1638 sets of proteins participating in pathways from the Reactome Pathways dataset.
Gene Set |
Description |
2-LTR circle formation
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3' -UTR-mediated translational regulation
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5-Phosphoribose 1-diphosphate biosynthesis
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The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate, also known as 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate.
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A tetrasaccharide linker sequence is required for GAG synthesis
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A third proteolytic cleavage releases NICD
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Abacavir metabolism
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Abacavir transmembrane transport
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Abacavir transport and metabolism
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ABC-family proteins mediated transport
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ABCA transporters in lipid homeostasis
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ABH2 mediated Reversal of Alkylation Damage
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ABH3 mediated Reversal of Alkylation Damage
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Abnormal conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate
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Abnormal metabolism in phenylketonuria
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Abortive elongation of HIV-1 transcript in the absence of Tat
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Acetylation
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Acetylcholine Binding And Downstream Events
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Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
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Acetylcholine regulates insulin secretion
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Acrosome Reaction
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The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following the sperm's attachment to the zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the exocytosis of the acrosomal contents into the egg.
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Activated NOTCH1 Transmits Signal to the Nucleus
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Activated point mutants of FGFR2
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activated TAK1 mediates p38 MAPK activation
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Activated TLR4 signalling
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Activation and oligomerization of BAK protein
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Activation of AMPA receptors
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Activation of APC/C and APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of mitotic proteins
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Activation of ATR in response to replication stress
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Activation of BAD and translocation to mitochondria
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Activation of BH3-only proteins
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Activation of BIM and translocation to mitochondria
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Activation of BMF and translocation to mitochondria
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Activation of C3 and C5
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Activation of Ca-permeable Kainate Receptor
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Activation of CaMK IV
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Activation of caspases through apoptosome-mediated cleavage
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Activation of DNA fragmentation factor
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Activation of G protein gated Potassium channels
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Activation of GABAB receptors
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Activation of gene expression by SREBF (SREBP)
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Activation of IRF3/IRF7 mediated by TBK1/IKK epsilon
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Activation of Kainate Receptors upon glutamate binding
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Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinases
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Activation of Na-permeable Kainate Receptors
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Activation of NF-kappaB in B cells
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Activation of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
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Activation of NIMA Kinases NEK9, NEK6, NEK7
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Activation of NMDA receptor upon glutamate binding and postsynaptic events
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Activation of NOXA and translocation to mitochondria
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Activation of PKB
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Activation of PPARGC1A (PGC-1alpha) by phosphorylation
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Activation of PUMA and translocation to mitochondria
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Activation of Rac
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Activation of RAS in B cells
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Activation of SMO
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Activation of the AP-1 family of transcription factors
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Activation of the mRNA upon binding of the cap-binding complex and eIFs, and subsequent binding to 43S
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Activation of the phototransduction cascade
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Activation of the pre-replicative complex
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Activation of TRKA receptors
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Activation, myristolyation of BID and translocation to mitochondria
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Activation, translocation and oligomerization of BAX
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Acyl chain remodeling of CL
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Acyl chain remodeling of DAG and TAG
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Acyl chain remodelling of PC
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Acyl chain remodelling of PE
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Acyl chain remodelling of PG
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Acyl chain remodelling of PI
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Acyl chain remodelling of PS
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Adaptive Immune System
|
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Adenosine P1 receptors
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Adenylate cyclase activating pathway
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Adenylate cyclase inhibitory pathway
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Adherens junctions interactions
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ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 1
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ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 12
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Adrenaline signalling through Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor
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Adrenaline,noradrenaline inhibits insulin secretion
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Adrenoceptors
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Advanced glycosylation endproduct receptor signaling
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Aflatoxin activation and detoxification
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Agmatine biosynthesis
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The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of agmatine ((4-aminobutyl)guanidine, NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-C(-NH2)(=NH)). Agmatine is the decarboxylation product of the amino acid arginine and is an intermediate in polyamine biosynthesis. It is synthesized in the brain, stored in synaptic vesicles, accumulated by uptake, released by membrane depolarization, and inactivated by agmatinase.
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AKT phosphorylates targets in the cytosol
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AKT phosphorylates targets in the nucleus
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AKT-mediated inactivation of FOXO1A
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Alpha-defensins
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alpha-linolenic (omega3) and linoleic (omega6) acid metabolism
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alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) metabolism
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Alpha-oxidation of phytanate
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Alternative complement activation
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AMER1 mutants destabilize the destruction complex
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Amine compound SLC transporters
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Amine ligand-binding receptors
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Amine Oxidase reactions
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Amine-derived hormones
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Amino acid and oligopeptide SLC transporters
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Amino Acid conjugation
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Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination)
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Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane
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AMPK inhibits chREBP transcriptional activation activity
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Amplification of signal from unattached kinetochores via a MAD2 inhibitory signal
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Amplification of signal from the kinetochores
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Amyloids
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Anchoring fibril formation
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Anchoring of the basal body to the plasma membrane
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Androgen biosynthesis
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The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.
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Antagonism of Activin by Follistatin
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Antigen activates B Cell Receptor (BCR) leading to generation of second messengers
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Antigen Presentation: Folding, assembly and peptide loading of class I MHC
|
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Antigen processing-Cross presentation
|
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Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation
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Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes
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APC truncation mutants are not K63 polyubiquitinated
|
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APC truncation mutants have impaired AXIN binding
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APC-Cdc20 mediated degradation of Nek2A
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APC/C-mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins
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APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of Cyclin B
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APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of mitotic proteins
|
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APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of Securin
|
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APC/C:Cdh1 mediated degradation of Cdc20 and other APC/C:Cdh1 targeted proteins in late mitosis/early G1
|
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APC:Cdc20 mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins prior to satisfation of the cell cycle checkpoint
|
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APOBEC3G mediated resistance to HIV-1 infection
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Apoptosis
|
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Apoptosis induced DNA fragmentation
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Apoptotic cleavage of cell adhesion proteins
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Apoptotic cleavage of cellular proteins
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Apoptotic execution phase
|
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Apoptotic factor-mediated response
|
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Aquaporin-mediated transport
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Arachidonate production from DAG
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Arachidonic acid metabolism
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The chemical reactions and pathways involving arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer.
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ARL13B-mediated ciliary trafficking of INPP5E
|
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ARMS-mediated activation
|
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Aromatic amines can be N-hydroxylated or N-dealkylated by CYP1A2
|
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Asparagine N-linked glycosylation
|
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Assembly of collagen fibrils and other multimeric structures
|
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Assembly Of The HIV Virion
|
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Assembly of the ORC complex at the origin of replication
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Assembly of the pre-replicative complex
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Assembly of the primary cilium
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Assembly of the RAD50-MRE11-NBS1 complex at DNA double-strand breaks
|
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Assembly of the RAD51-ssDNA nucleoprotein complex
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Assembly of Viral Components at the Budding Site
|
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Association of licensing factors with the pre-replicative complex
|
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Association of TriC/CCT with target proteins during biosynthesis
|
|
Astrocytic Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake And Metabolism
|
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Asymmetric localization of PCP proteins
|
|
ATF4 activates genes
|
|
ATF6-alpha activates chaperone genes
|
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ATF6-alpha activates chaperones
|
|
ATM mediated phosphorylation of repair proteins
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ATM mediated response to DNA double-strand break
|
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ATP sensitive Potassium channels
|
|
Attachment of GPI anchor to uPAR
|
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Attenuation phase
|
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AUF1 (hnRNP D0) destabilizes mRNA
|
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Autodegradation of Cdh1 by Cdh1:APC/C
|
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Autodegradation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1
|
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Autointegration results in viral DNA circles
|
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AXIN missense mutants destabilize the destruction complex
|
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AXIN mutants destabilize the destruction complex, activating WNT signaling
|
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Axon guidance
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The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
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Axonal growth inhibition (RHOA activation)
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Axonal growth stimulation
|
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Base Excision Repair
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In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.
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Base-Excision Repair, AP Site Formation
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The formation of an AP site, a deoxyribose sugar with a missing base, by DNA glycosylase which recognizes an altered base in DNA and catalyzes its hydrolytic removal. This sugar phosphate is the substrate recognized by the AP endonuclease, which cuts the DNA phosphodiester backbone at the 5' side of the altered site to leave a gap which is subsequently repaired.
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Base-free sugar-phosphate removal via the single-nucleotide replacement pathway
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Basigin interactions
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BBSome-mediated cargo-targeting to cilium
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Beta defensins
|
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Beta oxidation of butanoyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA
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Beta oxidation of decanoyl-CoA to octanoyl-CoA-CoA
|
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Beta oxidation of hexanoyl-CoA to butanoyl-CoA
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Beta oxidation of lauroyl-CoA to decanoyl-CoA-CoA
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Beta oxidation of myristoyl-CoA to lauroyl-CoA
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Beta oxidation of octanoyl-CoA to hexanoyl-CoA
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Beta oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA to myristoyl-CoA
|
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beta-catenin independent WNT signaling
|
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Beta-catenin phosphorylation cascade
|
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Beta-oxidation of pristanoyl-CoA
|
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Beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids
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betaKlotho-mediated ligand binding
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BH3-only proteins associate with and inactivate anti-apoptotic BCL-2 members
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Bicarbonate transporters
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Bile acid and bile salt metabolism
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Bile salt and organic anion SLC transporters
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Binding and entry of HIV virion
|
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Binding and Uptake of Ligands by Scavenger Receptors
|
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binding of TCF/LEF:CTNNB1 to target gene promoters
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Biogenic amines are oxidatively deaminated to aldehydes by MAOA and MAOB
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Biological oxidations
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Biosynthesis of A2E, implicated in retinal degradation
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Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein
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Biotin transport and metabolism
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BMAL1:CLOCK,NPAS2 activates circadian gene expression
|
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Branched-chain amino acid catabolism
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Breakdown of the nuclear lamina
|
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Budding and maturation of HIV virion
|
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Butyrate Response Factor 1 (BRF1) destabilizes mRNA
|
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c-src mediated regulation of Cx43 function and closure of gap junctions
|
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C6 deamination of adenosine
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Ca-dependent events
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Ca2+ activated K+ channels
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Ca2+ pathway
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Calcitonin-like ligand receptors
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Calmodulin induced events
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Calnexin/calreticulin cycle
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CaM pathway
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Cam-PDE 1 activation
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CaMK IV-mediated phosphorylation of CREB
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Cap-dependent Translation Initiation
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Cargo trafficking to the periciliary membrane
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Carnitine synthesis
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The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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Caspase-8 activation by cleavage
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Caspase-mediated cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins
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Catecholamine biosynthesis
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The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
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Cation-coupled Chloride cotransporters
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CD28 co-stimulation
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CD28 dependent PI3K/Akt signaling
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CD28 dependent Vav1 pathway
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Cdc20:Phospho-APC/C mediated degradation of Cyclin A
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CDC6 association with the ORC:origin complex
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CDK-mediated phosphorylation and removal of Cdc6
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CDO in myogenesis
|
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CDT1 association with the CDC6:ORC:origin complex
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Cell Cycle
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The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.
