell mediated immune response to tumor cell Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
dna ligation The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.
regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.
cardiac endothelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac endothelial cell.
mitotic spindle stabilization The cell cycle process in which spindle integrity is maintained during M phase of mitosis.
folic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.
secretion by cell The controlled release of a substance by a cell.
umbilical cord morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the umbilical cord are generated and organized. The umbilical cord is an organ or embryonic origin consisting of the 2 umbilical arteries and the one umbilical vein. The umbilical cord connects the cardiovascular system of the fetus to the mother via the placenta.
cellular ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ions at the level of a cell.
glutaminyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling glutamine to glutaminyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'- adenosine residue of the tRNA.
positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.
negative regulation of protein homodimerization activity Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.
dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in salivary gland branching The process in which a salivary epithelial cord bifurcates at its end.
tissue regeneration The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues.
trna methylthiolation The addition of a methylthioether group (-SCH3) to a nucleotide in a tRNA molecule.
canonical wnt signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the positive regulation of cell to cell adhesion.
positive regulation of cytoplasmic transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic transport.
regulation of t-helper 17 cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.
midgut development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine.
cellular response to vitamin b1 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B1 stimulus.
regulation of barbed-end actin filament capping Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of barbed-end actin filament capping.
regulation of cristae formation
negative regulation of mrna processing Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing.
epithelial cell differentiation involved in mammary gland alveolus development The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell becomes a more specialized epithelial cell of the mammary gland alveolus.
alditol phosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving alditol phosphates, any phosphorylated polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.
paracrine signaling The transfer of information from one cell to another, where the signal travels from the signal-producing cell to the receiving cell by passive diffusion or bulk flow in intercellular fluid. The signaling cell and the receiving cell are usually in the vicinity of each other.
negative regulation of nf-kappab import into nucleus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane.
negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis.
response to mycotoxin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycotoxin stimulus. A mycotoxin is a toxic chemical substance produced by fungi.
metanephric dct cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the distal convoluted tubule cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
regulation of cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.
mucus secretion The regulated release of mucus by the mucosa. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes. The mucosa, or mucous membrane, is the membrane covered with epithelium that lines the tubular organs of the body. Mucins are carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins that have a lubricating and protective function.
defense response to gram-negative bacterium Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.
negative regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.
regulation of type ii hypersensitivity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.
regulation of cellular response to hypoxia Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hypoxia.
positive regulation of type b pancreatic cell development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development.
positive regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.
regulation of histone deubiquitination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone deubiquitination.
positive regulation of vitamin d 24-hydroxylase activity Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity. Vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity catalyzes the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D.
d-glucuronate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-glucuronate, the D-enantiomer of glucuronate.
neutral lipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.
regulation of female gonad development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development.
dcdp phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into dCDP to produce a dCTP.
positive regulation of cholesterol storage Any process that increases the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
regulation of the force of heart contraction Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled.
negative regulation of t-helper 1 cell activation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell activation.
box c/d snorna processing Any process involved in the conversion of a primary box C/D type small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) transcript into a mature box C/D snoRNA.
heparin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells. They are similar to heparan sulfates but are of somewhat higher average Mr (6000-20000) and contain fewer N-acetyl groups and more N-sulfate and O-sulfate groups; they may be attached in the same manner to protein, forming proteoglycans. They consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.
antral ovarian follicle growth Increase in size of antral follicles due to cell proliferation and/or growth of the antral cavity.
regulation of smooth muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
response to estradiol Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.
aspartate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.
lung lobe formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a lung lobe from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the lobe and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. A lung lobe is a projection that extends from the lung.
negative regulation of glucokinase activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule.
negative regulation of respiratory burst Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
nuclear pore complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a nuclear pore complex.
inorganic ion homeostasis
mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric The cell cycle process in which centromeres of sister chromatids are joined during mitosis.
cellular response to uv Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
pronephric nephron tubule development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pronephric nephron tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct.
fructosamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructosamine, a fructose molecule containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.
n-terminal peptidyl-alanine trimethylation The trimethylation of the N-terminal alanine of proteins to form the derivative peptidyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-L-alanine.
