| Description | occurrence frequencies for biological terms in abstracts of publications describing phosphosites |
| Measurement | association by text-mining |
| Association | protein-biological term associations by occurrence of biological term in abstracts of publications describing phosphosite on protein |
| Category | structural or functional annotations |
| Resource | Phosphosite Textmining |
| Last Updated |
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Attribute Similarity
Dataset
Gene Similarity
882 sets of proteins co-occuring with biological terms in abstracts of publications describing phosphosites from the Phosphosite Textmining Biological Term Annotations dataset.
| Gene Set | Description |
|---|---|
| 13-acetate | |
| 14-3-3 | |
| 293t | |
| 32p | |
| 32p-labeled | |
| 3t3 | |
| 3t3-cells | |
| 3t3-l1 | |
| a2 | |
| abl | |
| acetylated | |
| acetylation | |
| acetyltransferase | |
| actin | |
| active-transport-cell-nucleus | |
| adaptor-proteins-signal-transducing | |
| adaptor-proteins-vesicular-transport | |
| adenosine-triphosphate | |
| adenoviridae | |
| adenylyl | |
| adhesion | |
| adhesions | |
| adipocytes | |
| adipose | |
| adult | A maturity quality inhering in an individual by virtue of the individual having attained sexual maturity and full growth |
| aggregates | |
| aggregation | |
| aging | A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death (GO:0016265) and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700). |
| agonist-induced | |
| agonists | |
| akt | |
| akt/pkb | |
| akt1 | |
| al | quantification of the distance between the anterior surface of the cornea and the fovea, usually measured by A-scan ultrasonography or optical coherence biometry |
| ala | |
| allosteric | |
| alpha-subunit | |
| alpha1 | |
| alzheimer's | A dementia that results in progressive memory loss, impaired thinking, disorientation, and changes in personality and mood starting in late middle age and leads in advanced cases to a profound decline in cognitive and physical functioning and is marked histologically by the degeneration of brain neurons especially in the cerebral cortex and by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and plaques containing beta-amyloid. It is characterized by memory lapses, confusion, emotional instability and progressive loss of mental ability.|A progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of function and death of nerve cells in several areas of the brain leading to loss of cognitive function such as memory and language.|A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)|A dementia which is an incurable disease of unknown cause, starting in late middle age or in old age, that results in progressive memory loss, impaired thinking, disorientation, and changes in personality and mood, that leads in advanced cases to a profound decline in cognitive and physical functioning, and that is marked histologically by the degeneration of brain neurons especially in the cerebral cortex and by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and plaques containing beta-amyloid. |
| amino-acid-substitution | |
| amp | |
| amp-activated | |
| ampk | |
| amyloid | |
| anaphase | The cell cycle phase, following metaphase, during which the chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle. |
| anchorage-independent | |
| anchoring | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with both a protein or protein complex and a membrane, in order to maintain the localization of the protein at a specific location on the membrane. |
| androgen | |
| androstadienes | |
| angiogenesis | Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. |
| angiotensin | |
| animals-newborn | |
| anisomycin | |
| antibody-specificity | |
| antigen | |
| antineoplastic-agents | |
| antioxidant | |
| aorta | |
| aortic | |
| ap-1 | |
| apical | Apical is a geometric modifier describing the tip of a pyramidal or rounded structure. For example, lung apical. |
| apoptosis | |
| apoptotic | |
| app | |
| arginine | |
| arrested | |
| arrestins | |
| artery | |
| asp | |
| aspartic | |
| astrocytes | |
| ataxia | |
| atm | |
| atm-dependent | |
| atp | |
| atpase | |
| atr | |
| aurora | |
| autoinhibitory | |
| autophagy | The process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation. |
| autophosphorylated | |
| autophosphorylation | |
| autosomal | |
| axon | The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. |
| b-cell | |
| b1 | |
| bacterial | |
| bad | |
| bax | |
| bcl-2 | |
| bcl-xl | |
| bcr | |
