Reactome Pathways Dataset

Description Sets of proteins participating in pathways from Reactome
Measurement association by literature curation
Association protein-pathway associations from curated pathways
Category structural or functional annotations
Resource Reactome
Citation(s)
Last Updated 2014 Dec 17
Stats
  1. 7535 genes
  2. 1638 pathways
  3. 83680 gene-pathway associations

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pathway Gene Sets

1638 sets of proteins participating in pathways from the Reactome Pathways dataset.

Gene Set Description
2-LTR circle formation
3' -UTR-mediated translational regulation
5-Phosphoribose 1-diphosphate biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate, also known as 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate.
A tetrasaccharide linker sequence is required for GAG synthesis
A third proteolytic cleavage releases NICD
Abacavir metabolism
Abacavir transmembrane transport
Abacavir transport and metabolism
ABC-family proteins mediated transport
ABCA transporters in lipid homeostasis
ABH2 mediated Reversal of Alkylation Damage
ABH3 mediated Reversal of Alkylation Damage
Abnormal conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate
Abnormal metabolism in phenylketonuria
Abortive elongation of HIV-1 transcript in the absence of Tat
Acetylation
Acetylcholine Binding And Downstream Events
Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
Acetylcholine regulates insulin secretion
Acrosome Reaction The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following the sperm's attachment to the zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the exocytosis of the acrosomal contents into the egg.
Activated NOTCH1 Transmits Signal to the Nucleus
Activated point mutants of FGFR2
activated TAK1 mediates p38 MAPK activation
Activated TLR4 signalling
Activation and oligomerization of BAK protein
Activation of AMPA receptors
Activation of APC/C and APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of mitotic proteins
Activation of ATR in response to replication stress
Activation of BAD and translocation to mitochondria
Activation of BH3-only proteins
Activation of BIM and translocation to mitochondria
Activation of BMF and translocation to mitochondria
Activation of C3 and C5
Activation of Ca-permeable Kainate Receptor
Activation of CaMK IV
Activation of caspases through apoptosome-mediated cleavage
Activation of DNA fragmentation factor
Activation of G protein gated Potassium channels
Activation of GABAB receptors
Activation of gene expression by SREBF (SREBP)
Activation of IRF3/IRF7 mediated by TBK1/IKK epsilon
Activation of Kainate Receptors upon glutamate binding
Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinases
Activation of Na-permeable Kainate Receptors
Activation of NF-kappaB in B cells
Activation of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Activation of NIMA Kinases NEK9, NEK6, NEK7
Activation of NMDA receptor upon glutamate binding and postsynaptic events
Activation of NOXA and translocation to mitochondria
Activation of PKB
Activation of PPARGC1A (PGC-1alpha) by phosphorylation
Activation of PUMA and translocation to mitochondria
Activation of Rac
Activation of RAS in B cells
Activation of SMO
Activation of the AP-1 family of transcription factors
Activation of the mRNA upon binding of the cap-binding complex and eIFs, and subsequent binding to 43S
Activation of the phototransduction cascade
Activation of the pre-replicative complex
Activation of TRKA receptors
Activation, myristolyation of BID and translocation to mitochondria
Activation, translocation and oligomerization of BAX
Acyl chain remodeling of CL
Acyl chain remodeling of DAG and TAG
Acyl chain remodelling of PC
Acyl chain remodelling of PE
Acyl chain remodelling of PG
Acyl chain remodelling of PI
Acyl chain remodelling of PS
Adaptive Immune System
Adenosine P1 receptors
Adenylate cyclase activating pathway
Adenylate cyclase inhibitory pathway
Adherens junctions interactions
ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 1
ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 12
Adrenaline signalling through Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor
Adrenaline,noradrenaline inhibits insulin secretion
Adrenoceptors
Advanced glycosylation endproduct receptor signaling
Aflatoxin activation and detoxification
Agmatine biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of agmatine ((4-aminobutyl)guanidine, NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-C(-NH2)(=NH)). Agmatine is the decarboxylation product of the amino acid arginine and is an intermediate in polyamine biosynthesis. It is synthesized in the brain, stored in synaptic vesicles, accumulated by uptake, released by membrane depolarization, and inactivated by agmatinase.
AKT phosphorylates targets in the cytosol
AKT phosphorylates targets in the nucleus
AKT-mediated inactivation of FOXO1A
Alpha-defensins
alpha-linolenic (omega3) and linoleic (omega6) acid metabolism
alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) metabolism
Alpha-oxidation of phytanate
Alternative complement activation
AMER1 mutants destabilize the destruction complex
Amine compound SLC transporters
Amine ligand-binding receptors
Amine Oxidase reactions
Amine-derived hormones
Amino acid and oligopeptide SLC transporters
Amino Acid conjugation
Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination)
Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane
AMPK inhibits chREBP transcriptional activation activity
Amplification of signal from unattached kinetochores via a MAD2 inhibitory signal
Amplification of signal from the kinetochores
Amyloids
Anchoring fibril formation
Anchoring of the basal body to the plasma membrane
Androgen biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.
Antagonism of Activin by Follistatin
Antigen activates B Cell Receptor (BCR) leading to generation of second messengers
Antigen Presentation: Folding, assembly and peptide loading of class I MHC
Antigen processing-Cross presentation
Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation
Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes
APC truncation mutants are not K63 polyubiquitinated
APC truncation mutants have impaired AXIN binding
APC-Cdc20 mediated degradation of Nek2A
APC/C-mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins
APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of Cyclin B
APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of mitotic proteins
APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of Securin
APC/C:Cdh1 mediated degradation of Cdc20 and other APC/C:Cdh1 targeted proteins in late mitosis/early G1
APC:Cdc20 mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins prior to satisfation of the cell cycle checkpoint
APOBEC3G mediated resistance to HIV-1 infection
Apoptosis
Apoptosis induced DNA fragmentation
Apoptotic cleavage of cell adhesion proteins
Apoptotic cleavage of cellular proteins
Apoptotic execution phase
Apoptotic factor-mediated response
Aquaporin-mediated transport
Arachidonate production from DAG
Arachidonic acid metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer.
ARL13B-mediated ciliary trafficking of INPP5E
ARMS-mediated activation
Aromatic amines can be N-hydroxylated or N-dealkylated by CYP1A2
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation
Assembly of collagen fibrils and other multimeric structures
Assembly Of The HIV Virion
Assembly of the ORC complex at the origin of replication
Assembly of the pre-replicative complex
Assembly of the primary cilium
Assembly of the RAD50-MRE11-NBS1 complex at DNA double-strand breaks
Assembly of the RAD51-ssDNA nucleoprotein complex
Assembly of Viral Components at the Budding Site
Association of licensing factors with the pre-replicative complex
Association of TriC/CCT with target proteins during biosynthesis
Astrocytic Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake And Metabolism
Asymmetric localization of PCP proteins
ATF4 activates genes
ATF6-alpha activates chaperone genes
ATF6-alpha activates chaperones
ATM mediated phosphorylation of repair proteins
ATM mediated response to DNA double-strand break
ATP sensitive Potassium channels
Attachment of GPI anchor to uPAR
Attenuation phase
AUF1 (hnRNP D0) destabilizes mRNA
Autodegradation of Cdh1 by Cdh1:APC/C
Autodegradation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1
Autointegration results in viral DNA circles
AXIN missense mutants destabilize the destruction complex
AXIN mutants destabilize the destruction complex, activating WNT signaling
Axon guidance The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
Axonal growth inhibition (RHOA activation)
Axonal growth stimulation
Base Excision Repair In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.