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Cell Cycle Checkpoints
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Cell Cycle, Mitotic
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Cell death signalling via NRAGE, NRIF and NADE
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Cell junction organization
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A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.
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Cell redox homeostasis
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Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell.
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Cell surface interactions at the vascular wall
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Cell-Cell communication
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Cell-cell junction organization
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A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells.
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Cell-extracellular matrix interactions
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Cellular response to heat stress
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Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.
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Cellular response to hypoxia
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Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.
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Cellular responses to stress
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Cellular Senescence
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A cell aging process stimulated in response to cellular stress, whereby normal cells lose the ability to divide through irreversible cell cycle arrest.
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Centrosome maturation
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Ceramide signalling
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cGMP effects
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Chaperonin-mediated protein folding
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Chemokine receptors bind chemokines
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Chk1/Chk2(Cds1) mediated inactivation of Cyclin B:Cdk1 complex
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CHL1 interactions
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Cholesterol biosynthesis
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The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
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Chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis
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The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.
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Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate metabolism
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ChREBP activates metabolic gene expression
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Chromatin modifying enzymes
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Chromatin organization
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Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin.
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Chromosome Maintenance
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Chylomicron-mediated lipid transport
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Circadian Clock
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Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle)
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Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)
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Class B/2 (Secretin family receptors)
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Class C/3 (Metabotropic glutamate/pheromone receptors)
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Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation
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Class II GLUTs
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Classical antibody-mediated complement activation
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Classical Kir channels
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Clathrin derived vesicle budding
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Clearance of Nuclear Envelope Membranes from Chromatin
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Cleavage of Growing Transcript in the Termination Region
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Cleavage of the damaged purine
|
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Cleavage of the damaged pyrimidine
|
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Cobalamin (Cbl, vitamin B12) transport and metabolism
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Coenzyme A biosynthesis
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The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.
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Cohesin Loading onto Chromatin
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Collagen biosynthesis and modifying enzymes
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Collagen degradation
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The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells.
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Collagen formation
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The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).
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Common Pathway
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Complement cascade
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Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway.
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Condensation of Prometaphase Chromosomes
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Condensation of Prophase Chromosomes
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Conjugation of benzoate with glycine
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Conjugation of carboxylic acids
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Conjugation of phenylacetate with glutamine
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Conjugation of salicylate with glycine
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Constitutive PI3K/AKT Signaling in Cancer
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Constitutive Signaling by EGFRvIII
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Constitutive Signaling by Ligand-Responsive EGFR Cancer Variants
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Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 HD Domain Mutants
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Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants
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Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants
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Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 t(7;9)(NOTCH1:M1580_K2555) Translocation Mutant
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Conversion from APC/C:Cdc20 to APC/C:Cdh1 in late anaphase
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Cooperation of Prefoldin and TriC/CCT in actin and tubulin folding
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COPI Mediated Transport
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COPII (Coat Protein 2) Mediated Vesicle Transport
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Costimulation by the CD28 family
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COX reactions
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Creatine metabolism
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The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.
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Creation of C4 and C2 activators
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CREB phosphorylation
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CREB phosphorylation through the activation of Adenylate Cyclase
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CREB phosphorylation through the activation of CaMKII
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CREB phosphorylation through the activation of CaMKK
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CREB phosphorylation through the activation of Ras
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CRMPs in Sema3A signaling
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Cross-presentation of particulate exogenous antigens (phagosomes)
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Cross-presentation of soluble exogenous antigens (endosomes)
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Crosslinking of collagen fibrils
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CS/DS degradation
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CTLA4 inhibitory signaling
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Cyclin A/B1 associated events during G2/M transition
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Cyclin A:Cdk2-associated events at S phase entry
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Cyclin B2 mediated events
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Cyclin D associated events in G1
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Cyclin E associated events during G1/S transition
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CYP2E1 reactions
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Cysteine formation from homocysteine
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Cytochrome c-mediated apoptotic response
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Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type
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Cytokine Signaling in Immune system
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Cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly
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Cytosolic sensors of pathogen-associated DNA
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Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules
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Cytosolic tRNA aminoacylation
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DAG and IP3 signaling
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DAP12 interactions
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DAP12 signaling
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DARPP-32 events
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DCC mediated attractive signaling
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deactivation of the beta-catenin transactivating complex
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Deadenylation of mRNA
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Deadenylation-dependent mRNA decay
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A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps that includes poly(A) tail shortening and that can regulate mRNA stability.
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Death Receptor Signalling
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Defective ACTH causes Obesity and Pro-opiomelanocortinin deficiency (POMCD)
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Defective ACY1 causes encephalopathy
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Defective AHCY causes Hypermethioninemia with S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase deficiency (HMAHCHD)
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Defective ALG1 causes ALG1-CDG (CDG-1k)
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Defective ALG11 causes ALG11-CDG (CDG-1p)
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Defective ALG12 causes ALG12-CDG (CDG-1g)
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Defective ALG14 causes congenital myasthenic syndrome (ALG14-CMS)
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Defective ALG2 causes ALG2-CDG (CDG-1i)
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Defective ALG3 causes ALG3-CDG (CDG-1d)
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Defective ALG6 causes ALG6-CDG (CDG-1c)
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Defective ALG8 causes ALG8-CDG (CDG-1h)
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Defective ALG9 causes ALG9-CDG (CDG-1l)
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Defective AMN causes hereditary megaloblastic anemia 1
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Defective B3GAT3 causes JDSSDHD
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Defective B4GALT1 causes B4GALT1-CDG (CDG-2d)
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Defective B4GALT7 causes EDS, progeroid type
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Defective BTD causes biotidinase deficiency
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Defective CD320 causes methylmalonic aciduria
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Defective CHST14 causes EDS, musculocontractural type
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Defective CHST3 causes SEDCJD
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Defective CHST6 causes MCDC1
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Defective CHSY1 causes TPBS
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Defective CUBN causes hereditary megaloblastic anemia 1
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Defective CYP11A1 causes Adrenal insufficiency, congenital, with 46,XY sex reversal (AICSR)
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Defective CYP11B1 causes Adrenal hyperplasia 4 (AH4)
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Defective CYP11B2 causes Corticosterone methyloxidase 1 deficiency (CMO-1 deficiency)
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Defective CYP17A1 causes Adrenal hyperplasia 5 (AH5)
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Defective CYP19A1 causes Aromatase excess syndrome (AEXS)
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Defective CYP1B1 causes Glaucoma
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Defective CYP21A2 causes Adrenal hyperplasia 3 (AH3)
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Defective CYP24A1 causes Hypercalcemia, infantile (HCAI)
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Defective CYP26B1 causes Radiohumeral fusions with other skeletal and craniofacial anomalies (RHFCA)
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Defective CYP26C1 causes Focal facial dermal dysplasia 4 (FFDD4)
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Defective CYP27A1 causes Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX)
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Defective CYP27B1 causes Rickets vitamin D-dependent 1A (VDDR1A)
|
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Defective CYP2R1 causes Rickets vitamin D-dependent 1B (VDDR1B)
|
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Defective CYP2U1 causes Spastic paraplegia 56, autosomal recessive (SPG56)
|
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Defective CYP4F22 causes Ichthyosis, congenital, autosomal recessive 5 (ARCI5)
|
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Defective CYP7B1 causes Spastic paraplegia 5A, autosomal recessive (SPG5A) and Congenital bile acid synthesis defect 3 (CBAS3)
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Defective DPAGT1 causes DPAGT1-CDG (CDG-1j) and CMSTA2
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Defective EXT1 causes exostoses 1, TRPS2 and CHDS
|
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Defective EXT2 causes exostoses 2
|
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Defective FMO3 causes Trimethylaminuria (TMAU)
|
|
Defective GCLC causes Hemolytic anemia due to gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency (HAGGSD)
|
|
Defective GGT1 causes Glutathionuria (GLUTH)
|
|
Defective GIF causes intrinsic factor deficiency
|
|
Defective GSS causes Glutathione synthetase deficiency (GSS deficiency)
|
|
Defective HLCS causes multiple carboxylase deficiency
|
|
Defective LMBRD1 causes methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type cblF
|
|
Defective MAN1B1 causes MRT15
|
|
Defective MAOA causes Brunner syndrome (BRUNS)
|
|
Defective MAT1A causes Methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency (MATD)
|
|
Defective MGAT2 causes MGAT2-CDG (CDG-2a)
|
|
Defective MMAA causes methylmalonic aciduria type cblA
|
|
Defective MMAB causes methylmalonic aciduria type cblB
|
|
Defective MMACHC causes methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type cblC
|
|
Defective MMADHC causes methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type cblD
|
|
Defective MOGS causes MOGS-CDG (CDG-2b)
|
|
Defective MPDU1 causes MPDU1-CDG (CDG-1f)
|
|
Defective MTR causes methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type cblG
|
|
Defective MTRR causes methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type cblE
|
|
Defective MUT causes methylmalonic aciduria mut type
|
|
Defective OPLAH causes 5-oxoprolinase deficiency (OPLAHD)
|
|
Defective PAPSS2 causes SEMD-PA
|
|
Defective RFT1 causes RFT1-CDG (CDG-1n)
|
|
Defective SLC26A2 causes chondrodysplasias
|
|
Defective SLC35D1 causes Schneckenbecken dysplasia (SCHBCKD)
|
|
Defective TBXAS1 causes Ghosal hematodiaphyseal dysplasia (GHDD)
|
|
Defective TCN2 causes hereditary megaloblastic anemia
|
|
Defective TPMT causes Thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency (TPMT deficiency)
|
|
Defective UGT1A1 causes hyperbilirubinemia
|
|
Defective UGT1A4 causes hyperbilirubinemia
|
|
Defects in biotin (Btn) metabolism
|
|
Defects in cobalamin (B12) metabolism
|
|
Defects in vitamin and cofactor metabolism
|
|
Defensins
|
|
degradation of AXIN
|
|
Degradation of beta-catenin by the destruction complex
|
|
Degradation of cysteine and homocysteine
|
|
degradation of DVL
|
|
Degradation of GABA
|
|
Degradation of GLI1 by the proteasome
|
|
Degradation of GLI2 by the proteasome
|
|
Degradation of the extracellular matrix
|
|
deletions in the AMER1 gene destabilize the destruction complex
|
|
deletions in the AXIN genes in hepatocellular carcinoma result in elevated WNT signaling
|
|
Depolarization of the Presynaptic Terminal Triggers the Opening of Calcium Channels
|
|
Depolymerisation of the Nuclear Lamina
|
|
Deposition of new CENPA-containing nucleosomes at the centromere
|
|
Depurination
|
The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the A or G base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depurinated sugar.