| beta-adrenergic | |
| beta-catenin | |
| beta1 | |
| biosynthesis | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. |
| biotinylation | |
| blood | |
| blotting-northern | |
| bodies | |
| bone | Portion of tissue which is calcified connective tissue making up the structural elements of the skeletal system.|Connective tissue that forms the skeletal components of the body.|The hard form of connective tissue that constitutes the majority of the skeleton of most vertebrates; it consists of an organic component (the cells and matrix) and an inorganic, or mineral, component; the matrix contains a framework of collagenous fibers and is impregnated with the mineral component, chiefly calcium phosphate (85 per cent) and calcium carbonate (10 per cent), which imparts the quality of rigidity to bone. |
| bovine | |
| brain | |
| brca1 | |
| breast | |
| breast-neoplasms | |
| butadienes | |
| c-fos | |
| c-jun | |
| c-myc | |
| c-src | |
| ca2+ | |
| cadherins | |
| calcineurin | |
| calcium | |
| calcium-calmodulin-dependent-protein-kinases | |
| cam | |
| camkii | |
| camp | |
| cancer | A malignant neoplasm in which new abnormal tissue grow by excessive cellular division and proliferation more rapidly than normal and continues to grow after the stimuli that initiated the new growth cease. |
| canine | |
| carcinogenesis | |
| carcinoma | A type of malignant cancer that arises from epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. |
| cardiac | |
| carrier-proteins | |
| cascades | |
| casein | |
| caspases | |
| catalysis | |
| cattle | |
| caveolin-1 | |
| cbp | |
| cdc2-protein-kinase | |
| cdc42 | |
| cdk | |
| cdk1 | |
| cdk2 | |
| cdk5 | |
| cdks | |
| cdna | cDNA library is created from a mature mRNAs from eukaryotic cells with the use of an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase. |
| cell-adhesion | The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. |
| cell-cell | |
| cell-cycle-proteins | |
| cell-division | The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells. |
| cell-line-tumor | |
| cell-movement | |
| cell-nucleus | A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. |
| cell-transformation-neoplastic | |
| centrosome | A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. |
| cercopithecus-aethiops | |
| cerebellar | |
| cerebellum | |
| cerebral-cortex | |
| cgmp | |
| channel | |
| channels | |
| chaperone | |
| checkpoint | |
| chemotaxis | The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). |
| chickens | |
| chimeric | |
| chinese | Denotes the inhabitants of China, a person from there, or their descendants elsewhere. |
| chk1 | |
| chk2 | |
| chloride | |
| cho | |
| cho-cells | |
| chromatin | The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. |
| chromones | |
| chromosomal | |
| chromosome | A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. |
| cisplatin | |
| ck2 | |
| ckii | |
| clathrin | |
| cleavage | |
| clinical | |
| clones | |
| coactivator | |
| cofilin | |
| collagen | |
| colon | |
| colorectal | |
| conductance | |
| constructed | |
| contractile | |
| contractility | |
| cortex | |
| cortical | The renal cortex is the outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla. In the adult, it forms a continuous smooth outer zone with a number of projections (cortical columns) that extend down between the pyramids. It contains the renal corpuscles and the renal tubules except for parts of the loop of Henle which descend into the renal medulla. It also contains blood vessels and cortical collecting ducts. The renal cortex is the part of the kidney where ultrafiltration occurs. Erythropoietin is produced in the renal cortex. |
| cos | |
| cos-1 | |
| cos-7 | |
| cos-cells | |
| creb | |
| cricetinae | |
| cricetulus | |
| cross-linking | |
| crystallography-x-ray | |
| cyclase | |
| cycle-dependent | |
| cyclic-amp-dependent-protein-kinases | |
| cyclic-gmp | |
| cyclin-dependent | |
| cyclin-dependent-kinase-2 | |
| cycloheximide | |
| cysteine | |
| cytochrome | Enables the directed movement of electrons within the noncyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis. |
| cytokine | |
| cytokines | |
| cytoplasmic | |
| cytoskeletal | |
| cytoskeleton | Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. |
| cytosolic | |
| cytotoxic | |
| d2 | |
| damage | |
| deacetylase | |
| death | A permanent cessation of all vital functions: the end of life; can be applied to a whole organism or to a part of an organism. |
| degradation | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism. |