Base-Excision Repair, AP Site Formation The formation of an AP site, a deoxyribose sugar with a missing base, by DNA glycosylase which recognizes an altered base in DNA and catalyzes its hydrolytic removal. This sugar phosphate is the substrate recognized by the AP endonuclease, which cuts the DNA phosphodiester backbone at the 5' side of the altered site to leave a gap which is subsequently repaired.
Base-free sugar-phosphate removal via the single-nucleotide replacement pathway
Basigin interactions
BBSome-mediated cargo-targeting to cilium
Beta defensins
Beta oxidation of butanoyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA
Beta oxidation of decanoyl-CoA to octanoyl-CoA-CoA
Beta oxidation of hexanoyl-CoA to butanoyl-CoA
Beta oxidation of lauroyl-CoA to decanoyl-CoA-CoA
Beta oxidation of myristoyl-CoA to lauroyl-CoA
Beta oxidation of octanoyl-CoA to hexanoyl-CoA
Beta oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA to myristoyl-CoA
beta-catenin independent WNT signaling
Beta-catenin phosphorylation cascade
Beta-oxidation of pristanoyl-CoA
Beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids
betaKlotho-mediated ligand binding
BH3-only proteins associate with and inactivate anti-apoptotic BCL-2 members
Bicarbonate transporters
Bile acid and bile salt metabolism
Bile salt and organic anion SLC transporters
Binding and entry of HIV virion
Binding and Uptake of Ligands by Scavenger Receptors
binding of TCF/LEF:CTNNB1 to target gene promoters
Biogenic amines are oxidatively deaminated to aldehydes by MAOA and MAOB
Biological oxidations
Biosynthesis of A2E, implicated in retinal degradation
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein
Biotin transport and metabolism
BMAL1:CLOCK,NPAS2 activates circadian gene expression
Branched-chain amino acid catabolism
Breakdown of the nuclear lamina
Budding and maturation of HIV virion
Butyrate Response Factor 1 (BRF1) destabilizes mRNA
c-src mediated regulation of Cx43 function and closure of gap junctions
C6 deamination of adenosine
Ca-dependent events
Ca2+ activated K+ channels
Ca2+ pathway
Calcitonin-like ligand receptors
Calmodulin induced events
Calnexin/calreticulin cycle
CaM pathway
Cam-PDE 1 activation
CaMK IV-mediated phosphorylation of CREB
Cap-dependent Translation Initiation
Cargo trafficking to the periciliary membrane
Carnitine synthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Caspase-8 activation by cleavage
Caspase-mediated cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins
Catecholamine biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
Cation-coupled Chloride cotransporters
CD28 co-stimulation
CD28 dependent PI3K/Akt signaling
CD28 dependent Vav1 pathway
Cdc20:Phospho-APC/C mediated degradation of Cyclin A
CDC6 association with the ORC:origin complex
CDK-mediated phosphorylation and removal of Cdc6
CDO in myogenesis
CDT1 association with the CDC6:ORC:origin complex
Cell Cycle The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Cell Cycle, Mitotic
Cell death signalling via NRAGE, NRIF and NADE
Cell junction organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.
Cell redox homeostasis Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell.
Cell surface interactions at the vascular wall
Cell-Cell communication
Cell-cell junction organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells.
Cell-extracellular matrix interactions
Cellular response to heat stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.
Cellular response to hypoxia Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.
Cellular responses to stress
Cellular Senescence A cell aging process stimulated in response to cellular stress, whereby normal cells lose the ability to divide through irreversible cell cycle arrest.
Centrosome maturation
Ceramide signalling
cGMP effects
Chaperonin-mediated protein folding
Chemokine receptors bind chemokines
Chk1/Chk2(Cds1) mediated inactivation of Cyclin B:Cdk1 complex
CHL1 interactions
Cholesterol biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
Chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.
Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate metabolism
ChREBP activates metabolic gene expression
Chromatin modifying enzymes
Chromatin organization Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin.
Chromosome Maintenance
Chylomicron-mediated lipid transport
Circadian Clock
Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle)
Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)
Class B/2 (Secretin family receptors)
Class C/3 (Metabotropic glutamate/pheromone receptors)
Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation
Class II GLUTs
Classical antibody-mediated complement activation
Classical Kir channels
Clathrin derived vesicle budding
Clearance of Nuclear Envelope Membranes from Chromatin
Cleavage of Growing Transcript in the Termination Region
Cleavage of the damaged purine
Cleavage of the damaged pyrimidine
Cobalamin (Cbl, vitamin B12) transport and metabolism
Coenzyme A biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.
Cohesin Loading onto Chromatin
Collagen biosynthesis and modifying enzymes
Collagen degradation The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells.
Collagen formation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).
Common Pathway
Complement cascade Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway.
Condensation of Prometaphase Chromosomes
Condensation of Prophase Chromosomes
Conjugation of benzoate with glycine
Conjugation of carboxylic acids
Conjugation of phenylacetate with glutamine
Conjugation of salicylate with glycine
Constitutive PI3K/AKT Signaling in Cancer
Constitutive Signaling by EGFRvIII
Constitutive Signaling by Ligand-Responsive EGFR Cancer Variants
Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 HD Domain Mutants
Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants
Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants
Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 t(7;9)(NOTCH1:M1580_K2555) Translocation Mutant
Conversion from APC/C:Cdc20 to APC/C:Cdh1 in late anaphase
Cooperation of Prefoldin and TriC/CCT in actin and tubulin folding
COPI Mediated Transport
COPII (Coat Protein 2) Mediated Vesicle Transport
Costimulation by the CD28 family
COX reactions
Creatine metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.
Creation of C4 and C2 activators
CREB phosphorylation
CREB phosphorylation through the activation of Adenylate Cyclase
CREB phosphorylation through the activation of CaMKII
CREB phosphorylation through the activation of CaMKK
CREB phosphorylation through the activation of Ras
CRMPs in Sema3A signaling
Cross-presentation of particulate exogenous antigens (phagosomes)
Cross-presentation of soluble exogenous antigens (endosomes)
Crosslinking of collagen fibrils
CS/DS degradation
CTLA4 inhibitory signaling
Cyclin A/B1 associated events during G2/M transition
Cyclin A:Cdk2-associated events at S phase entry
Cyclin B2 mediated events
Cyclin D associated events in G1
Cyclin E associated events during G1/S transition
CYP2E1 reactions
Cysteine formation from homocysteine
Cytochrome c-mediated apoptotic response
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system
Cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly
Cytosolic sensors of pathogen-associated DNA
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules
Cytosolic tRNA aminoacylation
DAG and IP3 signaling
DAP12 interactions
DAP12 signaling
DARPP-32 events
DCC mediated attractive signaling
deactivation of the beta-catenin transactivating complex
Deadenylation of mRNA
Deadenylation-dependent mRNA decay A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps that includes poly(A) tail shortening and that can regulate mRNA stability.