positive regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of symbiont cell Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a symbiont target cell by a neutrophil.
actin polymerization-dependent cell motility A process involved in the controlled movement of a bacterial cell powered by the continuous polymerization of actin at one pole of the cell.
acetylcholine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
regulation of transcription involved in lymphatic endothelial cell fate commitment Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the commitment of a venous endothelial cell to a lymphatic endothelial cell.
negative regulation of cell cycle arrest Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cell cycle arrest, the process in which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases.
cellular response to isoquinoline alkaloid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an isoquinoline alkaloid stimulus. An isoquinoline alkaloid is any member of a group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine which is a structure characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids.
receptor localization to synapse Any process in which a receptor is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.
negative regulation of vacuolar transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport.
rrna 5'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an rRNA molecule.
nicotinate transport The directed movement of a nicotinateacetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
myotube differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
bile acid secretion The regulated release of bile acid, composed of any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, by a cell or a tissue.
negative regulation of prolactin signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of prolactin signaling pathway.
macromolecular complex subunit organization Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a macromolecular complex.
norepinephrine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
rrna transport The directed movement of rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of somitogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitogenesis.
patched ligand maturation The posttranslational modification of members of the Hedgehog family of signaling proteins in order for Hedgehog to exert its biological activity. These modifications include cleavage of its signal sequence, autocatalytic protein cleavage and the attachment of sterol groups.
positive regulation of cellular catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
regulation of protein catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
udp-glucuronic acid transport The directed movement of UDP-glucuronic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. UDP-glucuronic acid is a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
phosphatidylcholine acyl-chain remodeling Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylcholine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylcholine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.
cellular response to parathyroid hormone stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a parathyroid hormone stimulus.
desmosome organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.
regulation of homocysteine metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid.
negative regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in cardiac right atrium morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in cardiac right atrium morphogenesis.
trachea gland development The progression of a trachea gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Trachea glands are found under the mucus of the trachea and secrete mucus, and agents that help protect the lung from injury and infection.
regulation of dna n-glycosylase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA N-glycosylase activity.
neutrophil apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a neutrophil, any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
regulation of leukocyte proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.
regulation of growth of symbiont in host Any process in which the symbiont regulates the increase in its size or mass within the cells or tissues of the host organism. This may (but not necessarily) include a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction.
regulation of cyclic nucleotide catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic nucleotides.
b cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
catecholamine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
epidermis development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.
central nervous system neuron axonogenesis Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. The process carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.
cellular response to camp Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.
regulation of mast cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mast cell proliferation.
adherens junction organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell junction at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.
positive regulation of anion channel activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anion channel activity.
calcium ion-dependent exocytosis The release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, requiring the presence of calcium ions.
calcium-mediated signaling using extracellular calcium source A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions imported from an extracellular source to convert a signal into a response.
lung development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.
l-phenylalanine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.
regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.
farnesyl diphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving farnesyl diphosphate, an intermediate in carotenoid, sesquiterpene, squalene and sterol biosynthesis, as well as a substrate in protein farnesylation.
interleukin-9-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-9 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
positive regulation of renal sodium excretion Any process that increases the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time.
glutamine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.
transcription from mitochondrial promoter The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase.
positive regulation of interleukin-10 biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-10.
regulation of dna repair Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.
respiratory chain complex iii assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the cytochrome bc(1) complex, a transmembrane lipoprotein complex that it catalyzes the reduction of cytochrome c by accepting reducing equivalents from Coenzyme Q, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.
positive regulation of lipid catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.
otolith morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of an otolith are generated and organized.
kinetochore assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.
regulation of antibacterial peptide production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.
negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.
spongiotrophoblast layer developmental growth The increase in size or mass of the spongiotrophoblast layer of the placenta where the increase in size or mass contributes to the progression of that layer over time from its formation to its mature state.
renal system process A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila).
nucleotide-excision repair, dna damage removal The removal of the oligonucleotide that contains the DNA damage. The oligonucleotide is formed by dual incisions that flank the site of DNA damage.