| dehydrogenase | |
| dendrites | |
| dendritic | |
| dephosphorylate | |
| depolarization | |
| depression | Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.|An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.|Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depression present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.|Marked depression appearing in the involution period and characterized by hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and agitation.|Severe mental disorder with onset in MIDDLE AGE, marked by withdrawl, abnormal affect, disturbed intellectual processes, and there may be regression. |
| developmental | |
| dexamethasone | |
| diabetes | A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels due to diminished production of insulin or insulin resistance/desensitization.|A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE. |
| diabetic | |
| diet | Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal. This does not include DIET THERAPY, a specific diet prescribed in the treatment of a disease.|The customary allowance of food and drink taken by a person or an animal from day to day, particularly one especially planned to meet specific requirements of the individual, including or excluding certain items of food; a prescribed course of eating and drinking in which the amount and kind of food, as well as the times at which it is to be taken, are regulated for therapeutic purposes or selected with reference to a particular state of health. |
| differentiated | A property of a cell which is no longer pluripotent |
| differentiation | |
| digestion | The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. |
| dimerization | |
| discrete | |
| disease | A disease is a disposition that describes states of disease associated with a particular sample and/or organism. |
| disorders | |
| dna-activated-protein-kinase | |
| dna-binding-proteins | |
| dna-breaks-double-stranded | |
| dna-dependent | |
| dna-pk | |
| docking | |
| dogs | |
| dopamine | |
| dorsal | Dorsal is a geometric modifier describing parts of an organism relating to or situated near or on the back. For example, dorsal fin. |
| dose-dependent | |
| dose-response-relationship-drug | |
| doxorubicin | |
| drosophila | |
| drug-therapy | |
| dsb | |
| dsbs | |
| e-cadherin | |
| e2 | |
| e3 | |
| ectopic | |
| edman | |
| effector | |
| eg | Brain structure which is paired and part of the vestibulolateralis lobe of the cerebellum and extends fibers into the cerebellar crest. From Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain. |
| egf | |
| egf-induced | |
| egfr | Combining with an epidermal growth factor and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity. |
| eif4e | |
| embryonic | |
| endocytic | |
| endocytosis | A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. |
| endoplasmic | |
| endosomes | |
| endothelial | |
| endothelium-vascular | |
| enzyme-inhibitors | |
| epidermal | |
| epigenetic | |
| epithelial | |
| epithelium | |
| epitope | |
| er | The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). |
| eralpha | |
| erk | |
| erk-dependent | |
| erk1/2 | |
| erk2 | |
| erks | |
| escherichia-coli | |
| ester | |
| estradiol | |
| estrogen | |
| etiology | |
| etoposide | |
| eukaryotes | |
| eukaryotic | |
| excitability | |
| excitatory | |
| exocytosis | A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process in which most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells. |
| exons | |
| export | |
| exposure | The act of subjecting someone or something to an influencing experience. E.g. exposure to cigarette smoke |
| extracellular | The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. |
| factor-1 | |
| fak | |
| fas | |
| fat | |
| fatty | |
| feedback | |
| female | A biological sex quality inhering in an individual or a population that only produces gametes that can be fertilised by male gametes. |
| fetal | |
| fibers | |
| fibroblasts | |
| fibronectin | |
| fibrosis | |
| finger | |
| flavonoids | |
| foci | |
| forkhead-transcription-factors | |
| forskolin | |
| fractionation | |
| fyn | |
| g-protein-coupled | |
| g1 | |
| g1-phase | The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA segregation (usually by mitosis or meiosis) and the beginning of DNA synthesis. |
| g1/s | |
| g2 | Cells are made by W. Gehring from 6-10 hr embryos of cross y w f x In(3LR)C269, e mwh |
| g2-phase | The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of DNA segregation (usually by mitosis or meiosis). |