Death Receptor Signalling
Defective ACTH causes Obesity and Pro-opiomelanocortinin deficiency (POMCD)
Defective ACY1 causes encephalopathy
Defective AHCY causes Hypermethioninemia with S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase deficiency (HMAHCHD)
Defective ALG1 causes ALG1-CDG (CDG-1k)
Defective ALG11 causes ALG11-CDG (CDG-1p)
Defective ALG12 causes ALG12-CDG (CDG-1g)
Defective ALG14 causes congenital myasthenic syndrome (ALG14-CMS)
Defective ALG2 causes ALG2-CDG (CDG-1i)
Defective ALG3 causes ALG3-CDG (CDG-1d)
Defective ALG6 causes ALG6-CDG (CDG-1c)
Defective ALG8 causes ALG8-CDG (CDG-1h)
Defective ALG9 causes ALG9-CDG (CDG-1l)
Defective AMN causes hereditary megaloblastic anemia 1
Defective B3GAT3 causes JDSSDHD
Defective B4GALT1 causes B4GALT1-CDG (CDG-2d)
Defective B4GALT7 causes EDS, progeroid type
Defective BTD causes biotidinase deficiency
Defective CD320 causes methylmalonic aciduria
Defective CHST14 causes EDS, musculocontractural type
Defective CHST3 causes SEDCJD
Defective CHST6 causes MCDC1
Defective CHSY1 causes TPBS
Defective CUBN causes hereditary megaloblastic anemia 1
Defective CYP11A1 causes Adrenal insufficiency, congenital, with 46,XY sex reversal (AICSR)
Defective CYP11B1 causes Adrenal hyperplasia 4 (AH4)
Defective CYP11B2 causes Corticosterone methyloxidase 1 deficiency (CMO-1 deficiency)
Defective CYP17A1 causes Adrenal hyperplasia 5 (AH5)
Defective CYP19A1 causes Aromatase excess syndrome (AEXS)
Defective CYP1B1 causes Glaucoma
Defective CYP21A2 causes Adrenal hyperplasia 3 (AH3)
Defective CYP24A1 causes Hypercalcemia, infantile (HCAI)
Defective CYP26B1 causes Radiohumeral fusions with other skeletal and craniofacial anomalies (RHFCA)
Defective CYP26C1 causes Focal facial dermal dysplasia 4 (FFDD4)
Defective CYP27A1 causes Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX)
Defective CYP27B1 causes Rickets vitamin D-dependent 1A (VDDR1A)
Defective CYP2R1 causes Rickets vitamin D-dependent 1B (VDDR1B)
Defective CYP2U1 causes Spastic paraplegia 56, autosomal recessive (SPG56)
Defective CYP4F22 causes Ichthyosis, congenital, autosomal recessive 5 (ARCI5)
Defective CYP7B1 causes Spastic paraplegia 5A, autosomal recessive (SPG5A) and Congenital bile acid synthesis defect 3 (CBAS3)
Defective DPAGT1 causes DPAGT1-CDG (CDG-1j) and CMSTA2
Defective EXT1 causes exostoses 1, TRPS2 and CHDS
Defective EXT2 causes exostoses 2
Defective FMO3 causes Trimethylaminuria (TMAU)
Defective GCLC causes Hemolytic anemia due to gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency (HAGGSD)
Defective GGT1 causes Glutathionuria (GLUTH)
Defective GIF causes intrinsic factor deficiency
Defective GSS causes Glutathione synthetase deficiency (GSS deficiency)
Defective HLCS causes multiple carboxylase deficiency
Defective LMBRD1 causes methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type cblF
Defective MAN1B1 causes MRT15
Defective MAOA causes Brunner syndrome (BRUNS)
Defective MAT1A causes Methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency (MATD)
Defective MGAT2 causes MGAT2-CDG (CDG-2a)
Defective MMAA causes methylmalonic aciduria type cblA
Defective MMAB causes methylmalonic aciduria type cblB
Defective MMACHC causes methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type cblC
Defective MMADHC causes methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type cblD
Defective MOGS causes MOGS-CDG (CDG-2b)
Defective MPDU1 causes MPDU1-CDG (CDG-1f)
Defective MTR causes methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type cblG
Defective MTRR causes methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type cblE
Defective MUT causes methylmalonic aciduria mut type
Defective OPLAH causes 5-oxoprolinase deficiency (OPLAHD)
Defective PAPSS2 causes SEMD-PA
Defective RFT1 causes RFT1-CDG (CDG-1n)
Defective SLC26A2 causes chondrodysplasias
Defective SLC35D1 causes Schneckenbecken dysplasia (SCHBCKD)
Defective TBXAS1 causes Ghosal hematodiaphyseal dysplasia (GHDD)
Defective TCN2 causes hereditary megaloblastic anemia
Defective TPMT causes Thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency (TPMT deficiency)
Defective UGT1A1 causes hyperbilirubinemia
Defective UGT1A4 causes hyperbilirubinemia
Defects in biotin (Btn) metabolism
Defects in cobalamin (B12) metabolism
Defects in vitamin and cofactor metabolism
Defensins
degradation of AXIN
Degradation of beta-catenin by the destruction complex
Degradation of cysteine and homocysteine
degradation of DVL
Degradation of GABA
Degradation of GLI1 by the proteasome
Degradation of GLI2 by the proteasome
Degradation of the extracellular matrix
deletions in the AMER1 gene destabilize the destruction complex
deletions in the AXIN genes in hepatocellular carcinoma result in elevated WNT signaling
Depolarization of the Presynaptic Terminal Triggers the Opening of Calcium Channels
Depolymerisation of the Nuclear Lamina
Deposition of new CENPA-containing nucleosomes at the centromere
Depurination The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the A or G base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depurinated sugar.
Depyrimidination The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the C or T base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depyrimidinated sugar.
Dermatan sulfate biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dermatan sulfate, any glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species
Developmental Biology
DEx/H-box helicases activate type I IFN and inflammatory cytokines production
Digestion of dietary carbohydrate
Digestion of dietary lipid
Dimerization of procaspase-8
disassembly of the destruction complex and recruitment of AXIN to the membrane
Disease A disease is a disposition that describes states of disease associated with a particular sample and/or organism.
Diseases associated with glycosaminoglycan metabolism
Diseases associated with N-glycosylation of proteins
Diseases associated with visual transduction
Diseases of glycosylation
Disinhibition of SNARE formation
Displacement of DNA glycosylase by APE1
Dissolution of Fibrin Clot
DNA Damage Bypass
DNA Damage Recognition in GG-NER
DNA Damage Reversal
DNA Damage/Telomere Stress Induced Senescence
DNA methylation The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.
DNA Repair The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.
DNA Replication The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.
DNA replication initiation The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action.
DNA Replication Pre-Initiation
DNA strand elongation The DNA metabolic process in which a DNA strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing DNA stand.
Dopamine clearance from the synaptic cleft
Dopamine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
Dopamine receptors
Double-Strand Break Repair The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix.
Downregulation of ERBB2:ERBB3 signaling
Downregulation of ERBB4 signaling
Downregulation of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 transcriptional activity
Downregulation of TGF-beta receptor signaling
Downstream signal transduction
Downstream signaling events of B Cell Receptor (BCR)
Downstream signaling of activated FGFR
Downstream TCR signaling
DSCAM interactions
Dual incision reaction in GG-NER
Dual incision reaction in TC-NER
E2F mediated regulation of DNA replication
E2F-enabled inhibition of pre-replication complex formation
Early Phase of HIV Life Cycle
ECM proteoglycans
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis
EGFR downregulation
EGFR interacts with phospholipase C-gamma
EGFR Transactivation by Gastrin
Eicosanoid ligand-binding receptors
Eicosanoids
Elastic fibre formation
Electric Transmission Across Gap Junctions
Electron transport from NADPH to Ferredoxin
Elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels
Elongation arrest and recovery
Endogenous sterols
Endosomal Sorting Complex Required For Transport (ESCRT)
Endosomal/Vacuolar pathway
Energy dependent regulation of mTOR by LKB1-AMPK
eNOS activation
eNOS activation and regulation
Entry of Influenza Virion into Host Cell via Endocytosis
Enzymatic degradation of dopamine by COMT
Enzymatic degradation of Dopamine by monoamine oxidase
EPH-ephrin mediated repulsion of cells
EPH-Ephrin signaling
EPHA-mediated growth cone collapse
EPHB-mediated forward signaling
Ephrin signaling
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression
ER Quality Control Compartment (ERQC)
ER to Golgi Transport The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.