interleukin-12 production The appearance of interleukin-12 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
nucleosome positioning Ordering of successions of nucleosomes into regular arrays so that nucleosomes are positioned at defined distances from one another.
regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway.
regulation of bmp signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any BMP receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of telomerase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Telomerases catalyze extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence.
surfactant homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of the surface-active lipoprotein mixture which coats the alveoli.
regulation of sodium ion export from cell Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion export from cell.
sagittal suture morphogenesis The process in which the sagittal suture is generated and organized.
l-kynurenine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-kynurenine, the L-enantiomer of the amino acid kynurenine (3-(2-aminobenzoyl)-alanine).
negative regulation of synaptic vesicle clustering Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle clustering.
l-fucose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-fucose, 6-deoxy-L-galactose, a sugar that occurs in fucans, a class of polysaccharides in seaweeds, especially Fucus species, and in the cell wall matrix of higher plants.
regulation of dna-templated transcription, elongation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
negative regulation of interleukin-17 production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.
dna methylation on cytosine within a cg sequence The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 or N-4 of a cytosine located within a CG sequence in a DNA molecule.
regulation of dna endoreduplication Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication.
cellular response to sorbitol Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sorbitol stimulus.
carbon catabolite activation of transcription from rna polymerase ii promoter Any process involving carbon catabolites that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chemokines.
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via mhc class ii The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.
cholesterol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues.
positive regulation of interleukin-1 secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 from a cell.
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via mhc class ib The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxynucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
neural crest cell migration involved in sympathetic nervous system development Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in sympathetic nervous system development.
positive regulation of t-helper 17 type immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.
nucleocytoplasmic transport The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
modulation by virus of host morphology or physiology The process in which a virus effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism.
neural fold elevation formation The process in which the lateral borders of the neural plate begin to migrate upwards to form the neural folds, caused by the proliferation of the underlying mesoderm.
cytidine deamination The removal of amino group in the presence of water.
branched-chain amino acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.
regulation of interleukin-13 secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-13 secretion.
myotube differentiation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. This process occurs as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
response to nutrient Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.
positive regulation of receptor biosynthetic process Any process that increases the frequency or rate of receptor biosynthesis. Receptor biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
regulation of cgmp biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cGMP.
positive regulation of response to external stimulus Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus.
mo-molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.
cellular defense response A defense response that is mediated by cells.
positive regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell activation.
response to blue light Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a blue light stimulus. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm.
positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1.
coronary artery morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of coronary arteries are generated and organized. Coronary arteries are blood vessels that transport blood to the heart muscle.
detection of wounding The series of events by which an injury stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
cytoplasmic actin-based contraction involved in cell motility The actin filament-based movement by which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in a contraction that propels the cell from one place to another.
alpha-beta t cell differentiation The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. An alpha-beta T cell is a T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex.
negative regulation of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport. Plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport is the directed movement of long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane.
definitive erythrocyte differentiation Erythrocyte differentiation which occurs as part of the process of definitive hemopoiesis.
positive regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus
negative regulation of cargo loading into copii-coated vesicle Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cargo loading into a COPII-coated vesicle.
positive regulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.
positive regulation of interleukin-8 secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-8 secretion.
regulation of protein homodimerization activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.
embryonic ectodermal digestive tract morphogenesis The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, by which the anatomical structures of the ectodermal digestive tract are generated and organized.
negative regulation of interferon-gamma secretion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interferon-gamma secretion.
prenylcysteine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving prenylcysteine, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl-cysteine, a derivative of the amino acid cysteine formed by the covalent addition of a prenyl residue.