| g2/m | |
| gap | |
| gene-expression-regulation | |
| genistein | |
| genotoxic | |
| glial | |
| glioblastoma | The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade IV). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and it is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. It may develop from diffuse astrocytoma WHO grade II or anaplastic astrocytoma (secondary glioblastoma), but more frequently, it manifests after a short clinical history de novo, without evidence of a less malignant precursor lesion (primary glioblastoma). Two histologic variants are recognized: giant cell glioblastoma and gliosarcoma. (WHO)|Glial cell derived tumors arising from the optic nerve, usually presenting in childhood. Roughly 50% are associated with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1. Clinical manifestations include decreased visual acuity; EXOPHTHALMOS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; pallor or swelling of the optic disc; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. The tumor may extend into the optic chiasm and hypothalamus (MeSH).|A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures (MeSH).|A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures. |
| glioma | A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the brain or spinal cord. Representative examples include anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma, anaplastic (malignant) meningioma, lymphoma, and metastatic carcinoma from another anatomic site.|Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas ( ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas ( OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle (MeSH). |
| glu | |
| glucocorticoid | |
| glucose | |
| glur1 | |
| glut4 | |
| glutamate | |
| glutamic | |
| glutathione-transferase | |
| glycogen | |
| glycogen-synthase-kinase-3 | |
| glycosylation | The covalent attachment and further modification of carbohydrate residues to a substrate molecule. |
| golgi | A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. |
| grb2 | |
| growth-&-development | |
| gsk-3beta | |
| gsk3beta | |
| gst | |
| gtp | |
| gtp-binding-proteins | |
| gtpase | |
| gtpase-activating-proteins | |
| guanine | |
| h2ax | |
| h2o2 | |
| h3 | |
| h89 | |
| hamster | |
| hct116-cells | |
| heart | |
| heat | |
| heat-shock-proteins | |
| hek | |
| hek-293 | |
| hek293-cells | |
| hela-cells | |
| hematopoietic | |
| hepatic | |
| hepatocytes | |
| hepatoma | A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.|Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.|A malignant tumor that arises from hepatocytes. Hepatocellular carcinoma is relatively rare in the United States but very common in all African countries south of the Sahara and in Southeast Asia. Most cases are seen in patients over the age of 50 years, but this tumor can also occur in younger individuals and even in children. Hepatocellular carcinoma is more common in males than females and is associated with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, chronic alcohol abuse and cirrhosis. Serum elevation of alpha-fetoprotein occurs in a large percentage of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Grossly, hepatocellular carcinoma may present as a single mass, as multiple nodules, or as diffuse liver involvement. Microscopically, there is a wide range of differentiation from tumor to tumor (well differentiated to poorly differentiated tumors). Hepatocellular carcinomas quickly metastasize to regional lymph nodes and lung. The overall median survival of untreated liver cell carcinoma is about 4 months. The most effective treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma is complete resection of the tumor. Lately, an increasing number of tumors have been treated with liver transplantation. --2002|A malignant tumor that arises from hepatocytes. Hepatocellular carcinoma is relatively rare in the United States but very common in all African countries south of the Sahara and in Southeast Asia. Most cases are seen in patients over the age of 50 years, but this tumor can also occur in younger individuals and even in children. Hepatocellular carcinoma is more common in males than females and is associated with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, chronic alcohol abuse and cirrhosis. Serum elevation of alpha-fetoprotein occurs in a large percentage of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Grossly, hepatocellular carcinoma may present as a single mass, as multiple nodules, or as diffuse liver involvement. Microscopically, there is a wide range of differentiation from tumor to tumor (well differentiated to poorly differentiated tumors). Hepatocellular carcinomas quickly metastasize to regional lymph nodes and lung. The overall median survival of untreated liver cell carcinoma is about 4 months. The most effective treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma is complete resection of the tumor. Lately, an increasing number of tumors have been treated with liver transplantation. |