ER-Phagosome pathway
ERK activation
ERK/MAPK targets
ERK1 activation
ERK2 activation
ERKs are inactivated
Erythrocytes take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen
Erythrocytes take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide
Establishment of Sister Chromatid Cohesion The process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become associated with each other during S phase.
Estrogen biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.
Ethanol oxidation An ethanol metabolic process in which ethanol is converted to acetyl-CoA via acetaldehyde and acetate.
Eukaryotic Translation Elongation
Eukaryotic Translation Initiation
Eukaryotic Translation Termination
Export of Viral Ribonucleoproteins from Nucleus
Extension of Telomeres
Extracellular matrix organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.
Extrinsic Pathway
Facilitative Na+-independent glucose transporters
Factors involved in megakaryocyte development and platelet production
Fanconi Anemia pathway Interstrand cross links (ICL) of DNA can be induced by both endogenous and exogenous ligands. ICL if not repaired will lead to cell death. ICL repair pathway, also known as Fanconi anemia pathway is the cellular response to this type of DNA damage.
FasL/ CD95L signaling
Fatty acid, triacylglycerol, and ketone body metabolism
Fatty acids
Fatty Acids bound to GPR40 (FFAR1) regulate insulin secretion
Fatty Acyl-CoA Biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.
FBXW7 Mutants and NOTCH1 in Cancer
Fc epsilon receptor (FCERI) signaling
FCERI mediated Ca+2 mobilization
FCERI mediated MAPK activation
FCERI mediated NF-kB activation
Fcgamma receptor (FCGR) dependent phagocytosis
FCGR activation
Fertilization The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
FGFR ligand binding and activation
FGFR1 ligand binding and activation
FGFR1b ligand binding and activation
FGFR1c and Klotho ligand binding and activation
FGFR1c ligand binding and activation
FGFR2 ligand binding and activation
FGFR2b ligand binding and activation
FGFR2c ligand binding and activation
FGFR3 ligand binding and activation
FGFR3b ligand binding and activation
FGFR3c ligand binding and activation
FGFR4 ligand binding and activation
Fibronectin matrix formation
Ficolins bind to repetitive carbohydrate structures on the target cell surface
FMO oxidises nucleophiles
Folding of actin by CCT/TriC
Formation of a pool of free 40S subunits
Formation of annular gap junctions
Formation of apoptosome
Formation of ATP by chemiosmotic coupling
Formation of editosomes by ADAR proteins
Formation of Fibrin Clot (Clotting Cascade)
Formation of HIV elongation complex in the absence of HIV Tat
Formation of HIV-1 elongation complex containing HIV-1 Tat
Formation of incision complex in GG-NER
Formation of RNA Pol II elongation complex
Formation of Senescence-Associated Heterochromatin Foci (SAHF)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate
formation of the beta-catenin:TCF transactivating complex
Formation of the Early Elongation Complex
Formation of the Editosome
Formation of the HIV-1 Early Elongation Complex
Formation of the ternary complex, and subsequently, the 43S complex
Formation of transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER) repair complex
Formation of tubulin folding intermediates by CCT/TriC
Formyl peptide receptors bind formyl peptides and many other ligands
Free fatty acid receptors
Free fatty acids regulate insulin secretion
Frs2-mediated activation
FRS2-mediated cascade
Fructose catabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose.
G alpha (12/13) signalling events
G alpha (i) signalling events
G alpha (q) signalling events
G alpha (s) signalling events
G alpha (z) signalling events
G beta:gamma signalling through PI3Kgamma
G beta:gamma signalling through PLC beta
G protein gated Potassium channels
G-protein activation
G-protein beta:gamma signalling
G-protein mediated events
G0 and Early G1
G1 Phase The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA segregation (usually by mitosis or meiosis) and the beginning of DNA synthesis.
G1/S DNA Damage Checkpoints
G1/S Transition
G1/S-Specific Transcription
G2 Phase The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of DNA segregation (usually by mitosis or meiosis).
G2/M Checkpoints
G2/M DNA damage checkpoint
G2/M DNA replication checkpoint
G2/M Transition
GAB1 signalosome
GABA A (rho) receptor activation
GABA A receptor activation
GABA B receptor activation
GABA receptor activation
GABA synthesis
GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation
Galactose catabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose.
Gamma carboxylation, hypusine formation and arylsulfatase activation
Gamma-carboxylation of protein precursors
Gamma-carboxylation, transport, and amino-terminal cleavage of proteins
Gap junction assembly Assembly of gap junctions, which are found in most animal tissues, and serve as direct connections between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. They provide open channels through the plasma membrane, allowing ions and small molecules (less than approximately a thousand daltons) to diffuse freely between neighboring cells, but preventing the passage of proteins and nucleic acids.
Gap junction degradation
Gap junction trafficking
Gap junction trafficking and regulation
Gap-filling DNA repair synthesis and ligation in GG-NER
Gap-filling DNA repair synthesis and ligation in TC-NER
Gastrin-CREB signalling pathway via PKC and MAPK
Gene Expression The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
Generation of second messenger molecules
Generic Transcription Pathway
GLI proteins bind promoters of Hh responsive genes to promote transcription
GLI3 is processed to GLI3R by the proteasome
Global Genomic NER (GG-NER)
Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion
Glucagon-type ligand receptors
Glucocorticoid biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.
Gluconeogenesis The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.
Glucose metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
Glucose transport The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Glucuronidation
Glutamate Binding, Activation of AMPA Receptors and Synaptic Plasticity
Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
Glutathione conjugation
Glutathione synthesis and recycling
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.
Glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis)
Glycogen storage diseases
Glycogen synthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.
Glycolysis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules.
Glycoprotein hormones
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. Formerly known as mucopolysaccharides, they include hyaluronic acid and chondroitin, which provide lubrication in joints and form part of the matrix of cartilage. The three-dimensional structure of these molecules enables them to trap water, which forms a gel and gives glycosaminoglycans their elastic properties.
Glycosphingolipid metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.
Glyoxylate metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH.
Golgi Associated Vesicle Biogenesis
Golgi Cisternae Pericentriolar Stack Reorganization
Golgi to ER Retrograde Transport
GP1b-IX-V activation signalling
GPCR downstream signaling
GPCR ligand binding
GPVI-mediated activation cascade
GRB2 events in EGFR signaling
GRB2 events in ERBB2 signaling
GRB2:SOS provides linkage to MAPK signaling for Integrins
GRB7 events in ERBB2 signaling
Growth hormone receptor signaling
GTP hydrolysis and joining of the 60S ribosomal subunit
HATs acetylate histones
HCN channels
HDACs deacetylate histones
HDL-mediated lipid transport
HDMs demethylate histones
Hedgehog 'off' state
Hedgehog 'on' state
Hedgehog ligand biogenesis
Heme biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors.
Heme degradation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.
Hemostasis The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part.