|
Depyrimidination
|
The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the C or T base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depyrimidinated sugar.
|
Dermatan sulfate biosynthesis
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dermatan sulfate, any glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.
|
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species
|
|
Developmental Biology
|
|
DEx/H-box helicases activate type I IFN and inflammatory cytokines production
|
|
Digestion of dietary carbohydrate
|
|
Digestion of dietary lipid
|
|
Dimerization of procaspase-8
|
|
disassembly of the destruction complex and recruitment of AXIN to the membrane
|
|
Disease
|
A disease is a disposition that describes states of disease associated with a particular sample and/or organism.
|
Diseases associated with glycosaminoglycan metabolism
|
|
Diseases associated with N-glycosylation of proteins
|
|
Diseases associated with visual transduction
|
|
Diseases of glycosylation
|
|
Disinhibition of SNARE formation
|
|
Displacement of DNA glycosylase by APE1
|
|
Dissolution of Fibrin Clot
|
|
DNA Damage Bypass
|
|
DNA Damage Recognition in GG-NER
|
|
DNA Damage Reversal
|
|
DNA Damage/Telomere Stress Induced Senescence
|
|
DNA methylation
|
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.
|
DNA Repair
|
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.
|
DNA Replication
|
The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.
|
DNA replication initiation
|
The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action.
|
DNA Replication Pre-Initiation
|
|
DNA strand elongation
|
The DNA metabolic process in which a DNA strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing DNA stand.
|
Dopamine clearance from the synaptic cleft
|
|
Dopamine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
|
|
Dopamine receptors
|
|
Double-Strand Break Repair
|
The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix.
|
Downregulation of ERBB2:ERBB3 signaling
|
|
Downregulation of ERBB4 signaling
|
|
Downregulation of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 transcriptional activity
|
|
Downregulation of TGF-beta receptor signaling
|
|
Downstream signal transduction
|
|
Downstream signaling events of B Cell Receptor (BCR)
|
|
Downstream signaling of activated FGFR
|
|
Downstream TCR signaling
|
|
DSCAM interactions
|
|
Dual incision reaction in GG-NER
|
|
Dual incision reaction in TC-NER
|
|
E2F mediated regulation of DNA replication
|
|
E2F-enabled inhibition of pre-replication complex formation
|
|
Early Phase of HIV Life Cycle
|
|
ECM proteoglycans
|
|
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis
|
|
EGFR downregulation
|
|
EGFR interacts with phospholipase C-gamma
|
|
EGFR Transactivation by Gastrin
|
|
Eicosanoid ligand-binding receptors
|
|
Eicosanoids
|
|
Elastic fibre formation
|
|
Electric Transmission Across Gap Junctions
|
|
Electron transport from NADPH to Ferredoxin
|
|
Elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels
|
|
Elongation arrest and recovery
|
|
Endogenous sterols
|
|
Endosomal Sorting Complex Required For Transport (ESCRT)
|
|
Endosomal/Vacuolar pathway
|
|
Energy dependent regulation of mTOR by LKB1-AMPK
|
|
eNOS activation
|
|
eNOS activation and regulation
|
|
Entry of Influenza Virion into Host Cell via Endocytosis
|
|
Enzymatic degradation of dopamine by COMT
|
|
Enzymatic degradation of Dopamine by monoamine oxidase
|
|
EPH-ephrin mediated repulsion of cells
|
|
EPH-Ephrin signaling
|
|
EPHA-mediated growth cone collapse
|
|
EPHB-mediated forward signaling
|
|
Ephrin signaling
|
|
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression
|
|
ER Quality Control Compartment (ERQC)
|
|
ER to Golgi Transport
|
The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.
|
ER-Phagosome pathway
|
|
ERK activation
|
|
ERK/MAPK targets
|
|
ERK1 activation
|
|
ERK2 activation
|
|
ERKs are inactivated
|
|
Erythrocytes take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen
|
|
Erythrocytes take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide
|
|
Establishment of Sister Chromatid Cohesion
|
The process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become associated with each other during S phase.
|
Estrogen biosynthesis
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.
|
Ethanol oxidation
|
An ethanol metabolic process in which ethanol is converted to acetyl-CoA via acetaldehyde and acetate.
|
Eukaryotic Translation Elongation
|
|
Eukaryotic Translation Initiation
|
|
Eukaryotic Translation Termination
|
|
Export of Viral Ribonucleoproteins from Nucleus
|
|
Extension of Telomeres
|
|
Extracellular matrix organization
|
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.
|
Extrinsic Pathway
|
|
Facilitative Na+-independent glucose transporters
|
|
Factors involved in megakaryocyte development and platelet production
|
|
Fanconi Anemia pathway
|
Interstrand cross links (ICL) of DNA can be induced by both endogenous and exogenous ligands. ICL if not repaired will lead to cell death. ICL repair pathway, also known as Fanconi anemia pathway is the cellular response to this type of DNA damage.
|
FasL/ CD95L signaling
|
|
Fatty acid, triacylglycerol, and ketone body metabolism
|
|
Fatty acids
|
|
Fatty Acids bound to GPR40 (FFAR1) regulate insulin secretion
|
|
Fatty Acyl-CoA Biosynthesis
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.
|
FBXW7 Mutants and NOTCH1 in Cancer
|
|
Fc epsilon receptor (FCERI) signaling
|
|
FCERI mediated Ca+2 mobilization
|
|
FCERI mediated MAPK activation
|
|
FCERI mediated NF-kB activation
|
|
Fcgamma receptor (FCGR) dependent phagocytosis
|
|
FCGR activation
|
|
Fertilization
|
The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
|
FGFR ligand binding and activation
|
|
FGFR1 ligand binding and activation
|
|
FGFR1b ligand binding and activation
|
|
FGFR1c and Klotho ligand binding and activation
|
|
FGFR1c ligand binding and activation
|
|
FGFR2 ligand binding and activation
|
|
FGFR2b ligand binding and activation
|
|
FGFR2c ligand binding and activation
|
|
FGFR3 ligand binding and activation
|
|
FGFR3b ligand binding and activation
|
|
FGFR3c ligand binding and activation
|
|
FGFR4 ligand binding and activation
|
|
Fibronectin matrix formation
|
|
Ficolins bind to repetitive carbohydrate structures on the target cell surface
|
|
FMO oxidises nucleophiles
|
|
Folding of actin by CCT/TriC
|
|
Formation of a pool of free 40S subunits
|
|
Formation of annular gap junctions
|
|
Formation of apoptosome
|
|
Formation of ATP by chemiosmotic coupling
|
|
Formation of editosomes by ADAR proteins
|
|
Formation of Fibrin Clot (Clotting Cascade)
|
|
Formation of HIV elongation complex in the absence of HIV Tat
|
|
Formation of HIV-1 elongation complex containing HIV-1 Tat
|
|
Formation of incision complex in GG-NER
|
|
Formation of RNA Pol II elongation complex
|
|
Formation of Senescence-Associated Heterochromatin Foci (SAHF)
|
|
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate
|
|
formation of the beta-catenin:TCF transactivating complex
|
|
Formation of the Early Elongation Complex
|
|
Formation of the Editosome
|
|
Formation of the HIV-1 Early Elongation Complex
|
|
Formation of the ternary complex, and subsequently, the 43S complex
|
|
Formation of transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER) repair complex
|
|
Formation of tubulin folding intermediates by CCT/TriC
|
|
Formyl peptide receptors bind formyl peptides and many other ligands
|
|
Free fatty acid receptors
|
|
Free fatty acids regulate insulin secretion
|
|
Frs2-mediated activation
|
|
FRS2-mediated cascade
|
|
Fructose catabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose.
|
G alpha (12/13) signalling events
|
|
G alpha (i) signalling events
|
|
G alpha (q) signalling events
|
|
G alpha (s) signalling events
|
|
G alpha (z) signalling events
|
|
G beta:gamma signalling through PI3Kgamma
|
|
G beta:gamma signalling through PLC beta
|
|
G protein gated Potassium channels
|
|
G-protein activation
|
|
G-protein beta:gamma signalling
|
|
G-protein mediated events
|
|
G0 and Early G1
|
|
G1 Phase
|
The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA segregation (usually by mitosis or meiosis) and the beginning of DNA synthesis.
|
G1/S DNA Damage Checkpoints
|
|
G1/S Transition
|
|
G1/S-Specific Transcription
|
|
G2 Phase
|
The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of DNA segregation (usually by mitosis or meiosis).
|
G2/M Checkpoints
|
|
G2/M DNA damage checkpoint
|
|
G2/M DNA replication checkpoint
|
|
G2/M Transition
|
|
GAB1 signalosome
|
|
GABA A (rho) receptor activation
|
|
GABA A receptor activation
|
|
GABA B receptor activation
|
|
GABA receptor activation
|
|
GABA synthesis
|
|
GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation
|
|
Galactose catabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose.
|
Gamma carboxylation, hypusine formation and arylsulfatase activation
|
|
Gamma-carboxylation of protein precursors
|
|
Gamma-carboxylation, transport, and amino-terminal cleavage of proteins
|
|
Gap junction assembly
|
Assembly of gap junctions, which are found in most animal tissues, and serve as direct connections between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. They provide open channels through the plasma membrane, allowing ions and small molecules (less than approximately a thousand daltons) to diffuse freely between neighboring cells, but preventing the passage of proteins and nucleic acids.
|
Gap junction degradation
|
|
Gap junction trafficking
|
|
Gap junction trafficking and regulation
|
|
Gap-filling DNA repair synthesis and ligation in GG-NER
|
|
Gap-filling DNA repair synthesis and ligation in TC-NER
|
|
Gastrin-CREB signalling pathway via PKC and MAPK
|
|
Gene Expression
|
The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
|
Generation of second messenger molecules
|
|
Generic Transcription Pathway
|
|
GLI proteins bind promoters of Hh responsive genes to promote transcription
|
|
GLI3 is processed to GLI3R by the proteasome
|
|
Global Genomic NER (GG-NER)
|
|
Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation
|
|
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion
|
|
Glucagon-type ligand receptors
|
|
Glucocorticoid biosynthesis
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.
|
Gluconeogenesis
|
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.