| hepg2 | |
| heterotrimeric | |
| hippocampal | |
| histidine | |
| histone | |
| holoenzyme | |
| homeodomain-proteins | |
| homeostasis | Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state. |
| hormone | |
| hsp90 | |
| hydrogen-peroxide | |
| hydrophobic | |
| hydroxylase | |
| hyperphosphorylated | |
| hyperphosphorylation | |
| hypertension | Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more. |
| hypertrophy | Hypertrophy is the increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells. |
| hypoxia | |
| i-kappa-b-kinase | |
| i-kappa-b-proteins | |
| ic50 | |
| ifn-gamma | |
| igf-1 | |
| iii | |
| ikappab | |
| ikk | |
| ikkbeta | |
| il-2 | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-2 receptor. |
| il-6 | Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-6 receptor. |
| imidazoles | |
| immediate-early-proteins | |
| immune | |
| immunity | |
| immunoblot | |
| immunology | |
| immunoprecipitates | |
| immunoreceptor | |
| immunostaining | |
| impaired | |
| import | |
| in-situ-nick-end-labeling | |
| inactivation | |
| indoles | |
| infection | The state of being infected such as from the introduction of a foreign agent such as serum, vaccine, antigenic substance or organism. |
| inflammation | The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. |
| inflammatory | |
| injury | Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity. |
| insulin | |
| insulin-like | |
| integrin | |
| interferon | |
| interleukin-6 | |
| intermolecular | |
| interphase | The cell cycle phase following cytokinesis which begins with G1 phase, proceeds through S phase and G2 phase and ends when prophase of meiosis or mitosis begins. During interphase the cell readies itself for meiosis or mitosis and the replication of its DNA occurs. |
| intestinal | |
| invasion | |
| ion-channel-gating | |
| ionomycin | |
| ir | |
| irs-1 | |
| ischemia | A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION. |
| ischemic | |
| isomerase | |
| isoproterenol | |
| isoquinolines | |
| jak2 | |
| janus-kinase-2 | |
| jnk | Catalysis of the reaction: JUN + ATP = JUN phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation and activation of members of the JUN family, a gene family that encodes nuclear transcription factors. |
| jnk1 | |
| junctions | |
| jurkat-cells | |
| k+ | |
| k562-cells | |
| keratinocytes | |
| kidney | |
| kinetochores | |
| l-type | |
| lamellipodia | |
| lck | |
| lesions | |
| leucine | |
| leukemia | A cancer that affects the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal proliferation of blood cells.|A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)|A malignant (clonal) hematologic disorder, involving hematopoietic stem cells and characterized by the presence of primitive or atypical myeloid or lymphoid cells in the bone marrow and the blood. Leukemias are classified as acute or chronic based on the degree of cellular differentiation and the predominant cell type present. Leukemia is usually associated with anemia, fever, hemorrhagic episodes, and splenomegaly. Common leukemias include acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic or precursor lymphoblastic leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Treatment is vital to patient survival; untreated, the natural course of acute leukemias is normally measured in weeks or months, while that of chronic leukemias is more often measured in months or years. |
| leukocyte | |
| ligand-dependent | |
| ligase | |
| linker | |
| lipid | |
| lipopolysaccharides | |
| lithium | |
| liver | |
| lkb1 | |
| lncap | Human prostate carcinoma, established from the left supraclavicular lymph node metastasis from a 50-year-old man with prostate carcinoma in 1977; cells were described to be androgen-sensitive. |
| lps | |
| luminescent-proteins | |
| lung | |
| ly294002 | |