3-keto-sphinganine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-keto-sphinganine, a derivative of sphinganine with a ketone group at C3. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of sphingosine.
trehalose metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.
sodium ion export from cell The directed movement of sodium ions out of a cell.
antigen processing and presentation, exogenous lipid antigen via mhc class ib The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen of exogenous origin in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family.
positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.
regulation of receptor activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor activity. Receptor activity is when a molecule combines with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity.
chemical homeostasis Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical.
centromeric sister chromatid cohesion The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the length of the centromeric region of the chromosome.
chaperone mediated protein folding requiring cofactor The process of assisting in the correct posttranslational noncovalent assembly of proteins, which is dependent on additional protein cofactors. This process occurs over one or several cycles of nucleotide hydrolysis-dependent binding and release.
slit diaphragm assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a slit diaphragm, specialized cell-cell junction found between the interdigitating foot processes of the glomerular epithelium (the podocytes) in the vertebrate kidney, which is adapted for facilitating glomerular filtration.
vitamin e metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.
termination of rna polymerase i transcription The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule by RNA polymerase I using a DNA template is completed. RNAP I termination requires binding of a terminator protein so specific sequences downstream of the transcription unit.
regulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a target cell, the directed killing of a target cell by a neutrophil.
regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.
mrna 3'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule.
muscle atrophy A process, occurring in the muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.
positive regulation of sodium ion transport Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-1 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
protein localization to juxtaparanode region of axon Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the juxtaparanode region of an axon.
negative regulation of kit signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Kit signaling pathway.
embryonic epithelial tube formation The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure.
melanocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte.
mitochondrial rna processing The conversion of a primary RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome into one or more mature RNA molecules; occurs in the mitochondrion.
positive regulation of transcription during mitosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription during mitosis.
synaptic vesicle exocytosis Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
histone h3-k27 trimethylation The modification of histone H3 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 27 of the histone.
regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of stat3 protein Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein.
positive regulation of t cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.
polyadenylation-dependent ncrna catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a noncoding RNA (ncRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target ncRNA.
regulation of spermidine biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spermidine biosynthetic process.
negative regulation of protein phosphorylation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
regulation of myd88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
mesonephric tubule morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric tubule are generated and organized. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.
nadh oxidation A metabolic process that results in the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH, to the oxidized form, NAD.
chitin catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
negative regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity
leucyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling leucine to leucyl-tRNA, catalyzed by leucyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
spindle assembly involved in female meiosis The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma.
very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.
cgmp-mediated signaling Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic GMP (cGMP). Includes production of cGMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.
negative regulation of natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation as part of an immune response.
oligopeptide transmembrane transport The directed movement of an oligopeptide across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway A series of molecular signals mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1) in response to lowered oxygen levels (hypoxia). Under hypoxic conditions, the oxygen-sensitive alpha-subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 dimerizes with a HIF1-beta subunit (also called ARNT or aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor nuclear translocator), translocates to the nucleus and activates transcription of genes whose products participate in responding to hypoxia.
sinoatrial valve morphogenesis The process in which the structure of the sinoatrial valve is generated and organized.
positive regulation of striated muscle tissue development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.
negative regulation of ossification Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone formation.
cellular response to light stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.
response to insulin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.
peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine.
limb bud formation The process pertaining to the initial formation of a limb bud from unspecified parts. This process begins with the formation of a local condensation of mesenchyme cells within the prospective limb field, and ends when a limb bud is recognizable.
peptidyl-proline hydroxylation The hydroxylation of peptidyl-proline to form peptidyl-hydroxyproline.
carnosine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the dipeptide beta-alanyl-L-histidine (carnosine).
renal filtration A renal system process in which fluid circulating through the body is filtered through a barrier system.
negative regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
cellular response to chromate Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chromate stimulus.
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex i biogenesis The biogenesis of a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, a protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Includes the synthesis of constituent proteins and their aggregation, arrangement and bonding together.
negative regulation of vasculature development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.
respiratory electron transport chain A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
peptidyl-cysteine oxidation The oxidation of peptidyl-cysteine to peptidyl-L-cysteine sulfinic acid or peptidyl-L-cysteine sulfenic acid.
regulation of t-helper 1 cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell activation.
regulation of heat generation Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heat generation.
ctp salvage Any process which produces cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP) from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
regulation of arachidonic acid secretion Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of arachidonic acid secretion, the controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue.
regulation of gluconeogenesis involved in cellular glucose homeostasis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis as an integral part of cellular glucose homeostasis.