|
Glucose metabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
|
Glucose transport
|
The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
|
Glucuronidation
|
|
Glutamate Binding, Activation of AMPA Receptors and Synaptic Plasticity
|
|
Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
|
|
Glutathione conjugation
|
|
Glutathione synthesis and recycling
|
|
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.
|
Glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis)
|
|
Glycogen storage diseases
|
|
Glycogen synthesis
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.
|
Glycolysis
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules.
|
Glycoprotein hormones
|
|
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. Formerly known as mucopolysaccharides, they include hyaluronic acid and chondroitin, which provide lubrication in joints and form part of the matrix of cartilage. The three-dimensional structure of these molecules enables them to trap water, which forms a gel and gives glycosaminoglycans their elastic properties.
|
Glycosphingolipid metabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.
|
Glyoxylate metabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH.
|
Golgi Associated Vesicle Biogenesis
|
|
Golgi Cisternae Pericentriolar Stack Reorganization
|
|
Golgi to ER Retrograde Transport
|
|
GP1b-IX-V activation signalling
|
|
GPCR downstream signaling
|
|
GPCR ligand binding
|
|
GPVI-mediated activation cascade
|
|
GRB2 events in EGFR signaling
|
|
GRB2 events in ERBB2 signaling
|
|
GRB2:SOS provides linkage to MAPK signaling for Integrins
|
|
GRB7 events in ERBB2 signaling
|
|
Growth hormone receptor signaling
|
|
GTP hydrolysis and joining of the 60S ribosomal subunit
|
|
HATs acetylate histones
|
|
HCN channels
|
|
HDACs deacetylate histones
|
|
HDL-mediated lipid transport
|
|
HDMs demethylate histones
|
|
Hedgehog 'off' state
|
|
Hedgehog 'on' state
|
|
Hedgehog ligand biogenesis
|
|
Heme biosynthesis
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors.
|
Heme degradation
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.
|
Hemostasis
|
The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part.
|
Heparan sulfate/heparin (HS-GAG) metabolism
|
|
Hexose transport
|
The directed movement of hexose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Hexoses are any aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
|
Hh ligand biogenesis disease
|
|
Highly calcium permeable nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
|
|
Highly calcium permeable postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
|
|
Highly sodium permeable acetylcholine nicotinic receptors
|
|
Histamine receptors
|
|
Histidine catabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
|
HIV elongation arrest and recovery
|
|
HIV Infection
|
A Lentivirus infectious disease that results_in destruction of immune system, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers, has_agent Human immunodeficiency virus 1 or has_agent Human immunodeficiency virus 2, which are transmitted_by sexual contact, transmitted_by transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk, transmitted_by congenital method, and transmitted_by contaminated needles. The virus infects helper T cells (CD4+ T cells) which are directly or indirectly destroyed, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The infection has_symptom diarrhea, has_symptom fatigue, has_symptom fever, has_symptom vaginal yeast infection, has_symptom headache, has_symptom mouth sores, has_symptom muscle aches, has_symptom sore throat, and has_symptom swollen lymph glands.|Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).|An infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus.
|
HIV Life Cycle
|
|
HIV Transcription Elongation
|
|
HIV Transcription Initiation
|
|
Homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange
|
|
Homologous Recombination Repair
|
|
Homologous recombination repair of replication-independent double-strand breaks
|
|
Hormone ligand-binding receptors
|
|
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)-mediated triacylglycerol hydrolysis
|
|
Host Interactions of HIV factors
|
|
Host Interactions with Influenza Factors
|
|
HS-GAG biosynthesis
|
|
HS-GAG degradation
|
|
HSF1 activation
|
|
HSF1-dependent transactivation
|
|
HuR stabilizes mRNA
|
|
Hyaluronan biosynthesis and export
|
|
Hyaluronan metabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
|
Hyaluronan uptake and degradation
|
|
Hydrolysis of LPC
|
|
Hydrolysis of LPE
|
|
Hydroxycarboxylic acid-binding receptors
|
|
Hypusine synthesis from eIF5A-lysine
|
|
IGF1R signaling cascade
|
|
IKK complex recruitment mediated by RIP1
|
|
Immune System
|
|
Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell
|
|
Import of palmitoyl-CoA into the mitochondrial matrix
|
|
Inactivation of APC/C via direct inhibition of the APC/C complex
|
|
Inactivation of Cdc42 and Rac
|
|
Inactivation, recovery and regulation of the phototransduction cascade
|
|
Incretin synthesis, secretion, and inactivation
|
|
Inflammasomes
|
|
Influenza Infection
|
An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract, occurring in isolated cases, in epidemics, or in pandemics; it is caused by serologically different strains of viruses (influenzaviruses) designated A, B, and C, has a 3-day incubation period, and usually lasts for 3 to 10 days. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, pharynx, and conjunctiva; headache; myalgia; often fever, chills, and prostration; and occasionally involvement of the myocardium or central nervous system.
|
Influenza Life Cycle
|
|
Influenza Viral RNA Transcription and Replication
|
|
Influenza Virus Induced Apoptosis
|
|
Inhibition of voltage gated Ca2+ channels via Gbeta/gamma subunits
|
|
Inhibition of adenylate cyclase pathway
|
|
Inhibition of Host mRNA Processing and RNA Silencing
|
|
Inhibition of HSL
|
|
Inhibition of PKR
|
|
Inhibition of replication initiation of damaged DNA by RB1/E2F1
|
|
Inhibition of Signaling by Overexpressed EGFR
|
|
Inhibition of the proteolytic activity of APC/C required for the onset of anaphase by mitotic spindle checkpoint components
|
|
Inhibition of TSC complex formation by PKB
|
|
Initial triggering of complement
|
|
Initiation of Nuclear Envelope Reformation
|
|
Innate Immune System
|
|
Inositol phosphate metabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.
|
Inositol transporters
|
|
Insulin effects increased synthesis of Xylulose-5-Phosphate
|
|
Insulin processing
|
The formation of mature insulin by proteolysis of the precursor preproinsulin. The signal sequence is first cleaved from preproinsulin to form proinsulin; proinsulin is then cleaved to release the C peptide, leaving the A and B chains of mature insulin linked by disulfide bridges.
|
Insulin receptor recycling
|
The process that results in the return of an insulin receptor to an active state at the plasma membrane. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive an insulin signal. Internalized insulin receptors can be recycled to the plasma membrane or sorted to lysosomes for protein degradation.
|
Insulin receptor signalling cascade
|
|
Insulin-like Growth Factor-2 mRNA Binding Proteins (IGF2BPs/IMPs/VICKZs) bind RNA
|
|
Integration of energy metabolism
|
|
Integration of provirus
|
|
Integration of viral DNA into host genomic DNA
|
|
Integrin alphaIIb beta3 signaling
|
|
Integrin cell surface interactions
|
|
Interaction between L1 and Ankyrins
|
|
Interaction With Cumulus Cells
|
|
Interaction With The Zona Pellucida
|
|
Interactions of Rev with host cellular proteins
|
|
Interactions of Tat with host cellular proteins
|
|
Interactions of Vpr with host cellular proteins
|
|
Interconversion of 2-oxoglutarate and 2-hydroxyglutarate
|
|
Interconversion of polyamines
|
|
Interferon alpha/beta signaling
|
|
Interferon gamma signaling
|
Type II interferon, of which there is only one in humans, binds to distinct receptors that activate Jak-Stat signaling pathway. It is known as the interferon gamma signaling.
|
Interferon Signaling
|
|
Interleukin receptor SHC signaling
|
|
Interleukin-1 processing
|
|
Interleukin-1 signaling
|
|
Interleukin-2 signaling
|
|
Interleukin-3, 5 and GM-CSF signaling
|
|
Interleukin-6 signaling
|
|
Interleukin-7 signaling
|
|
Intraflagellar transport
|
The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins.
|
Intrinsic Pathway
|
|
Intrinsic Pathway for Apoptosis
|
|
Inwardly rectifying K+ channels
|
|
Ion channel transport
|
|
Ion transport by P-type ATPases
|
|
Ionotropic activity of Kainate Receptors
|
|
IRAK1 recruits IKK complex
|
|
IRAK1 recruits IKK complex upon TLR7/8 or 9 stimulation
|
|
IRAK2 mediated activation of TAK1 complex
|
|
IRAK2 mediated activation of TAK1 complex upon TLR7/8 or 9 stimulation
|
|
IRE1alpha activates chaperones
|
|
IRF3 mediated activation of type 1 IFN
|
|
IRF3-mediated induction of type I IFN
|
|
Iron uptake and transport
|
|
IRS activation
|
|
IRS-mediated signalling
|
|
IRS-related events
|
|
IRS-related events triggered by IGF1R
|
|
ISG15 antiviral mechanism
|
|
JNK (c-Jun kinases) phosphorylation and activation mediated by activated human TAK1
|
|
Keratan sulfate biosynthesis
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.
|
Keratan sulfate degradation
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.
|
Keratan sulfate/keratin metabolism
|
|
Ketone body metabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ketone body.
|
Kinesins
|
|
Klotho-mediated ligand binding
|
|
KSRP destabilizes mRNA
|
|
L13a-mediated translational silencing of Ceruloplasmin expression
|
|
L1CAM interactions
|
|
Lagging Strand Synthesis
|
|
Laminin interactions
|
|
Late Phase of HIV Life Cycle
|
|
Latent infection of Homo sapiens with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
|
|
LDL-mediated lipid transport
|
|
Leading Strand Synthesis
|
|
Lectin pathway of complement activation
|
|
Leukotriene receptors
|
|
Ligand-gated ion channel transport
|
|
Ligand-receptor interactions
|
|
Linoleic acid (LA) metabolism
|
|
Lipid digestion, mobilization, and transport
|
|
Lipoprotein metabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
|
Localization of the PINCH-ILK-PARVIN complex to focal adhesions
|
|
Loss of Function of FBXW7 in Cancer and NOTCH1 Signaling
|
|
Loss of Function of SMAD2/3 in Cancer
|
|
Loss of Function of SMAD4 in Cancer
|
|
Loss of Function of TGFBR1 in Cancer
|
|
Loss of Function of TGFBR2 in Cancer
|
|
Loss of Nlp from mitotic centrosomes
|
|
Loss of proteins required for interphase microtubule organization from the centrosome
|
|
LRR FLII-interacting protein 1 (LRRFIP1) activates type I IFN production
|
|
Lysine catabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
|
Lysosome Vesicle Biogenesis
|
|
Lysosphingolipid and LPA receptors
|
|
M Phase
|
A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
|
M/G1 Transition
|
|
MAP kinase activation in TLR cascade
|
|
MAPK targets/ Nuclear events mediated by MAP kinases
|
|
MASTL Facilitates Mitotic Progression
|
|
Meiosis
|
|
Meiotic recombination
|
|
Meiotic synapsis
|
|
MEK activation
|
|
Membrane binding and targetting of GAG proteins
|
|
Membrane Trafficking
|
|
Metabolic disorders of biological oxidation enzymes
|
|
Metabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
|
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives
|
|
Metabolism of Angiotensinogen to Angiotensins
|
|
Metabolism of carbohydrates
|
|
Metabolism of folate and pterines
|
|
Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins
|
|
Metabolism of nitric oxide
|
|
Metabolism of non-coding RNA
|
|
Metabolism of nucleotides
|
|
Metabolism of polyamines
|
|
Metabolism of porphyrins
|
|
Metabolism of proteins
|
|
Metabolism of serotonin
|
|
Metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamin D
|
|
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors
|
|
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors
|
|
Metal ion SLC transporters
|
|
Methionine salvage pathway
|
The generation of L-methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid) from methylthioadenosine.