| lymphoma | A malignant (clonal) proliferation of B- lymphocytes or T- lymphocytes which involves the lymph nodes, bone marrow and/or extranodal sites. This category includes Non-Hodgkin lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphomas.|A cancer that affects lymphocytes that reside in the lymphatic system and in blood-forming organs.|A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.|Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease. |
| lyn | |
| lysine | |
| lysosomal | |
| macrophages | |
| male | A biological sex quality inhering in an individual or a population whose sex organs contain only male gametes. |
| maleimides | |
| malignancies | |
| malignant | |
| mammalian | |
| mammals | |
| mammary | |
| map | |
| map-kinase-kinase-4 | |
| map-kinase-kinase-kinases | |
| map-kinase-signaling-system | |
| mapk | |
| maps | |
| marrow | |
| matrix | |
| maturation | |
| mcf-7 | Human breast adenocarcinoma, established from the pleural effusion of a 69-year-old caucasian woman with metastatic mammary carcinoma (after radio- and hormone therapy) in 1970; cells were described of being positive for cytoplasmic estrogen receptors and having the capability to form domes. |
| mdm2 | |
| mek | |
| mek1 | |
| melanoma | A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)|A malignant, usually aggressive tumor composed of atypical, neoplastic melanocytes. Most often, melanomas arise in the skin (cutaneous melanomas) and include the following histologic subtypes: superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma, and lentigo maligna melanoma. Cutaneous melanomas may arise from acquired or congenital melanocytic or dysplastic nevi. Melanomas may also arise in other anatomic sites including the gastrointestinal system, eye, urinary tract, and reproductive system. Melanomas frequently metastasize to lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain. |
| membrane | Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. |
| membrane-glycoproteins | |
| memory | The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task). |
| metabolic | |
| metaphase | The cell cycle phase, following prophase or prometaphase in higher eukaryotes, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell. |
| metastasis | |
| methylation | The process in which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule. |
| mice-inbred-balb-c | |
| mice-inbred-c57bl | |
| mice-nude | |
| mice-transgenic | |
| microfilament-proteins | |
| microtubule-associated-proteins | |
| microtubules | |
| middle-aged | |
| migrating | |
| migration | |
| milk-proteins | |
| mitochondrial | |
| mitogen-activated-protein-kinase-1 | |
| mitogen-activated-protein-kinases | |
| mitogenic | |
| mitogens | |
| mitosis | A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell. |
| mitotic | |
| mobility | |
| monocytes | |
| monomeric | |
| morphogenesis | |
| morpholines | |
| morphological | |
| morphology | |
| motility | |
| motor | |
| mouse | |
| mrnas | |
| mtor | |
| multienzyme-complexes | |
| multiprotein-complexes | |
| murine | |
| muscle | A body tissue consisting of long cells that contract when stimulated and produce motion. |
| mutating | |
| mutation-missense | |
| myeloid | |
| myoblasts | |
| myocardial | |
| myocardium | |
| myocytes-cardiac | |
| myosin | |
| nadph | |
| neonatal | An infant during the first month after birth. |
| neoplasm-invasiveness | |
| neoplasm-proteins | |
| nerve-growth-factors | |
| nerve-tissue-proteins | |
| nervous | |
| neural | |
| neurite | |
| neuroblastoma | A neuroblastic tumor characterized by the presence of neuroblastic cells, the absence of ganglion cells, and the absence of a prominent Schwannian stroma formation.|A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)|A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (MeSH). |
| neurodegeneration | |
| neurodegenerative | |
| neuronal | |
| neurons | |
| neuropeptides | |
| neurotransmitter | |
| neurotrophic | |
| neutrophils | |
| nf-kappa-b | |
| nf-kappab | |
| ngf | |
| nh2-terminal | |
| nih3t3 | |
| nitric | |
| nitric-oxide | |
| nitric-oxide-synthase-type-iii | |
| nitriles | |
| nmda | |
| nocodazole | |
| nonreceptor | |
| nuclear-proteins | |
| nuclei | |
| nucleus | A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. |
| obesity | An eating-related disorder in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected. It is commonly defined as a body mass index (weight divided by height squared) of 30 kg/m2 or higher.|A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY). |
| okadaic | |
| oligomerization | |
| oncogenes | |
| oncogenic | |
| oncoprotein | |
| oocytes | |
| organ-specificity | |