Heparan sulfate/heparin (HS-GAG) metabolism
Hexose transport The directed movement of hexose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Hexoses are any aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
Hh ligand biogenesis disease
Highly calcium permeable nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Highly calcium permeable postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Highly sodium permeable acetylcholine nicotinic receptors
Histamine receptors
Histidine catabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
HIV elongation arrest and recovery
HIV Infection A Lentivirus infectious disease that results_in destruction of immune system, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers, has_agent Human immunodeficiency virus 1 or has_agent Human immunodeficiency virus 2, which are transmitted_by sexual contact, transmitted_by transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk, transmitted_by congenital method, and transmitted_by contaminated needles. The virus infects helper T cells (CD4+ T cells) which are directly or indirectly destroyed, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The infection has_symptom diarrhea, has_symptom fatigue, has_symptom fever, has_symptom vaginal yeast infection, has_symptom headache, has_symptom mouth sores, has_symptom muscle aches, has_symptom sore throat, and has_symptom swollen lymph glands.|Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).|An infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus.
HIV Life Cycle
HIV Transcription Elongation
HIV Transcription Initiation
Homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange
Homologous Recombination Repair
Homologous recombination repair of replication-independent double-strand breaks
Hormone ligand-binding receptors
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)-mediated triacylglycerol hydrolysis
Host Interactions of HIV factors
Host Interactions with Influenza Factors
HS-GAG biosynthesis
HS-GAG degradation
HSF1 activation
HSF1-dependent transactivation
HuR stabilizes mRNA
Hyaluronan biosynthesis and export
Hyaluronan metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
Hyaluronan uptake and degradation
Hydrolysis of LPC
Hydrolysis of LPE
Hydroxycarboxylic acid-binding receptors
Hypusine synthesis from eIF5A-lysine
IGF1R signaling cascade
IKK complex recruitment mediated by RIP1
Immune System
Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell
Import of palmitoyl-CoA into the mitochondrial matrix
Inactivation of APC/C via direct inhibition of the APC/C complex
Inactivation of Cdc42 and Rac
Inactivation, recovery and regulation of the phototransduction cascade
Incretin synthesis, secretion, and inactivation
Inflammasomes
Influenza Infection An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract, occurring in isolated cases, in epidemics, or in pandemics; it is caused by serologically different strains of viruses (influenzaviruses) designated A, B, and C, has a 3-day incubation period, and usually lasts for 3 to 10 days. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, pharynx, and conjunctiva; headache; myalgia; often fever, chills, and prostration; and occasionally involvement of the myocardium or central nervous system.
Influenza Life Cycle
Influenza Viral RNA Transcription and Replication
Influenza Virus Induced Apoptosis
Inhibition of voltage gated Ca2+ channels via Gbeta/gamma subunits
Inhibition of adenylate cyclase pathway
Inhibition of Host mRNA Processing and RNA Silencing
Inhibition of HSL
Inhibition of PKR
Inhibition of replication initiation of damaged DNA by RB1/E2F1
Inhibition of Signaling by Overexpressed EGFR
Inhibition of the proteolytic activity of APC/C required for the onset of anaphase by mitotic spindle checkpoint components
Inhibition of TSC complex formation by PKB
Initial triggering of complement
Initiation of Nuclear Envelope Reformation
Innate Immune System
Inositol phosphate metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.
Inositol transporters
Insulin effects increased synthesis of Xylulose-5-Phosphate
Insulin processing The formation of mature insulin by proteolysis of the precursor preproinsulin. The signal sequence is first cleaved from preproinsulin to form proinsulin; proinsulin is then cleaved to release the C peptide, leaving the A and B chains of mature insulin linked by disulfide bridges.
Insulin receptor recycling The process that results in the return of an insulin receptor to an active state at the plasma membrane. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive an insulin signal. Internalized insulin receptors can be recycled to the plasma membrane or sorted to lysosomes for protein degradation.
Insulin receptor signalling cascade
Insulin-like Growth Factor-2 mRNA Binding Proteins (IGF2BPs/IMPs/VICKZs) bind RNA
Integration of energy metabolism
Integration of provirus
Integration of viral DNA into host genomic DNA
Integrin alphaIIb beta3 signaling
Integrin cell surface interactions
Interaction between L1 and Ankyrins
Interaction With Cumulus Cells
Interaction With The Zona Pellucida
Interactions of Rev with host cellular proteins
Interactions of Tat with host cellular proteins
Interactions of Vpr with host cellular proteins
Interconversion of 2-oxoglutarate and 2-hydroxyglutarate
Interconversion of polyamines
Interferon alpha/beta signaling
Interferon gamma signaling Type II interferon, of which there is only one in humans, binds to distinct receptors that activate Jak-Stat signaling pathway. It is known as the interferon gamma signaling.
Interferon Signaling
Interleukin receptor SHC signaling
Interleukin-1 processing
Interleukin-1 signaling
Interleukin-2 signaling
Interleukin-3, 5 and GM-CSF signaling
Interleukin-6 signaling
Interleukin-7 signaling
Intraflagellar transport The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins.
Intrinsic Pathway
Intrinsic Pathway for Apoptosis
Inwardly rectifying K+ channels
Ion channel transport
Ion transport by P-type ATPases
Ionotropic activity of Kainate Receptors
IRAK1 recruits IKK complex
IRAK1 recruits IKK complex upon TLR7/8 or 9 stimulation
IRAK2 mediated activation of TAK1 complex
IRAK2 mediated activation of TAK1 complex upon TLR7/8 or 9 stimulation
IRE1alpha activates chaperones
IRF3 mediated activation of type 1 IFN
IRF3-mediated induction of type I IFN
Iron uptake and transport
IRS activation
IRS-mediated signalling
IRS-related events
IRS-related events triggered by IGF1R
ISG15 antiviral mechanism
JNK (c-Jun kinases) phosphorylation and activation mediated by activated human TAK1
Keratan sulfate biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.
Keratan sulfate degradation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.
Keratan sulfate/keratin metabolism
Ketone body metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving ketone body.
Kinesins
Klotho-mediated ligand binding
KSRP destabilizes mRNA
L13a-mediated translational silencing of Ceruloplasmin expression
L1CAM interactions
Lagging Strand Synthesis
Laminin interactions
Late Phase of HIV Life Cycle
Latent infection of Homo sapiens with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
LDL-mediated lipid transport
Leading Strand Synthesis
Lectin pathway of complement activation
Leukotriene receptors
Ligand-gated ion channel transport
Ligand-receptor interactions
Linoleic acid (LA) metabolism
Lipid digestion, mobilization, and transport
Lipoprotein metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.
Localization of the PINCH-ILK-PARVIN complex to focal adhesions
Loss of Function of FBXW7 in Cancer and NOTCH1 Signaling
Loss of Function of SMAD2/3 in Cancer
Loss of Function of SMAD4 in Cancer
Loss of Function of TGFBR1 in Cancer
Loss of Function of TGFBR2 in Cancer
Loss of Nlp from mitotic centrosomes
Loss of proteins required for interphase microtubule organization from the centrosome
LRR FLII-interacting protein 1 (LRRFIP1) activates type I IFN production
Lysine catabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
Lysosome Vesicle Biogenesis
Lysosphingolipid and LPA receptors
M Phase A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
M/G1 Transition
MAP kinase activation in TLR cascade
MAPK targets/ Nuclear events mediated by MAP kinases
MASTL Facilitates Mitotic Progression
Meiosis
Meiotic recombination
Meiotic synapsis
MEK activation
Membrane binding and targetting of GAG proteins
Membrane Trafficking
Metabolic disorders of biological oxidation enzymes
Metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives
Metabolism of Angiotensinogen to Angiotensins
Metabolism of carbohydrates
Metabolism of folate and pterines
Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins
Metabolism of nitric oxide
Metabolism of non-coding RNA
Metabolism of nucleotides
Metabolism of polyamines
Metabolism of porphyrins
Metabolism of proteins
Metabolism of serotonin
Metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamin D
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors
Metal ion SLC transporters
Methionine salvage pathway The generation of L-methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid) from methylthioadenosine.