|
Methylation
|
The process in which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule.
|
MHC class II antigen presentation
|
|
MicroRNA (miRNA) biogenesis
|
|
Microtubule-dependent trafficking of connexons from Golgi to the plasma membrane
|
|
Mineralocorticoid biosynthesis
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.
|
Minus-strand DNA synthesis
|
|
Miscellaneous substrates
|
|
Mismatch Repair
|
A system for the correction of errors in which an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination.
|
Mismatch repair (MMR) directed by MSH2:MSH3 (MutSbeta)
|
|
Mismatch repair (MMR) directed by MSH2:MSH6 (MutSalpha)
|
|
misspliced GSK3beta mutants stabilize beta-catenin
|
|
misspliced LRP5 mutants have enhanced beta-catenin-dependent signaling
|
|
Mitochondrial ABC transporters
|
|
Mitochondrial biogenesis
|
|
Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation
|
|
mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids
|
|
mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
|
|
Mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis
|
|
Mitochondrial protein import
|
|
Mitochondrial transcription initiation
|
|
Mitochondrial transcription termination
|
The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule using a mitochondrial DNA template is completed.
|
Mitochondrial translation
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a mitochondrion. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code.
|
Mitochondrial translation elongation
|
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in a mitochondrion.
|
Mitochondrial translation initiation
|
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
|
Mitochondrial translation termination
|
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome in a mitochondrion, usually in response to a termination codon (note that mitochondria use variants of the universal genetic code that differ between different taxa).
|
Mitochondrial tRNA aminoacylation
|
|
Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins
|
|
Mitotic Anaphase
|
The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
|
Mitotic G1-G1/S phases
|
|
Mitotic G2-G2/M phases
|
|
Mitotic Metaphase and Anaphase
|
|
Mitotic Metaphase/Anaphase Transition
|
The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.
|
Mitotic Prometaphase
|
The cell cycle phase in higher eukaryotes which follows mitotic prophase and during which the nuclear envelope is disrupted and breaks into membrane vesicles, and the spindle microtubules enter the nuclear region. Kinetochores mature on each centromere and attach to some of the spindle microtubules. Kinetochore microtubules begin the process of aligning chromosomes in one plane halfway between the poles.
|
Mitotic Prophase
|
The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of M phase of mitosis and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell.
|
Mitotic Spindle Checkpoint
|
A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the spindle and delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, the completion of anaphase until chromosomes are attached to the spindle, or mitotic exit and cytokinesis when the spindle does not form.
|
Mitotic Telophase/Cytokinesis
|
|
Molecules associated with elastic fibres
|
|
Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis
|
|
MPS I - Hurler syndrome
|
|
MPS II - Hunter syndrome
|
|
MPS IIIA - Sanfilippo syndrome A
|
|
MPS IIIB - Sanfilippo syndrome B
|
|
MPS IIIC - Sanfilippo syndrome C
|
|
MPS IIID - Sanfilippo syndrome D
|
|
MPS IV - Morquio syndrome A
|
|
MPS IV - Morquio syndrome B
|
|
MPS IX - Natowicz syndrome
|
|
MPS VI - Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome
|
|
MPS VII - Sly syndrome
|
|
MRN complex relocalizes to nuclear foci
|
|
mRNA 3'-end processing
|
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule.
|
mRNA Capping
|
|
mRNA decay by 3' to 5' exoribonuclease
|
|
mRNA decay by 5' to 3' exoribonuclease
|
|
mRNA Editing
|
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
|
mRNA Editing: A to I Conversion
|
|
mRNA Editing: C to U Conversion
|
|
mRNA Splicing
|
|
mRNA Splicing - Major Pathway
|
|
mRNA Splicing - Minor Pathway
|
|
Mtb iron assimilation by chelation
|
|
mTOR signalling
|
|
mTORC1-mediated signalling
|
|
Mucopolysaccharidoses
|
|
Multifunctional anion exchangers
|
|
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
|
|
Muscle contraction
|
A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.
|
MyD88 cascade initiated on plasma membrane
|
|
MyD88 dependent cascade initiated on endosome
|
|
MyD88-independent cascade
|
|
MyD88:Mal cascade initiated on plasma membrane
|
|
Myoclonic epilepsy of Lafora
|
|
Myogenesis
|
The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers.
|
N-Glycan antennae elongation
|
|
N-glycan antennae elongation in the medial/trans-Golgi
|
|
N-glycan trimming and elongation in the cis-Golgi
|
|
N-glycan trimming in the ER and Calnexin/Calreticulin cycle
|
|
Na+-dependent glucose transporters
|
|
Na+/Cl- dependent neurotransmitter transporters
|
|
NADE modulates death signalling
|
|
NADPH regeneration
|
A metabolic process that generates a pool of NADPH by the reduction of NADP+.
|
NCAM signaling for neurite out-growth
|
|
NCAM1 interactions
|
|
Nectin/Necl trans heterodimerization
|
|
Nef and signal transduction
|
|
Nef Mediated CD4 Down-regulation
|
|
Nef Mediated CD8 Down-regulation
|
|
Nef mediated downregulation of CD28 cell surface expression
|
|
Nef mediated downregulation of MHC class I complex cell surface expression
|
|
Nef-mediates down modulation of cell surface receptors by recruiting them to clathrin adapters
|
|
Negative epigenetic regulation of rRNA expression
|
|
Negative regulation of FGFR signaling
|
|
negative regulation of TCF-dependent signaling by DVL-interacting proteins
|
|
negative regulation of TCF-dependent signaling by WNT ligand antagonists
|
|
Negative regulation of the PI3K/AKT network
|
|
Negative regulators of RIG-I/MDA5 signaling
|
|
NEP/NS2 Interacts with the Cellular Export Machinery
|
|
Nephrin interactions
|
|
Netrin mediated repulsion signals
|
|
Netrin-1 signaling
|
|
Neurofascin interactions
|
|
Neuronal System
|
|
Neurophilin interactions with VEGF and VEGFR
|
|
Neurotoxicity of clostridium toxins
|
|
Neurotransmitter Clearance In The Synaptic Cleft
|
|
Neurotransmitter Receptor Binding And Downstream Transmission In The Postsynaptic Cell
|
|
Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
|
|
Neurotransmitter uptake and Metabolism In Glial Cells
|
|
NF-kB activation through FADD/RIP-1 pathway mediated by caspase-8 and -10
|
|
NF-kB is activated and signals survival
|
|
NFG and proNGF binds to p75NTR
|
|
NGF processing
|
The generation of a mature nerve growth factor (NGF) by proteolysis of a precursor.
|
NGF signalling via TRKA from the plasma membrane
|
|
NGF-independant TRKA activation
|
|
NICD traffics to nucleus
|
|
Nicotinamide salvaging
|
|
Nicotinate metabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinate.
|
Nitric oxide stimulates guanylate cyclase
|
|
NOD1/2 Signaling Pathway
|
|
Non-integrin membrane-ECM interactions
|
|
Nonhomologous End-joining (NHEJ)
|
|
Nonsense Mediated Decay (NMD) enhanced by the Exon Junction Complex (EJC)
|
|
Nonsense Mediated Decay (NMD) independent of the Exon Junction Complex (EJC)
|
|
Nonsense-Mediated Decay (NMD)
|
|
NoRC negatively regulates rRNA expression
|
|
Norepinephrine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
|
|
NOSIP mediated eNOS trafficking
|
|
NOSTRIN mediated eNOS trafficking
|
|
Notch-HLH transcription pathway
|
|
NOTCH1 Intracellular Domain Regulates Transcription
|
|
NOTCH2 Activation and Transmission of Signal to the Nucleus
|
|
NOTCH2 intracellular domain regulates transcription
|
|
NRAGE signals death through JNK
|
|
NrCAM interactions
|
|
NRIF signals cell death from the nucleus
|
|
NS1 Mediated Effects on Host Pathways
|
|
Nuclear Envelope Breakdown
|
The controlled breakdown of the nuclear envelope in the context of a normal process.
|
Nuclear Envelope Reassembly
|
The reformation of the nuclear envelope following its breakdown in the context of a normal process.
|
Nuclear Events (kinase and transcription factor activation)
|
|
Nuclear import of Rev protein
|
|
Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) Disassembly
|
|
Nuclear Receptor transcription pathway
|
|
Nuclear signaling by ERBB4
|
|
Nucleosome assembly
|
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.
|
Nucleotide Excision Repair
|
A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts).