| outgrowth | |
| ovarian | |
| ovary | Female reproductive organ. |
| oxidase | |
| oxidation | |
| oxidative | |
| oxide | |
| oxygen | |
| p21 | |
| p21-activated-kinases | |
| p27 | |
| p27kip1 | |
| p300 | |
| p38 | |
| p53 | |
| p53-dependent | |
| p65 | |
| p70 | |
| p70s6k | |
| p85 | |
| paclitaxel | |
| pak | |
| pak1 | |
| pancreatic | |
| parkinson's | A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)|A neurodegenerative disease that results_from degeneration of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's motor skills, speech, and other functions. |
| patch-clamp-techniques | |
| pathogenesis | The set of specific processes that generate the ability of an organism to cause disease in another. |
| pathological | |
| pathology | |
| paxillin | |
| pc12-cells | |
| pd98059 | |
| pdgf | |
| pdk1 | |
| pdz | |
| perinuclear | |
| peroxisome | A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism. |
| pervanadate | |
| pharmacological | |
| phe | |
| phenylalanine | |
| phorbol | |
| phosphatase | |
| phosphates | |
| phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases | |
| phosphoacceptor | |
| phosphoinositide | |
| phospholipase | |
| phosphomimetic | |
| phosphoserine | |
| phosphothreonine | |
| phosphotransferases-alcohol-group-acceptor | |
| phosphotyrosine | |
| pi3k | Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+). |
| pin1 | |
| piperazines | |
| pka | |
| pka-dependent | |
| pka-mediated | |
| pkb | |
| pkc | |
| pkc-dependent | |
| pkc-mediated | |
| pkcalpha | |
| pkcdelta | |
| pkcepsilon | |
| pkd | |
| pkg | |
| plasma | |
| plasticity | |
| platelet-derived | |
| platelets | |
| pleckstrin | |
| plk1 | |
| pma | |
| polarity | |
| polarized | |
| polo-like | |
| polyclonal | |
| polymerization | |
| potassium | |
| potentiated | |
| potentiates | |
| potentiation | |
| pp1 | |
| pp2 | |
| pp2a | |
| pregnancy | |
| proliferating | |
| proliferation | |
| proliferative | |
| proliferator-activated | |
| proline-rich | |
| promoter | |
| prophase | The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of M phase of meiosis and mitosis and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell. |
| protease | |
| proteasomal | |
| proteasome-endopeptidase-complex | |
| protein-1 | |
| protein-conformation | |
| protein-interaction-domains-and-motifs | |
| protein-interaction-mapping | |
| protein-kinase-c | |
| protein-kinase-inhibitors | |
| protein-multimerization | |
| protein-phosphatase-1 | |
| protein-processing-post-translational | |
| protein-stability | |
| protein-transport | The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. |
| proteolysis | The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. |
| proto-oncogene-proteins | |
| proto-oncogene-proteins-c-abl | |
| pseudopodia | |
| pten | |
| pulmonary | |
| pyk2 | |
| pyridines | |
| pyrimidines | |
| rabbits | |
| rac | |
| rac1 | |
| radiation-effects | |
| raf | |
| raf-1 | |
| rafts | |
| rapamycin | |
| ras | |
| ras-proteins | |
| rat | |
| rats-sprague-dawley | |
| rats-wistar | |
| receptor-epidermal-growth-factor | |
| receptor-erbb-2 | |
| receptor-mediated | |
| receptor-protein-tyrosine-kinases | |
| receptors | |
| receptors-n-methyl-d-aspartate | |
| reconstitution | |
| recruiting | |
| recruitment | |
| remodeling | |
| renal | |
| repair | |
| replacing | |
| replication | |
| reporter | |
| repressor-proteins | |
| resistance | |
| reticulum | |
| retina | |
| retinoblastoma | |
| retinoic | |
| reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction | |
| rho | |
| rho-associated-kinases | |
| rhoa | |
| ribosomal | |
| ribosomal-protein-s6-kinases | |
| rna | |
| rna-messenger | |
| rna-polymerase-ii | |
| rock | |
| ros | |
| rsk | |
| s-phase | The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place. |
| s-transferase | |
| s6 | |
| s6k1 | |
| saccharomyces-cerevisiae | |
| sb203580 | |
| scaffold | |
| sclerosis | |
| secretion | The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue. |
| secretory | |
| segregation | |
| senescence | |
| sequence-deletion | |
| sequestration | |
| ser | The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER. |
| ser-473 | |
| ser/thr | |
| ser15 | |
| ser473 | |
| serum | |
| sh2 | |
| sh3 | |
| shc | |
| shock | |
| shp-2 | |
| shp2 | |
| shuttling | |
| signal | |
| signal-regulated | |
| sirolimus | |