Methylation The process in which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule.
MHC class II antigen presentation
MicroRNA (miRNA) biogenesis
Microtubule-dependent trafficking of connexons from Golgi to the plasma membrane
Mineralocorticoid biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.
Minus-strand DNA synthesis
Miscellaneous substrates
Mismatch Repair A system for the correction of errors in which an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination.
Mismatch repair (MMR) directed by MSH2:MSH3 (MutSbeta)
Mismatch repair (MMR) directed by MSH2:MSH6 (MutSalpha)
misspliced GSK3beta mutants stabilize beta-catenin
misspliced LRP5 mutants have enhanced beta-catenin-dependent signaling
Mitochondrial ABC transporters
Mitochondrial biogenesis
Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation
mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids
mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
Mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis
Mitochondrial protein import
Mitochondrial transcription initiation
Mitochondrial transcription termination The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule using a mitochondrial DNA template is completed.
Mitochondrial translation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a mitochondrion. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code.
Mitochondrial translation elongation The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in a mitochondrion.
Mitochondrial translation initiation The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
Mitochondrial translation termination The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome in a mitochondrion, usually in response to a termination codon (note that mitochondria use variants of the universal genetic code that differ between different taxa).
Mitochondrial tRNA aminoacylation
Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins
Mitotic Anaphase The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
Mitotic G1-G1/S phases
Mitotic G2-G2/M phases
Mitotic Metaphase and Anaphase
Mitotic Metaphase/Anaphase Transition The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.
Mitotic Prometaphase The cell cycle phase in higher eukaryotes which follows mitotic prophase and during which the nuclear envelope is disrupted and breaks into membrane vesicles, and the spindle microtubules enter the nuclear region. Kinetochores mature on each centromere and attach to some of the spindle microtubules. Kinetochore microtubules begin the process of aligning chromosomes in one plane halfway between the poles.
Mitotic Prophase The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of M phase of mitosis and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell.
Mitotic Spindle Checkpoint A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the spindle and delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, the completion of anaphase until chromosomes are attached to the spindle, or mitotic exit and cytokinesis when the spindle does not form.
Mitotic Telophase/Cytokinesis
Molecules associated with elastic fibres
Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis
MPS I - Hurler syndrome
MPS II - Hunter syndrome
MPS IIIA - Sanfilippo syndrome A
MPS IIIB - Sanfilippo syndrome B
MPS IIIC - Sanfilippo syndrome C
MPS IIID - Sanfilippo syndrome D
MPS IV - Morquio syndrome A
MPS IV - Morquio syndrome B
MPS IX - Natowicz syndrome
MPS VI - Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome
MPS VII - Sly syndrome
MRN complex relocalizes to nuclear foci
mRNA 3'-end processing Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule.
mRNA Capping
mRNA decay by 3' to 5' exoribonuclease
mRNA decay by 5' to 3' exoribonuclease
mRNA Editing The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
mRNA Editing: A to I Conversion
mRNA Editing: C to U Conversion
mRNA Splicing
mRNA Splicing - Major Pathway
mRNA Splicing - Minor Pathway
Mtb iron assimilation by chelation
mTOR signalling
mTORC1-mediated signalling
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Multifunctional anion exchangers
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
Muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.
MyD88 cascade initiated on plasma membrane
MyD88 dependent cascade initiated on endosome
MyD88-independent cascade
MyD88:Mal cascade initiated on plasma membrane
Myoclonic epilepsy of Lafora
Myogenesis The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers.
N-Glycan antennae elongation
N-glycan antennae elongation in the medial/trans-Golgi
N-glycan trimming and elongation in the cis-Golgi
N-glycan trimming in the ER and Calnexin/Calreticulin cycle
Na+-dependent glucose transporters
Na+/Cl- dependent neurotransmitter transporters
NADE modulates death signalling
NADPH regeneration A metabolic process that generates a pool of NADPH by the reduction of NADP+.
NCAM signaling for neurite out-growth
NCAM1 interactions
Nectin/Necl trans heterodimerization
Nef and signal transduction
Nef Mediated CD4 Down-regulation
Nef Mediated CD8 Down-regulation
Nef mediated downregulation of CD28 cell surface expression
Nef mediated downregulation of MHC class I complex cell surface expression
Nef-mediates down modulation of cell surface receptors by recruiting them to clathrin adapters
Negative epigenetic regulation of rRNA expression
Negative regulation of FGFR signaling
negative regulation of TCF-dependent signaling by DVL-interacting proteins
negative regulation of TCF-dependent signaling by WNT ligand antagonists
Negative regulation of the PI3K/AKT network
Negative regulators of RIG-I/MDA5 signaling
NEP/NS2 Interacts with the Cellular Export Machinery
Nephrin interactions
Netrin mediated repulsion signals
Netrin-1 signaling
Neurofascin interactions
Neuronal System
Neurophilin interactions with VEGF and VEGFR
Neurotoxicity of clostridium toxins
Neurotransmitter Clearance In The Synaptic Cleft
Neurotransmitter Receptor Binding And Downstream Transmission In The Postsynaptic Cell
Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
Neurotransmitter uptake and Metabolism In Glial Cells
NF-kB activation through FADD/RIP-1 pathway mediated by caspase-8 and -10
NF-kB is activated and signals survival
NFG and proNGF binds to p75NTR
NGF processing The generation of a mature nerve growth factor (NGF) by proteolysis of a precursor.
NGF signalling via TRKA from the plasma membrane
NGF-independant TRKA activation
NICD traffics to nucleus
Nicotinamide salvaging
Nicotinate metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinate.
Nitric oxide stimulates guanylate cyclase
NOD1/2 Signaling Pathway
Non-integrin membrane-ECM interactions
Nonhomologous End-joining (NHEJ)
Nonsense Mediated Decay (NMD) enhanced by the Exon Junction Complex (EJC)
Nonsense Mediated Decay (NMD) independent of the Exon Junction Complex (EJC)
Nonsense-Mediated Decay (NMD)
NoRC negatively regulates rRNA expression
Norepinephrine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
NOSIP mediated eNOS trafficking
NOSTRIN mediated eNOS trafficking
Notch-HLH transcription pathway
NOTCH1 Intracellular Domain Regulates Transcription
NOTCH2 Activation and Transmission of Signal to the Nucleus
NOTCH2 intracellular domain regulates transcription
NRAGE signals death through JNK
NrCAM interactions
NRIF signals cell death from the nucleus
NS1 Mediated Effects on Host Pathways
Nuclear Envelope Breakdown The controlled breakdown of the nuclear envelope in the context of a normal process.
Nuclear Envelope Reassembly The reformation of the nuclear envelope following its breakdown in the context of a normal process.
Nuclear Events (kinase and transcription factor activation)
Nuclear import of Rev protein
Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) Disassembly
Nuclear Receptor transcription pathway
Nuclear signaling by ERBB4
Nucleosome assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.
Nucleotide Excision Repair A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts).
Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor (NLR) signaling pathways
Nucleotide-like (purinergic) receptors
O-glycosylation of TSR domain-containing proteins
O-linked glycosylation
O-linked glycosylation of mucins
O2/CO2 exchange in erythrocytes
Olfactory Signaling Pathway
Oligomerization of connexins into connexons
Oncogene Induced Senescence
Opioid Signalling
Opsins
Orc1 removal from chromatin
Orexin and neuropeptides FF and QRFP bind to their respective receptors
Organelle biogenesis and maintenance
Organic anion transport The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
Organic anion transporters
Organic cation transport The directed movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
Organic cation/anion/zwitterion transport
Orphan transporters
Other semaphorin interactions
Oxidative Stress Induced Senescence
Oxygen-dependent asparagine hydroxylation of Hypoxia-inducible Factor Alpha
Oxygen-dependent proline hydroxylation of Hypoxia-inducible Factor Alpha
p130Cas linkage to MAPK signaling for integrins
P2Y receptors
p38MAPK events
p53-Dependent G1 DNA Damage Response
p53-Dependent G1/S DNA damage checkpoint
p53-Independent DNA Damage Response
p53-Independent G1/S DNA damage checkpoint
p75 NTR receptor-mediated signalling
p75NTR negatively regulates cell cycle via SC1
p75NTR recruits signalling complexes
p75NTR regulates axonogenesis
p75NTR signals via NF-kB
Packaging Of Telomere Ends
PAOs oxidise polyamines to amines
Passive transport by Aquaporins
Pausing and recovery of HIV elongation
Pausing and recovery of Tat-mediated HIV elongation
PCP/CE pathway
PD-1 signaling
PDE3B signalling
PECAM1 interactions
Pentose phosphate pathway (hexose monophosphate shunt)
Peptide chain elongation
Peptide hormone biosynthesis
Peptide hormone metabolism
Peptide ligand-binding receptors
PERK regulates gene expression
Peroxisomal lipid metabolism
Phagosomal maturation (early endosomal stage)
Phase 1 - Functionalization of compounds
Phase II conjugation
Phenylalanine and tyrosine catabolism
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins
phospho-PLA2 pathway
Phospholipase C-mediated cascade
Phospholipid metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
Phosphorylation of CD3 and TCR zeta chains
Phosphorylation of Emi1
Phosphorylation of proteins involved in G1/S transition by active Cyclin E:Cdk2 complexes
Phosphorylation of proteins involved in the G2/M transition by Cyclin A:Cdc2 complexes
Phosphorylation of the APC/C
phosphorylation site mutants of CTNNB1 are not targeted to the proteasome by the destruction complex
PI and PC transport between ER and Golgi membranes
PI Metabolism
PI-3K cascade A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions.
PI3K Cascade A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions.
PI3K events in ERBB2 signaling
PI3K events in ERBB4 signaling
PI3K/AKT activation
PI3K/AKT Signaling in Cancer
PIP3 activates AKT signaling
PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) biogenesis
PKA activation
PKA activation in glucagon signalling
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of key metabolic factors
PKB-mediated events
PKMTs methylate histone lysines
Plasmalogen biosynthesis
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation
Platelet Adhesion to exposed collagen
Platelet Aggregation (Plug Formation)
Platelet calcium homeostasis
Platelet degranulation The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine and serotonin by a platelet.
Platelet homeostasis
Platelet sensitization by LDL
PLC beta mediated events
PLC-gamma1 signalling
PLC-mediated hydrolysis of PIP2
PLCG1 events in ERBB2 signaling
Plus-strand DNA synthesis
Polo-like kinase mediated events
Polymerase switching
Polymerase switching on the C-strand of the telomere
Post NMDA receptor activation events
Post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway Completion of folding of alpha- and beta-tubulin; takes place subsequent to chaperonin-mediated partial folding; mediated by a complex of folding cofactors.
Post-Elongation Processing of Intron-Containing pre-mRNA
Post-Elongation Processing of Intronless pre-mRNA
Post-Elongation Processing of the Transcript
Post-transcriptional silencing by small RNAs
Post-translational modification: synthesis of GPI-anchored proteins
Post-translational protein modification The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.
Postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Potassium Channels
Potassium transport channels
POU5F1 (OCT4), SOX2, NANOG activate genes related to proliferation
POU5F1 (OCT4), SOX2, NANOG repress genes related to differentiation
PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of key metabolic factors
PPARA activates gene expression
PRC2 methylates histones and DNA
Pre-NOTCH Expression and Processing
Pre-NOTCH Processing in Golgi
Pre-NOTCH Processing in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Pre-NOTCH Transcription and Translation
Prefoldin mediated transfer of substrate to CCT/TriC
Pregnenolone biosynthesis
Presynaptic function of Kainate receptors
Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Presynaptic phase of homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange
Processing and activation of SUMO
Processing of Capped Intron-Containing Pre-mRNA
Processing of Capped Intronless Pre-mRNA
Processing of DNA double-strand break ends
Processing of DNA ends prior to end rejoining
Processing of Intronless Pre-mRNAs
Processing-defective Hh variants abrogate ligand secretion
Processive synthesis on the C-strand of the telomere
Processive synthesis on the lagging strand
Programmed Cell Death A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell.
Progressive trimming of alpha-1,2-linked mannose residues from Man9/8/7GlcNAc2 to produce Man5GlcNAc2
Prolactin receptor signaling
Proline catabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
Prolonged ERK activation events
Propionyl-CoA catabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of propionyl-CoA.
Prostacyclin signalling through prostacyclin receptor
Prostanoid ligand receptors
Protein folding The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.
Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transport
Proton-coupled neutral amino acid transporters
Proton/oligonucleotide cotransporters
Purine catabolism
Purine metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
Purine salvage Any process that generates a purine-containing compound, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a purine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.
Pyrimidine biosynthesis
Pyrimidine catabolism
Pyrimidine metabolism
Pyrimidine salvage reactions
Pyrophosphate hydrolysis
Pyruvate metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate.
Pyruvate metabolism and Citric Acid (TCA) cycle
RA biosynthesis pathway
RAF activation
RAF phosphorylates MEK
RAF/MAP kinase cascade
Rap1 signalling
Ras activation uopn Ca2+ infux through NMDA receptor
Reactions specific to the complex N-glycan synthesis pathway
Reactions specific to the hybrid N-glycan synthesis pathway
Receptor-ligand binding initiates the second proteolytic cleavage of Notch receptor
Recognition and association of DNA glycosylase with site containing an affected purine
Recognition and association of DNA glycosylase with site containing an affected pyrimidine
Recruitment of mitotic centrosome proteins and complexes
Recruitment of NuMA to mitotic centrosomes
Recruitment of repair and signaling proteins to double-strand breaks
Recycling of bile acids and salts
Recycling of eIF2:GDP
Recycling pathway of L1
Reduction of cytosolic Ca++ levels
Regulated proteolysis of p75NTR
Regulation by c-FLIP
Regulation by TREX1
Regulation of actin dynamics for phagocytic cup formation
Regulation of activated PAK-2p34 by proteasome mediated degradation
Regulation of AMPK activity via LKB1
Regulation of APC/C activators between G1/S and early anaphase
Regulation of Apoptosis Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.
Regulation of beta-cell development
Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis by SREBP (SREBF)
Regulation of Commissural axon pathfinding by Slit and Robo
Regulation of Complement cascade Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.