|
Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor (NLR) signaling pathways
|
|
Nucleotide-like (purinergic) receptors
|
|
O-glycosylation of TSR domain-containing proteins
|
|
O-linked glycosylation
|
|
O-linked glycosylation of mucins
|
|
O2/CO2 exchange in erythrocytes
|
|
Olfactory Signaling Pathway
|
|
Oligomerization of connexins into connexons
|
|
Oncogene Induced Senescence
|
|
Opioid Signalling
|
|
Opsins
|
|
Orc1 removal from chromatin
|
|
Orexin and neuropeptides FF and QRFP bind to their respective receptors
|
|
Organelle biogenesis and maintenance
|
|
Organic anion transport
|
The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
|
Organic anion transporters
|
|
Organic cation transport
|
The directed movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
|
Organic cation/anion/zwitterion transport
|
|
Orphan transporters
|
|
Other semaphorin interactions
|
|
Oxidative Stress Induced Senescence
|
|
Oxygen-dependent asparagine hydroxylation of Hypoxia-inducible Factor Alpha
|
|
Oxygen-dependent proline hydroxylation of Hypoxia-inducible Factor Alpha
|
|
p130Cas linkage to MAPK signaling for integrins
|
|
P2Y receptors
|
|
p38MAPK events
|
|
p53-Dependent G1 DNA Damage Response
|
|
p53-Dependent G1/S DNA damage checkpoint
|
|
p53-Independent DNA Damage Response
|
|
p53-Independent G1/S DNA damage checkpoint
|
|
p75 NTR receptor-mediated signalling
|
|
p75NTR negatively regulates cell cycle via SC1
|
|
p75NTR recruits signalling complexes
|
|
p75NTR regulates axonogenesis
|
|
p75NTR signals via NF-kB
|
|
Packaging Of Telomere Ends
|
|
PAOs oxidise polyamines to amines
|
|
Passive transport by Aquaporins
|
|
Pausing and recovery of HIV elongation
|
|
Pausing and recovery of Tat-mediated HIV elongation
|
|
PCP/CE pathway
|
|
PD-1 signaling
|
|
PDE3B signalling
|
|
PECAM1 interactions
|
|
Pentose phosphate pathway (hexose monophosphate shunt)
|
|
Peptide chain elongation
|
|
Peptide hormone biosynthesis
|
|
Peptide hormone metabolism
|
|
Peptide ligand-binding receptors
|
|
PERK regulates gene expression
|
|
Peroxisomal lipid metabolism
|
|
Phagosomal maturation (early endosomal stage)
|
|
Phase 1 - Functionalization of compounds
|
|
Phase II conjugation
|
|
Phenylalanine and tyrosine catabolism
|
|
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins
|
|
phospho-PLA2 pathway
|
|
Phospholipase C-mediated cascade
|
|
Phospholipid metabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
|
Phosphorylation of CD3 and TCR zeta chains
|
|
Phosphorylation of Emi1
|
|
Phosphorylation of proteins involved in G1/S transition by active Cyclin E:Cdk2 complexes
|
|
Phosphorylation of proteins involved in the G2/M transition by Cyclin A:Cdc2 complexes
|
|
Phosphorylation of the APC/C
|
|
phosphorylation site mutants of CTNNB1 are not targeted to the proteasome by the destruction complex
|
|
PI and PC transport between ER and Golgi membranes
|
|
PI Metabolism
|
|
PI-3K cascade
|
A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions.
|
PI3K Cascade
|
A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions.
|
PI3K events in ERBB2 signaling
|
|
PI3K events in ERBB4 signaling
|
|
PI3K/AKT activation
|
|
PI3K/AKT Signaling in Cancer
|
|
PIP3 activates AKT signaling
|
|
PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) biogenesis
|
|
PKA activation
|
|
PKA activation in glucagon signalling
|
|
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB
|
|
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of key metabolic factors
|
|
PKB-mediated events
|
|
PKMTs methylate histone lysines
|
|
Plasmalogen biosynthesis
|
|
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation
|
|
Platelet Adhesion to exposed collagen
|
|
Platelet Aggregation (Plug Formation)
|
|
Platelet calcium homeostasis
|
|
Platelet degranulation
|
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine and serotonin by a platelet.
|
Platelet homeostasis
|
|
Platelet sensitization by LDL
|
|
PLC beta mediated events
|
|
PLC-gamma1 signalling
|
|
PLC-mediated hydrolysis of PIP2
|
|
PLCG1 events in ERBB2 signaling
|
|
Plus-strand DNA synthesis
|
|
Polo-like kinase mediated events
|
|
Polymerase switching
|
|
Polymerase switching on the C-strand of the telomere
|
|
Post NMDA receptor activation events
|
|
Post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway
|
Completion of folding of alpha- and beta-tubulin; takes place subsequent to chaperonin-mediated partial folding; mediated by a complex of folding cofactors.
|
Post-Elongation Processing of Intron-Containing pre-mRNA
|
|
Post-Elongation Processing of Intronless pre-mRNA
|
|
Post-Elongation Processing of the Transcript
|
|
Post-transcriptional silencing by small RNAs
|
|
Post-translational modification: synthesis of GPI-anchored proteins
|
|
Post-translational protein modification
|
The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.
|
Postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
|
|
Potassium Channels
|
|
Potassium transport channels
|
|
POU5F1 (OCT4), SOX2, NANOG activate genes related to proliferation
|
|
POU5F1 (OCT4), SOX2, NANOG repress genes related to differentiation
|
|
PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of key metabolic factors
|
|
PPARA activates gene expression
|
|
PRC2 methylates histones and DNA
|
|
Pre-NOTCH Expression and Processing
|
|
Pre-NOTCH Processing in Golgi
|
|
Pre-NOTCH Processing in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
|
Pre-NOTCH Transcription and Translation
|
|
Prefoldin mediated transfer of substrate to CCT/TriC
|
|
Pregnenolone biosynthesis
|
|
Presynaptic function of Kainate receptors
|
|
Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
|
|
Presynaptic phase of homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange
|
|
Processing and activation of SUMO
|
|
Processing of Capped Intron-Containing Pre-mRNA
|
|
Processing of Capped Intronless Pre-mRNA
|
|
Processing of DNA double-strand break ends
|
|
Processing of DNA ends prior to end rejoining
|
|
Processing of Intronless Pre-mRNAs
|
|
Processing-defective Hh variants abrogate ligand secretion
|
|
Processive synthesis on the C-strand of the telomere
|
|
Processive synthesis on the lagging strand
|
|
Programmed Cell Death
|
A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell.
|
Progressive trimming of alpha-1,2-linked mannose residues from Man9/8/7GlcNAc2 to produce Man5GlcNAc2
|
|
Prolactin receptor signaling
|
|
Proline catabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
|
Prolonged ERK activation events
|
|
Propionyl-CoA catabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of propionyl-CoA.
|
Prostacyclin signalling through prostacyclin receptor
|
|
Prostanoid ligand receptors
|
|
Protein folding
|
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.
|
Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transport
|
|
Proton-coupled neutral amino acid transporters
|
|
Proton/oligonucleotide cotransporters
|
|
Purine catabolism
|
|
Purine metabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways involving one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
|
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis
|
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
|
Purine salvage
|
Any process that generates a purine-containing compound, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a purine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.
|
Pyrimidine biosynthesis
|
|
Pyrimidine catabolism
|
|
Pyrimidine metabolism
|
|
Pyrimidine salvage reactions
|
|
Pyrophosphate hydrolysis
|
|
Pyruvate metabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate.
|
Pyruvate metabolism and Citric Acid (TCA) cycle
|
|
RA biosynthesis pathway
|
|
RAF activation
|
|
RAF phosphorylates MEK
|
|
RAF/MAP kinase cascade
|
|
Rap1 signalling
|
|
Ras activation uopn Ca2+ infux through NMDA receptor
|
|
Reactions specific to the complex N-glycan synthesis pathway
|
|
Reactions specific to the hybrid N-glycan synthesis pathway
|
|
Receptor-ligand binding initiates the second proteolytic cleavage of Notch receptor
|
|
Recognition and association of DNA glycosylase with site containing an affected purine
|
|
Recognition and association of DNA glycosylase with site containing an affected pyrimidine
|
|
Recruitment of mitotic centrosome proteins and complexes
|
|
Recruitment of NuMA to mitotic centrosomes
|
|
Recruitment of repair and signaling proteins to double-strand breaks
|
|
Recycling of bile acids and salts
|
|
Recycling of eIF2:GDP
|
|
Recycling pathway of L1
|
|
Reduction of cytosolic Ca++ levels
|
|
Regulated proteolysis of p75NTR
|
|
Regulation by c-FLIP
|
|
Regulation by TREX1
|
|
Regulation of actin dynamics for phagocytic cup formation
|
|
Regulation of activated PAK-2p34 by proteasome mediated degradation
|
|
Regulation of AMPK activity via LKB1
|
|
Regulation of APC/C activators between G1/S and early anaphase
|
|
Regulation of Apoptosis
|
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.
|
Regulation of beta-cell development
|
|
Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis by SREBP (SREBF)
|
|
Regulation of Commissural axon pathfinding by Slit and Robo
|
|
Regulation of Complement cascade
|
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.
|
Regulation of cytoskeletal remodeling and cell spreading by IPP complex components
|
|
Regulation of DNA replication
|
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.
|
regulation of FZD by ubiquitination
|
|
Regulation of gap junction activity
|
|
Regulation of gene expression by Hypoxia-inducible Factor
|
|
Regulation of gene expression in beta cells
|
|
Regulation of gene expression in early pancreatic precursor cells
|
|
Regulation of gene expression in endocrine-committed (NEUROG3+) progenitor cells
|
|
Regulation of gene expression in late stage (branching morphogenesis) pancreatic bud precursor cells
|
|
Regulation of Glucokinase by Glucokinase Regulatory Protein
|
|
Regulation of HSF1-mediated heat shock response
|
|
Regulation of Hypoxia-inducible Factor (HIF) by oxygen
|
|
Regulation of IFNA signaling
|
|
Regulation of IFNG signaling
|
|
Regulation of innate immune responses to cytosolic DNA
|
|
Regulation of insulin secretion
|
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.
|
Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) transport and uptake by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs)
|
|
Regulation of KIT signaling
|
|
Regulation of lipid metabolism by Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha)
|
|
Regulation of mitotic cell cycle
|
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle.
|
Regulation of mRNA stability by proteins that bind AU-rich elements
|
|
Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)
|
|
Regulation of PAK-2p34 activity by PS-GAP/RHG10
|
|
Regulation of PLK1 Activity at G2/M Transition
|
|
Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex
|
|
Regulation of Rheb GTPase activity by AMPK
|
|
Regulation of signaling by CBL
|
|
Regulation of signaling by NODAL
|
|
Regulation of the Fanconi anemia pathway
|
|
Regulation of thyroid hormone activity
|
|
Regulatory RNA pathways
|
|
Relaxin receptors
|
|
Release of apoptotic factors from the mitochondria
|
|
Release of eIF4E
|
|
Release of Hh-Np from the secreting cell
|
|
Removal of aminoterminal propeptides from gamma-carboxylated proteins
|
|
Removal of DNA patch containing abasic residue
|
|
Removal of licensing factors from origins
|
|
Removal of the Flap Intermediate
|
|
Removal of the Flap Intermediate from the C-strand
|
|
Repair synthesis for gap-filling by DNA polymerase in TC-NER
|
|
Repair synthesis of patch ~27-30 bases long by DNA polymerase
|
|
repression of WNT target genes
|
|
Reproduction
|
The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms.
|
Resolution of Abasic Sites (AP sites)
|
|
Resolution of AP sites via the multiple-nucleotide patch replacement pathway
|
|
Resolution of AP sites via the single-nucleotide replacement pathway
|
|
Resolution of D-loop structures
|
|
Resolution of D-loop structures through Holliday junction intermediates
|
|
Resolution of Sister Chromatid Cohesion
|
|
Respiratory electron transport
|
|
Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins.