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.
flavonoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton including flavones, flavonols and flavanoids, and anthocyanins.
chondroblast differentiation The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes.
ribonucleoside bisphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.
enkephalin processing The formation of mature enkephalin, a pentapeptide hormone involved in regulating pain and nociception in the body by proteolytic processing of enkephalin propeptide.
regulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues.
gonadal mesoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonadal mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonadal mesoderm is the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form the gonads of the organism.
regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via mhc class ii Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
stat protein import into nucleus The directed movement of dimerized STAT (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) proteins into the nucleus following activation by members of the janus activated kinase (JAK) family of tyrosine kinases.
negative regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand.
regulation of axon diameter Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon growth such that the correct diameter is attained and maintained.
regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
modification by symbiont of host morphology or physiology The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism.
detection of lipoteichoic acid The series of events in which a lipoteichoic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal; lipoteichoic acid is a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a chain of glycerol-phosphate repeating units linked to a glycolipid anchor.
positive regulation of cartilage development Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
cellular calcium ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell.
regulation of gap junction assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gap junction assembly.
positive regulation of bmp signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity.
positive regulation of serine-type peptidase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type peptidase activity.
plasma membrane organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.
pteridine-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.
somatic cell dna recombination Recombination occurring within or between DNA molecules in somatic cells.
pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
regulation of glucose metabolic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
bile acid conjugation The process in which bile acids are covalently linked to taurine or glycine.
starch catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants.
secondary heart field specification The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract).
post-golgi vesicle-mediated transport The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.
very long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
ammonium ion metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the ammonium ion.
anti-mullerian hormone signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of anti-Mullerian hormone to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the bone marrow.
protein o-linked glycosylation via serine The glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-serine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-serine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, galactosyl, and xylosyl serine.
cell fate determination involved in pattern specification A process involved in commitment of a cell to a fate in a developmental field. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.
epithelial cell maturation involved in prostate gland development The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell of the prostate gland to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.
negative regulation of gastric acid secretion Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
positive regulation of defense response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.
negative regulation of signaling Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
polyamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.
uterus development The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
dna replication-independent nucleosome assembly The formation of nucleosomes outside the context of DNA replication.
dna strand elongation The DNA metabolic process in which a DNA strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing DNA stand.
regulation of humoral immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
cortical collecting duct development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cortical collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cortical collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex.
negative regulation of ectodermal cell fate specification Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an ectoderm cell.
negative regulation of t-helper 17 cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.
l-lysine import across plasma membrane The directed movement of L-lysine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.
receptor catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
hydrogen transport The directed movement of hydrogen (H2 or H+), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
gluconeogenesis The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.
transdifferentiation The conversion of a differentiated cell of one fate into a differentiated cell of another fate without first undergoing cell division or reversion to a more primitive or stem cell-like fate.
regulation of dna damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.
cellular response to zinc ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus.
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.
positive regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity
positive regulation of protein homodimerization activity Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.
response to mechanical stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.
positive regulation of phosphatase activity Any process that increases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.
regulation of protein acetylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein acetylation.
lysyl-trna aminoacylation The process of coupling lysine to lysyl-tRNA, catalyzed by lysyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
type b pancreatic cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
spliceosomal complex disassembly Disassembly of a spliceosomal complex with the ATP-dependent release of the product RNAs, one of which is composed of the joined exons. In cis splicing, the other product is the excised sequence, often a single intron, in a lariat structure.
purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
regulation of oxidoreductase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.
regulation of thymocyte aggregation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte aggregation.
response to nicotine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nicotine stimulus.
pilomotor reflex The reflex process in which the arrectores pilorum (hair follicle) muscles contract and cause the hair to stand erect.
response to methylmercury Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylmercury stimulus.
dipeptide transport The directed movement of a dipeptide, a combination of two amino acids by means of a peptide (-CO-NH-) link, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
ectoderm and mesoderm interaction A cell-cell signaling process occurring between the two gastrulation-generated layers of the ectoderm and the mesoderm.
sensory system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sensory system over time from its formation to the mature structure.