| skin | The integument of an animal (as a fur-bearing mammal or a bird) separated from the body usually with its hair or feathers.|Nonparenchymatous organ that consists of the epidermis, dermis and sets of hair and nails and which surrounds the entire body. Subdivisions of the skin surround various body parts; as a whole, the skin constitutes the external layer of the body. Examples: There is only one skin. |
| sodium | |
| somatic | |
| sorting | |
| spindle | The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. |
| splice | |
| splicing | The joining together, after removal of an intervening sequence composed of one or more introns, of two segments of the same RNA molecule via spliceosomal catalysis to produce an mRNA composed only of exon sequences that all came from the same primary transcript. |
| spodoptera | |
| src | |
| src-dependent | |
| src-family-kinases | |
| src-homology-domains | |
| stat1 | |
| stat3 | |
| stat5-transcription-factor | |
| staurosporine | |
| steroid | |
| stoichiometry | |
| stress | |
| striatal | |
| striatum | |
| subcellular | |
| substrate-1 | |
| sulfonamides | |
| sumoylation | The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxyl terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein. |
| suppressor | |
| survival | Time of survival is an information entity which is about the length of time a material entity has survived after some adverse event, such as infection from a disease. |
| swine | |
| syk | |
| synapses | |
| synaptic | |
| synthase | |
| t-lymphocytes | |
| targeting | |
| tau | |
| tau-proteins | |
| tcr | |
| telangiectasia | |
| testis | |
| tgf-beta | |
| therapeutic | |
| thr308 | |
| threonines | |
| thrombin | Thrombin is a trypsin-like serine protease protein that in humans is encoded by the F2 gene.[2][3] Prothrombin (coagulation factor II) is proteolytically cleaved to form thrombin in the coagulation cascade, which ultimately results in the stemming of blood loss. Thrombin in turn acts as a serine protease that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble strands of fibrin, as well as catalyzing many other coagulation-related reactions. |
| thyroid | |
| tnf | |
| tnf-alpha | |
| tnfalpha | |
| tor-serine-threonine-kinases | |
| toxicity | |
| toxin | |
| tpa | |
| trafficking | |
| trans-activators | |
| transactivation | |
| transcription-factor-rela | |
| transcription-factors | |
| transcription-genetic | |
| transcriptional | |
| transducers | |
| transforming-growth-factor-beta | |
| translocates | |
| translocation | A type of chromosome rearrangement in which two nonhomologous chromosomes are each broken and then repaired |
| transmission | |
| truncation | |
| trypsin | |
| tryptic | |
| tubulin | |
| tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha | Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, cachexin or cachectin formerly known as tumor necrosis factor-alpha or TNF-α) is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that stimulate the acute phase reaction. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages, although it can be produced by other cell types as well. |
| tumor-suppressor-proteins | |
| tumour | A benign or malignant tissue growth resulting from uncontrolled cell proliferation. Benign neoplastic cells resemble normal cells without exhibiting significant cytologic atypia, while malignant cells exhibit overt signs such as dysplastic features, atypical mitotic figures, necrosis, nuclear pleomorphism, and anaplasia. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include papillomas, cystadenomas, and lipomas; malignant neoplasms include carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, and leukemias. |
| turnover | |
| tyr | |
| tyrosine-phosphorylated | |
| u0126 | |
| ubiquitin | Acting as an indicator or marker to facilitate recognition by other molecules in the cell. Recognition of the tag, which can be covalently attached to the target molecule, may result in modification, sequestration, transport or degradation of the molecule in question. |
| ubiquitylation | |
| ultrastructure | |
| ultraviolet | |
| umbilical | |
| unphosphorylated | |
| uptake | The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis. |
| vanadates | |
| vascular | |
| vasopressin | |
| vegf | |
| vein | |
| ventricular | |
| vertebrate | |
| vesicles | |
| viability | |
| viral | |
| virology | |
| virus | |
| weight | The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms. |
| wnt | |
| wnt-proteins | |
| wortmannin | |
| wound | Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity. |
| xenopus | |
| yeast | |
| zap-70-protein-tyrosine-kinase | |
| zeta | |
| zinc | |
| zipper |