|
|
Response of Mtb to phagocytosis
|
|
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+
|
|
Retinoid cycle disease events
|
|
Retinoid metabolism and transport
|
|
Retrograde neurotrophin signalling
|
|
Reuptake of GABA
|
|
REV-ERBA represses gene expression
|
|
Rev-mediated nuclear export of HIV RNA
|
|
Reversal of Alkylation Damage By DNA Dioxygenases
|
|
Reverse Transcription of HIV RNA
|
|
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide
|
|
Rhesus glycoproteins mediate ammonium transport.
|
|
Rho GTPase cycle
|
|
Ribosomal scanning and start codon recognition
|
|
RIG-I/MDA5 mediated induction of IFN-alpha/beta pathways
|
|
RIP-mediated NFkB activation via ZBP1
|
|
RMTs methylate histone arginines
|
|
RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation and interaction with CE
|
|
RNA Polymerase I Chain Elongation
|
|
RNA Polymerase I Promoter Clearance
|
|
RNA Polymerase I Promoter Escape
|
|
RNA Polymerase I Promoter Opening
|
|
RNA Polymerase I Transcription
|
|
RNA Polymerase I Transcription Initiation
|
|
RNA Polymerase I Transcription Termination
|
The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule by RNA polymerase I using a DNA template is completed. RNAP I termination requires binding of a terminator protein so specific sequences downstream of the transcription unit.
|
RNA Polymerase I, RNA Polymerase III, and Mitochondrial Transcription
|
|
RNA Polymerase II HIV Promoter Escape
|
|
RNA Polymerase II Pre-transcription Events
|
|
RNA Polymerase II Promoter Escape
|
|
RNA Polymerase II Transcription
|
|
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Elongation
|
|
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation
|
|
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation And Promoter Clearance
|
|
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Pre-Initiation And Promoter Opening
|
|
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Termination
|
The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule by RNA polymerase II using a DNA template is completed.
|
RNA Polymerase III Abortive And Retractive Initiation
|
|
RNA Polymerase III Chain Elongation
|
|
RNA Polymerase III Transcription
|
|
RNA Polymerase III Transcription Initiation
|
|
RNA Polymerase III Transcription Initiation From Type 1 Promoter
|
|
RNA Polymerase III Transcription Initiation From Type 2 Promoter
|
|
RNA Polymerase III Transcription Initiation From Type 3 Promoter
|
|
RNA Polymerase III Transcription Termination
|
The process in which transcription by RNA polymerase III is terminated; Pol III has an intrinsic ability to terminate transcription upon incorporation of 4 to 6 contiguous U residues.
|
RNF mutants show enhanced WNT signaling and proliferation
|
|
Role of Abl in Robo-Slit signaling
|
|
Role of DCC in regulating apoptosis
|
|
Role of LAT2/NTAL/LAB on calcium mobilization
|
|
Role of phospholipids in phagocytosis
|
|
Role of second messengers in netrin-1 signaling
|
|
RORA activates circadian gene expression
|
|
RSK activation
|
|
S Phase
|
The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place.
|
S33 mutants of beta-catenin aren't phosphorylated
|
|
S37 mutants of beta-catenin aren't phosphorylated
|
|
S45 mutants of beta-catenin aren't phosphorylated
|
|
S6K1 signalling
|
|
S6K1-mediated signalling
|
|
Scavenging by Class A Receptors
|
|
Scavenging by Class B Receptors
|
|
Scavenging by Class F Receptors
|
|
Scavenging by Class H Receptors
|
|
Scavenging of heme from plasma
|
|
SCF(Skp2)-mediated degradation of p27/p21
|
|
SCF-beta-TrCP mediated degradation of Emi1
|
|
Sema3A PAK dependent Axon repulsion
|
|
SEMA3A-Plexin repulsion signaling by inhibiting Integrin adhesion
|
|
Sema4D in semaphorin signaling
|
|
Sema4D induced cell migration and growth-cone collapse
|
|
Sema4D mediated inhibition of cell attachment and migration
|
|
Semaphorin interactions
|
|
Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP)
|
|
Separation of Sister Chromatids
|
|
Serine biosynthesis
|
|
Serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis
|
|
Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft
|
|
Serotonin Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
|
|
Serotonin receptors
|
|
SHC activation
|
|
SHC-mediated cascade
|
|
SHC-mediated signalling
|
|
SHC-related events
|
|
SHC-related events triggered by IGF1R
|
|
SHC1 events in EGFR signaling
|
|
SHC1 events in ERBB2 signaling
|
|
SHC1 events in ERBB4 signaling
|
|
Sialic acid metabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.
|
Signal amplification
|
|
Signal attenuation
|
|
Signal regulatory protein (SIRP) family interactions
|
|
Signal Transduction
|
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.
|
Signal transduction by L1
|
|
Signaling by activated point mutants of FGFR1
|
|
Signaling by activated point mutants of FGFR3
|
|
Signaling by Activin
|
|
Signaling by BMP
|
|
Signaling by EGFR
|
|
Signaling by EGFR in Cancer
|
|
Signaling by EGFRvIII in Cancer
|
|
Signaling by ERBB2
|
|
Signaling by ERBB4
|
|
Signaling by FGFR
|
|
Signaling by FGFR in disease
|
|
Signaling by FGFR mutants
|
|
Signaling by FGFR1 amplification mutants
|
|
Signaling by FGFR1 fusion mutants
|
|
Signaling by FGFR1 mutants
|
|
Signaling by FGFR2 amplification mutants
|
|
Signaling by FGFR2 mutants
|
|
Signaling by FGFR3 mutants
|
|
Signaling by FGFR4 mutants
|
|
Signaling by GPCR
|
|
Signaling by Hedgehog
|
|
Signaling by Hippo
|
|
Signaling by Insulin receptor
|
|
Signaling by Interleukins
|
|
Signaling by Leptin
|
|
Signaling by Ligand-Responsive EGFR Variants in Cancer
|
|
Signaling by NODAL
|
|
Signaling by NOTCH
|
|
Signaling by NOTCH1
|
|
Signaling by NOTCH1 HD Domain Mutants in Cancer
|
|
Signaling by NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants in Cancer
|
|
Signaling by NOTCH1 in Cancer
|
|
Signaling by NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants in Cancer
|
|
Signaling by NOTCH1 t(7;9)(NOTCH1:M1580_K2555) Translocation Mutant
|
|
Signaling by NOTCH2
|
|
Signaling by NOTCH3
|
|
Signaling by NOTCH4
|
|
Signaling by Overexpressed Wild-Type EGFR in Cancer
|
|
Signaling by PDGF
|
|
Signaling by Retinoic Acid
|
|
Signaling by Rho GTPases
|
|
Signaling by Robo receptor
|
|
Signaling by SCF-KIT
|
|
Signaling by TGF-beta Receptor Complex
|
|
Signaling by TGF-beta Receptor Complex in Cancer
|
|
Signaling by the B Cell Receptor (BCR)
|
|
Signaling by Type 1 Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF1R)
|
|
Signaling by VEGF
|
|
Signaling by Wnt
|
|
Signaling by WNT in cancer
|
|
Signalling by NGF
|
|
Signalling to ERK5
|
|
Signalling to ERKs
|
|
Signalling to p38 via RIT and RIN
|
|
Signalling to RAS
|
|
Signalling to STAT3
|
|
SIRT1 negatively regulates rRNA Expression
|
|
SLBP Dependent Processing of Replication-Dependent Histone Pre-mRNAs
|
|
SLBP independent Processing of Histone Pre-mRNAs
|
|
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport
|
|
SMAC binds to IAPs
|
|
SMAC-mediated apoptotic response
|
|
SMAC-mediated dissociation of IAP:caspase complexes
|
|
SMAD2/3 MH2 Domain Mutants in Cancer
|
|
SMAD2/3 Phosphorylation Motif Mutants in Cancer
|
|
SMAD2/SMAD3:SMAD4 heterotrimer regulates transcription
|
|
SMAD4 MH2 Domain Mutants in Cancer
|
|
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) biogenesis
|
|
Smooth Muscle Contraction
|
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.
|
snRNP Assembly
|
|
Sodium-coupled phosphate cotransporters
|
|
Sodium-coupled sulphate, di- and tri-carboxylate transporters
|
|
Sodium/Calcium exchangers
|
|
Sodium/Proton exchangers
|
|
SOS-mediated signalling
|
|
Sperm Motility And Taxes
|
|
Sperm:Oocyte Membrane Binding
|
|
Sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis
|
|
Sphingolipid metabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
|
Spry regulation of FGF signaling
|
|
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane
|
The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane.
|
Stabilization of p53
|
|
STAT6-mediated induction of chemokines
|
|
Steroid hormones
|
|
Sterols are 12-hydroxylated by CYP8B1
|
|
Stimulation of the cell death response by PAK-2p34
|
|
Stimuli-sensing channels
|
|
STING mediated induction of host immune responses
|
|
Striated Muscle Contraction
|
A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope.
|
Sulfide oxidation to sulfate
|
|
Sulfur amino acid metabolism
|
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
|
SUMO is conjugated to E1 (UBA2:SAE1)
|
|
SUMO is proteolytically processed
|
|
SUMO is transferred from E1 to E2 (UBE2I, UBC9)
|
|
SUMOylation
|
The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxyl terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein.