purine-containing compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.
pointed-end actin filament capping The binding of a protein or protein complex to the pointed (or minus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits.
regulation of chondrocyte development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.
positive regulation of macroautophagy Any process, such as recognition of nutrient depletion, that activates or increases the rate of macroautophagy to bring cytosolic macromolecules to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation.
nadp metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; metabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.
cd40 signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cell surface receptor CD40 to one of its physiological ligands, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
active induction of host immune response by virus The intentional, virally-encoded stimulation of a host defense response to viral infection.
regulation of protein localization to cilium Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.
caax-box protein processing The second process in a series of specific posttranslational modifications to the CAAX box region of CAAX box proteins, in which the last three amino acids of the protein (AAX) are removed by proteolysis.
glomerular parietal epithelial cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular parietal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport.
positive regulation of cd4-positive, cd25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory t cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells.
organ maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an organ to attain its fully functional state. An organ is a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
metanephric connecting tubule development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric connecting tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the metanephric nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct in the metanephros.
lung ciliated cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung ciliated cell. A lung ciliated cell is a specialized lung epithelial cell that contains a motile cilium for moving substances released from lung secretory cells.
regulation of keratinocyte proliferation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential The process in which cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.
trachea formation The process pertaining to the initial formation of a trachea from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the trachea is recognizable. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.
negative regulation of cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
renal system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure Renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
renal system vasculature development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of vasculature of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to or removed from a target protein.
regulation of response to biotic stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
cdp biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CDP, cytidine (5'-)diphosphate.
lymphocyte activation A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
pharynx development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pharynx from an initial condition to its mature state. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth.
positive regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the mitotic metaphase to anaphase transition.
positive regulation of cation channel activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.
artery morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs.
negative regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids.
cellular response to interferon-gamma Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.
kidney interstitial fibroblast differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the interstitial fibroblast of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity involved in g1/s transition of mitotic cell cycle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity contributing to the G1/S transition of the cell cycle.
protein depolymerization The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.
positive regulation of protein oligomerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.
udp-n-acetylglucosamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
spindle assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.
glucose homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell.
receptor internalization A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of receptors from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The process begins when cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation. Receptors are subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles from where they are either targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane.
seminal vesicle epithelium development The progression of the seminal vesicle epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
dna methylation or demethylation The process of adding or removing a methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule.
ribosomal large subunit export from nucleus The directed movement of a ribosomal large subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
negative regulation of signal transduction in absence of ligand Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction in absence of ligand.
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
negative regulation of embryonic development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate during a mitotic cell cycle.
formation of radial glial scaffolds The formation of scaffolds from a radial glial cell. The scaffolds are used as a substrate for the radial migration of cells.
negative regulation of muscle tissue development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.
dna replication-dependent nucleosome organization The formation or destruction of chromatin structures on newly replicated DNA, coupled to strand elongation.
glucagon secretion The regulated release of glucagon from secretory granules in the A (alpha) cells of the pancreas (islets of Langerhans).
oligopeptide transport The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
c-5 methylation of cytosine The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 of cytosine in a DNA molecule.
leukocyte activation involved in immune response A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
positive regulation of b cell mediated immunity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.
purine nucleobase biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
protein import into nucleus, translocation A protein transport process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the vectorial transfer of a cargo-carrier protein complex through the nuclear pore complex from the cytoplasmic side to the nucleoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope.
morphogenesis of a branching structure The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes.
axis elongation involved in somitogenesis The developmental growth that results in the elongation of the rostral-caudal axis that contributes to somitogenesis.
establishment of t cell polarity The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell.
response to vitamin k Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin K stimulus.
trna transport The directed movement of tRNA, transfer ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
growth The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.
meiotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric The cell cycle process in which centromeres of sister chromatids are joined during meiosis.
positive regulation of renal albumin absorption Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of renal albumin absorption.
regulation of transcription involved in g1/s transition of mitotic cell cycle Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are involved in the transition between G1 and S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase.
indole-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
response to vitamin e Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin E stimulus.
response to vitamin d Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus.
regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity involved in g1/s transition of mitotic cell cycle Any process that controls the frequency, rate or extent of G1 cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity contributing to the G1/S transition of the cell cycle.
positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
nicotinamide nucleotide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinamide.
conversion of methionyl-trna to n-formyl-methionyl-trna The modification process that results in the conversion of methionine charged on a tRNA(fMet) to N-formyl-methionine-tRNA(fMet).
mucosal immune response An immune response taking place in mucosal tissues, including those of the intestinal tract, nasal and upper respiratory tract, and genital tract.
endosome to lysosome transport The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes.
regulation of keratinocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.
regulation of cilium beat frequency Any process that modulates the frequency of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
adenosine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.
negative regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.
histone h2a ubiquitination The modification of histone H2A by addition of one or more ubiquitin groups.
maintenance of transcriptional fidelity during dna-templated transcription elongation from rna polymerase ii promoter Suppression of the occurrence of transcriptional errors, such as substitutions and/or insertions of nucleotides that do not correctly match the template base, during the process of transcription elongation from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
elastin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of elastin, a fibrous glycoprotein found in elastic tissues such as the walls of arteries.
epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR (ERBB1) on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
protein-dna complex subunit organization Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-DNA complex.
cellular response to lipoprotein particle stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoprotein particle stimulus.
uv-damage excision repair A DNA repair process that is initiated by an endonuclease that introduces a single-strand incision immediately 5' of a UV-induced damage site. UV-damage excision repair acts on both cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine-pyrimidone 6-4 photoproducts (6-4PPs).
negative regulation of gastrulation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation.
myoblast development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
cellular protein complex disassembly The disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Protein complexes may have other associated non-protein prosthetic groups, such as nucleic acids, metal ions or carbohydrate groups.
positive regulation of protein homooligomerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein homooligomerization.
negative regulation of lymphangiogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphangiogenesis.
cell morphogenesis The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.
nucleus localization Any process in which the nucleus is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
myotube cell development The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
immortalization of host cell by virus A virus-induced cellular transformation arising in immortalized cells, or cells capable of indefinite replication, due to their ability to produce their own telomerase.
positive regulation of natural killer cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation.
negative regulation of cardiac muscle contraction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.
interleukin-13 biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-13.
sarcomere organization The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
positive regulation of meiotic nuclear division
regulation of lung goblet cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lung goblet cell differentiation.
cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin The attachment of one cell to another cell via a cadherin, transmembrane proteins having repeating extracellular calcium ion binding domains.
negative regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.
regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates.
positive regulation of glucose metabolic process Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
pentacyclic triterpenoid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 5 carbon rings.
regulation of muscle filament sliding Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle filament sliding.
very long-chain fatty acid catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
vesicle docking The initial attachment of a transport vesicle membrane to the target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane. Docking requires only that the two membranes come close enough for these proteins to interact and adhere.
adenylate cyclase-activating g-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through activation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
megakaryocyte development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a megakaryocyte cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Megakaryocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a megakaryocyte fate. A megakaryocyte is a giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow.
positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.
diacylglycerol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.
porphyrin-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrins consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.
regulation of memory t cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of memory T cell activation.
regulation of sodium ion transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
peptidyl-lysine hydroxylation The hydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-hydroxylysine.
regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
negative regulation of glutamine transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamine transport.
negative regulation of mechanoreceptor differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mechanoreceptor differentiation.
mammary gland bud morphogenesis The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary gland buds are generated and organized. Mammary gland buds form by an outpocketing of the mammary placodes and grow to invade the mammary fat, when they form the mammary cord.
negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors.
regulation of nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a nodal signaling pathway, where the nodal signaling pathway is involved in determination of left/right asymmetry.
positive regulation of dna n-glycosylase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA N-glycosylase activity.
adaptation of signaling pathway The regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus.
cellular response to camptothecin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a camptothecin stimulus.
l-alanine transport The directed movement of L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of ruffle assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ruffle assembly.
positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.
pentose-phosphate shunt, oxidative branch The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which involves the oxidation of glucose 6-P and produces ribulose 5-P, reduced NADP+ and carbon dioxide (CO2).