|
Switching of origins to a post-replicative state
|
|
Syndecan interactions
|
|
Synthesis and interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates
|
|
Synthesis and processing of ENV and VPU
|
|
Synthesis And Processing Of GAG, GAGPOL Polyproteins
|
|
Synthesis of (16-20)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE)
|
|
Synthesis of 12-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives
|
|
Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives
|
|
Synthesis of 5-eicosatetraenoic acids
|
|
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts
|
|
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol
|
|
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 27-hydroxycholesterol
|
|
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol
|
|
Synthesis of CL
|
|
Synthesis of diphthamide-EEF2
|
|
Synthesis of DNA
|
|
Synthesis of Dolichyl-phosphate
|
|
Synthesis of dolichyl-phosphate mannose
|
|
Synthesis of dolichyl-phosphate-glucose
|
|
Synthesis of epoxy (EET) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET)
|
|
Synthesis of GDP-mannose
|
|
Synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)
|
|
Synthesis of Hepoxilins (HX) and Trioxilins (TrX)
|
|
Synthesis of IP2, IP, and Ins in the cytosol
|
|
Synthesis of IP3 and IP4 in the cytosol
|
|
Synthesis of IPs in the ER lumen
|
|
Synthesis of IPs in the nucleus
|
|
Synthesis of Ketone Bodies
|
|
Synthesis of Leukotrienes (LT) and Eoxins (EX)
|
|
Synthesis of Lipoxins (LX)
|
|
Synthesis of PA
|
|
Synthesis of PC
|
|
Synthesis of PE
|
|
Synthesis of PG
|
|
Synthesis of PI
|
|
Synthesis of PIPs at the early endosome membrane
|
|
Synthesis of PIPs at the ER membrane
|
|
Synthesis of PIPs at the Golgi membrane
|
|
Synthesis of PIPs at the late endosome membrane
|
|
Synthesis of PIPs at the plasma membrane
|
|
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX)
|
|
Synthesis of PS
|
|
Synthesis of pyrophosphates in the cytosol
|
|
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis
|
|
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine
|
|
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs
|
|
Synthesis, secretion, and deacylation of Ghrelin
|
|
Synthesis, secretion, and inactivation of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
|
|
Synthesis, secretion, and inactivation of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP)
|
|
t(4;14) translocations of FGFR3
|
|
T41 mutants of beta-catenin aren't phosphorylated
|
|
Tachykinin receptors bind tachykinins
|
|
TAK1 activates NFkB by phosphorylation and activation of IKKs complex
|
|
Tandem of pore domain in a weak inwardly rectifying K+ channels (TWIK)
|
|
Tandem pore domain halothane-inhibited K+ channel (THIK)
|
|
Tandem pore domain potassium channels
|
|
Tat-mediated elongation of the HIV-1 transcript
|
|
Tat-mediated HIV elongation arrest and recovery
|
|
TCF dependent signaling in response to WNT
|
|
TCF7L2 mutants don't bind CTBP
|
|
TCR signaling
|
|
Telomere C-strand (Lagging Strand) Synthesis
|
|
Telomere C-strand synthesis initiation
|
|
Telomere Extension By Telomerase
|
|
Telomere Maintenance
|
Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. These processes includes those that shorten and lengthen the telomeric DNA sequences.
|
Terminal pathway of complement
|
|
Termination of O-glycan biosynthesis
|
|
TET1,2,3 and TDG demethylate DNA
|
|
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, recycling, salvage and regulation
|
|
TGF-beta receptor signaling activates SMADs
|
|
TGF-beta receptor signaling in EMT (epithelial to mesenchymal transition)
|
|
TGFBR1 KD Mutants in Cancer
|
|
TGFBR1 LBD Mutants in Cancer
|
|
TGFBR2 Kinase Domain Mutants in Cancer
|
|
TGFBR2 MSI Frameshift Mutants in Cancer
|
|
The activation of arylsulfatases
|
|
The AIM2 inflammasome
|
|
The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision)
|
|
The citric acid (TCA) cycle and respiratory electron transport
|
|
The fatty acid cycling model
|
|
The IPAF inflammasome
|
|
The NLRP1 inflammasome
|
|
The NLRP3 inflammasome
|
|
The phototransduction cascade
|
|
The proton buffering model
|
|
The retinoid cycle in cones (daylight vision)
|
|
The role of Nef in HIV-1 replication and disease pathogenesis
|
|
Thrombin signalling through proteinase activated receptors (PARs)
|
|
Thromboxane signalling through TP receptor
|
|
Thyroxine biosynthesis
|
|
Tie2 Signaling
|
|
Tight junction interactions
|
|
TNF signaling
|
|
Tolerance by Mtb to nitric oxide produced by macrophages
|
|
Toll Like Receptor 10 (TLR10) Cascade
|
|
Toll Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) Cascade
|
|
Toll Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Cascade
|
|
Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Cascade
|
|
Toll Like Receptor 5 (TLR5) Cascade
|
|
Toll Like Receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) Cascade
|
|
Toll Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) Cascade
|
|
Toll Like Receptor TLR1:TLR2 Cascade
|
|
Toll Like Receptor TLR6:TLR2 Cascade
|
|
Toll-Like Receptors Cascades
|
|
Toxicity of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A)
|
|
Toxicity of botulinum toxin type B (BoNT/B)
|
|
Toxicity of botulinum toxin type C (BoNT/C)
|
|
Toxicity of botulinum toxin type D (BoNT/D)
|
|
Toxicity of botulinum toxin type E (BoNT/E)
|
|
Toxicity of botulinum toxin type F (BoNT/F)
|
|
Toxicity of botulinum toxin type G (BoNT/G)
|
|
Toxicity of tetanus toxin (TeNT)
|
|
TRAF3-dependent IRF activation pathway
|
|
TRAF6 mediated induction of NFkB and MAP kinases upon TLR7/8 or 9 activation
|
|
TRAF6 Mediated Induction of proinflammatory cytokines
|
|
TRAF6 mediated induction of TAK1 complex
|
|
TRAF6 mediated IRF7 activation
|
|
TRAF6 mediated IRF7 activation in TLR7/8 or 9 signaling
|
|
TRAF6 mediated NF-kB activation
|
|
Trafficking and processing of endosomal TLR
|
|
Trafficking of AMPA receptors
|
|
Trafficking of dietary sterols
|
|
Trafficking of GluR2-containing AMPA receptors
|
|
Trafficking of myristoylated proteins to the cilium
|
|
TRAIL signaling
|
|
trans-Golgi Network Vesicle Budding
|
|
Transcription
|
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA.
|
Transcription from mitochondrial promoters
|
|
Transcription of the HIV genome
|
|
Transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER)
|
|
Transcriptional activation of cell cycle inhibitor p21
|
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Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis
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Transcriptional activation of p53 responsive genes
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Transcriptional activity of SMAD2/SMAD3:SMAD4 heterotrimer
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Transcriptional regulation by small RNAs
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Transcriptional regulation of pluripotent stem cells
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Transcriptional regulation of white adipocyte differentiation
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Transfer of LPS from LBP carrier to CD14
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Transferrin endocytosis and recycling
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Translation
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The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.
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Translation initiation complex formation
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Translesion synthesis by DNA polymerases bypassing lesion on DNA template
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Translesion synthesis by HREV1
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Translesion synthesis by Pol eta
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Translesion synthesis by Pol zeta
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Translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane
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Translocation of ZAP-70 to Immunological synapse
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Transmembrane transport of small molecules
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Transmission across Chemical Synapses
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Transmission across Electrical Synapses
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Transport and synthesis of PAPS
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Transport of connexins along the secretory pathway
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Transport of connexons to the plasma membrane
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Transport of fatty acids
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Transport of gamma-carboxylated protein precursors from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus
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Transport of glucose and other sugars, bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds
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Transport of glycerol from adipocytes to the liver by Aquaporins
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Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides
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Transport of Mature mRNA derived from an Intron-Containing Transcript
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Transport of Mature mRNA Derived from an Intronless Transcript
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Transport of Mature mRNAs Derived from Intronless Transcripts
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Transport of Mature Transcript to Cytoplasm
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Transport of nucleosides and free purine and pyrimidine bases across the plasma membrane
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Transport of nucleotide sugars
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Transport of organic anions
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Transport of Ribonucleoproteins into the Host Nucleus
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Transport of the SLBP Dependant Mature mRNA
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Transport of the SLBP independent Mature mRNA
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Transport of vitamins, nucleosides, and related molecules
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Transport to the Golgi and subsequent modification
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TRIF-mediated programmed cell death
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TRIF-mediated TLR3/TLR4 signaling
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Triglyceride Biosynthesis
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The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
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Tristetraprolin (TTP) destabilizes mRNA
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TRKA activation by NGF
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tRNA Aminoacylation
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The chemical reactions and pathways by which the various amino acids become bonded to their corresponding tRNAs. The most common route for synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA is by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, usually catalyzed by the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA ligase. A given aminoacyl-tRNA ligase aminoacylates all species of an isoaccepting group of tRNA molecules.
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TRP channels
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truncated APC mutants destabilize the destruction complex
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truncations of AMER1 destabilize the destruction complex
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Tryptophan catabolism
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The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.
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TWIK related potassium channel (TREK)
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TWIK-related alkaline pH activated K+ channel (TALK)
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TWIK-related spinal cord K+ channel (TRESK)
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TWIK-releated acid-sensitive K+ channel (TASK)
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Type I hemidesmosome assembly
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Type II Na+/Pi cotransporters
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Ubiquinol biosynthesis
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Ubiquitin Mediated Degradation of Phosphorylated Cdc25A
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Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Cyclin D
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Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Cyclin D1
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Unblocking of NMDA receptor, glutamate binding and activation
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Uncoating of the HIV Virion
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Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)
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Unwinding of DNA
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Uptake and actions of bacterial toxins
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Uptake and function of anthrax toxins
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Uptake and function of diphtheria toxin
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Urea cycle
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The sequence of reactions by which arginine is synthesized from ornithine, then cleaved to yield urea and regenerate ornithine. The overall reaction equation is NH3 + CO2 + aspartate + 3 ATP + 2 H2O = urea + fumarate + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + AMP + diphosphate.
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Utilization of Ketone Bodies
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Vasopressin regulates renal water homeostasis via Aquaporins
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Vasopressin-like receptors
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VEGF binds to VEGFR leading to receptor dimerization
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VEGF ligand-receptor interactions
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VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway
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VEGFR2 mediated cell proliferation
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VEGFR2 mediated vascular permeability
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Vif-mediated degradation of APOBEC3G
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Viral Messenger RNA Synthesis
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Viral mRNA Translation
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Viral RNP Complexes in the Host Cell Nucleus
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Virus Assembly and Release
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Visual phototransduction
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Vitamin B1 (thiamin) metabolism
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Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism
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Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism
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Vitamin C (ascorbate) metabolism
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Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism
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Vitamins
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Vitamins B6 activation to pyridoxal phosphate
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Voltage gated Potassium channels
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Vpr-mediated induction of apoptosis by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization
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Vpr-mediated nuclear import of PICs
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Vpu mediated degradation of CD4
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vRNP Assembly
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VxPx cargo-targeting to cilium
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WNT ligand biogenesis and trafficking
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WNT ligand secretion is abrogated by the PORCN inhibitor LGK974
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WNT mediated activation of DVL
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WNT5A-dependent internalization of FZD2, FZD5 and ROR2
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WNT5A-dependent internalization of FZD4
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XAV939 inhibits tankyrase, stabilizing AXIN
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XBP1(S) activates chaperone genes
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Xenobiotics
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YAP1- and WWTR1 (TAZ)-stimulated gene expression
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ZBP1(DAI) mediated induction of type I IFNs
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Zinc efflux and compartmentalization by the SLC30 family
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Zinc influx into cells by the SLC39 gene family
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Zinc transporters
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