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division
lung cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a mature cell found in the lung. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
ubiquitin-independent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation. This process is independent of ubiquitination.
negative regulation of alpha-beta t cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.
negative regulation of rubidium ion transmembrane transporter activity Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of rubidium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
nucleotide transmembrane transport The directed movement of nucleotide across a membrane.
coenzyme transport The directed movement of a coenzyme into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A coenzyme is any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
establishment of epithelial cell polarity The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization of an epithelial cell.
nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
programmed cell death A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell.
common myeloid progenitor cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of common myeloid progenitor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A common myeloid progenitor cell is a progenitor cell committed to the myeloid lineage.
cytolysis by symbiont of host cells The killing by an organism of a cell in its host organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
urokinase plasminogen activator signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of urokinase plasminogen activator to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
negative regulation of chemokine production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.
rna processing Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules.
pigment granule localization Any process in which a pigment granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
hydrogen peroxide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.
olfactory learning Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue.
regulation of cellular response to stress Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular response to stress. Cellular response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
regulation of cellular ph reduction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.
cholesterol transport The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
peptidyl-lysine hydroxylation to 5-hydroxy-l-lysine The hydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to peptidyl-5-hydroxy-L-lysine.
negative regulation of chromatin binding Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
cellular response to endogenous stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism.
u4 snrna 3'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a U4 snRNA molecule.
mitotic spindle elongation The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle. Spindle elongation begins during prophase and ends during anaphase B.
regulation of angiotensin metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving angiotensin.
dna protection Any process in which DNA is protected from damage by, for example, oxidative stress.
interaction with symbiont An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term symbiont is used for the smaller (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis; the various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, commensalism and mutualism.
regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.
immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a cell capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response.
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
regulation of lysosomal membrane permeability Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the lysosomal membrane.
negative regulation of collateral sprouting Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting.
regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.
negative regulation of organelle organization Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
regulation of tau-protein kinase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.
glycine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycine, aminoethanoic acid.
receptor internalization involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway A receptor internalization process that contributes to canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 4.
regulation of cilium movement involved in cell motility Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of cilium movement involved in ciliary motility.
evasion or tolerance of defenses of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process, either active or passive, by which an organism avoids or tolerates the effects of a second organism's defense(s), where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. Defenses may be induced by the presence of the organism or may be preformed (e.g. physical barriers).
regulation of lipid catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.
regulation of lymphangiogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphangiogenesis.
glial cell fate determination The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
positive regulation of endothelial cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.
viral rna genome packaging The packaging of viral RNA (single-stranded or double-stranded) into a nucleocapsid.
heterochromatin assembly The assembly of chromatin into heterochromatin, a compact and highly condensed form that is often, but not always, transcriptionally silent.
negative regulation of response to oxidative stress Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.
mitochondrial dna metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving mitochondrial DNA.
interleukin-8 production The appearance of interleukin-8 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
l-lysine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-lysine, the L-enantiomer of (S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.
negative regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.
regulation of cell cycle process Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum A protein folding process that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Secreted, plasma membrane and organelle proteins are folded in the ER, assisted by chaperones and foldases (protein disulphide isomerases), and additional factors required for optimal folding (ATP, Ca2+ and an oxidizing environment to allow disulfide bond formation).
negative regulation of protein depolymerization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.
evasion or tolerance of immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction Any process in which an organism avoids the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
er to golgi ceramide transport The directed movement of a ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.
metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase as part of the cell cycle.
positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.
insulin processing The formation of mature insulin by proteolysis of the precursor preproinsulin. The signal sequence is first cleaved from preproinsulin to form proinsulin; proinsulin is then cleaved to release the C peptide, leaving the A and B chains of mature insulin linked by disulfide bridges.
establishment of protein localization to membrane The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a membrane.
negative regulation of myotube differentiation Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
negative regulation of phosphatase activity Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.
cardiolipin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cardiolipin, 1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol.
creatine transport The directed movement of creatine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Creatine is a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.