Regulation of cytoskeletal remodeling and cell spreading by IPP complex components
Regulation of DNA replication Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.
regulation of FZD by ubiquitination
Regulation of gap junction activity
Regulation of gene expression by Hypoxia-inducible Factor
Regulation of gene expression in beta cells
Regulation of gene expression in early pancreatic precursor cells
Regulation of gene expression in endocrine-committed (NEUROG3+) progenitor cells
Regulation of gene expression in late stage (branching morphogenesis) pancreatic bud precursor cells
Regulation of Glucokinase by Glucokinase Regulatory Protein
Regulation of HSF1-mediated heat shock response
Regulation of Hypoxia-inducible Factor (HIF) by oxygen
Regulation of IFNA signaling
Regulation of IFNG signaling
Regulation of innate immune responses to cytosolic DNA
Regulation of insulin secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.
Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) transport and uptake by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs)
Regulation of KIT signaling
Regulation of lipid metabolism by Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha)
Regulation of mitotic cell cycle Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle.
Regulation of mRNA stability by proteins that bind AU-rich elements
Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)
Regulation of PAK-2p34 activity by PS-GAP/RHG10
Regulation of PLK1 Activity at G2/M Transition
Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex
Regulation of Rheb GTPase activity by AMPK
Regulation of signaling by CBL
Regulation of signaling by NODAL
Regulation of the Fanconi anemia pathway
Regulation of thyroid hormone activity
Regulatory RNA pathways
Relaxin receptors
Release of apoptotic factors from the mitochondria
Release of eIF4E
Release of Hh-Np from the secreting cell
Removal of aminoterminal propeptides from gamma-carboxylated proteins
Removal of DNA patch containing abasic residue
Removal of licensing factors from origins
Removal of the Flap Intermediate
Removal of the Flap Intermediate from the C-strand
Repair synthesis for gap-filling by DNA polymerase in TC-NER
Repair synthesis of patch ~27-30 bases long by DNA polymerase
repression of WNT target genes
Reproduction The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms.
Resolution of Abasic Sites (AP sites)
Resolution of AP sites via the multiple-nucleotide patch replacement pathway
Resolution of AP sites via the single-nucleotide replacement pathway
Resolution of D-loop structures
Resolution of D-loop structures through Holliday junction intermediates
Resolution of Sister Chromatid Cohesion
Respiratory electron transport
Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins.
Response of Mtb to phagocytosis
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+
Retinoid cycle disease events
Retinoid metabolism and transport
Retrograde neurotrophin signalling
Reuptake of GABA
REV-ERBA represses gene expression
Rev-mediated nuclear export of HIV RNA
Reversal of Alkylation Damage By DNA Dioxygenases
Reverse Transcription of HIV RNA
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide
Rhesus glycoproteins mediate ammonium transport.
Rho GTPase cycle
Ribosomal scanning and start codon recognition
RIG-I/MDA5 mediated induction of IFN-alpha/beta pathways
RIP-mediated NFkB activation via ZBP1
RMTs methylate histone arginines
RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation and interaction with CE
RNA Polymerase I Chain Elongation
RNA Polymerase I Promoter Clearance
RNA Polymerase I Promoter Escape
RNA Polymerase I Promoter Opening
RNA Polymerase I Transcription
RNA Polymerase I Transcription Initiation
RNA Polymerase I Transcription Termination The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule by RNA polymerase I using a DNA template is completed. RNAP I termination requires binding of a terminator protein so specific sequences downstream of the transcription unit.
RNA Polymerase I, RNA Polymerase III, and Mitochondrial Transcription
RNA Polymerase II HIV Promoter Escape
RNA Polymerase II Pre-transcription Events
RNA Polymerase II Promoter Escape
RNA Polymerase II Transcription
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Elongation
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation And Promoter Clearance
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Pre-Initiation And Promoter Opening
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Termination The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule by RNA polymerase II using a DNA template is completed.
RNA Polymerase III Abortive And Retractive Initiation
RNA Polymerase III Chain Elongation
RNA Polymerase III Transcription
RNA Polymerase III Transcription Initiation
RNA Polymerase III Transcription Initiation From Type 1 Promoter
RNA Polymerase III Transcription Initiation From Type 2 Promoter
RNA Polymerase III Transcription Initiation From Type 3 Promoter
RNA Polymerase III Transcription Termination The process in which transcription by RNA polymerase III is terminated; Pol III has an intrinsic ability to terminate transcription upon incorporation of 4 to 6 contiguous U residues.
RNF mutants show enhanced WNT signaling and proliferation
Role of Abl in Robo-Slit signaling
Role of DCC in regulating apoptosis
Role of LAT2/NTAL/LAB on calcium mobilization
Role of phospholipids in phagocytosis
Role of second messengers in netrin-1 signaling
RORA activates circadian gene expression
RSK activation
S Phase The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place.
S33 mutants of beta-catenin aren't phosphorylated
S37 mutants of beta-catenin aren't phosphorylated
S45 mutants of beta-catenin aren't phosphorylated
S6K1 signalling
S6K1-mediated signalling
Scavenging by Class A Receptors
Scavenging by Class B Receptors
Scavenging by Class F Receptors
Scavenging by Class H Receptors
Scavenging of heme from plasma
SCF(Skp2)-mediated degradation of p27/p21
SCF-beta-TrCP mediated degradation of Emi1
Sema3A PAK dependent Axon repulsion
SEMA3A-Plexin repulsion signaling by inhibiting Integrin adhesion
Sema4D in semaphorin signaling
Sema4D induced cell migration and growth-cone collapse
Sema4D mediated inhibition of cell attachment and migration
Semaphorin interactions
Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP)
Separation of Sister Chromatids
Serine biosynthesis
Serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis
Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft
Serotonin Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
Serotonin receptors
SHC activation
SHC-mediated cascade
SHC-mediated signalling
SHC-related events
SHC-related events triggered by IGF1R
SHC1 events in EGFR signaling
SHC1 events in ERBB2 signaling
SHC1 events in ERBB4 signaling
Sialic acid metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.
Signal amplification
Signal attenuation
Signal regulatory protein (SIRP) family interactions
Signal Transduction The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.
Signal transduction by L1
Signaling by activated point mutants of FGFR1
Signaling by activated point mutants of FGFR3
Signaling by Activin
Signaling by BMP
Signaling by EGFR
Signaling by EGFR in Cancer
Signaling by EGFRvIII in Cancer
Signaling by ERBB2
Signaling by ERBB4
Signaling by FGFR
Signaling by FGFR in disease
Signaling by FGFR mutants
Signaling by FGFR1 amplification mutants
Signaling by FGFR1 fusion mutants
Signaling by FGFR1 mutants
Signaling by FGFR2 amplification mutants
Signaling by FGFR2 mutants
Signaling by FGFR3 mutants
Signaling by FGFR4 mutants
Signaling by GPCR
Signaling by Hedgehog
Signaling by Hippo
Signaling by Insulin receptor
Signaling by Interleukins
Signaling by Leptin
Signaling by Ligand-Responsive EGFR Variants in Cancer
Signaling by NODAL
Signaling by NOTCH
Signaling by NOTCH1
Signaling by NOTCH1 HD Domain Mutants in Cancer
Signaling by NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants in Cancer
Signaling by NOTCH1 in Cancer
Signaling by NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants in Cancer
Signaling by NOTCH1 t(7;9)(NOTCH1:M1580_K2555) Translocation Mutant
Signaling by NOTCH2
Signaling by NOTCH3
Signaling by NOTCH4
Signaling by Overexpressed Wild-Type EGFR in Cancer
Signaling by PDGF
Signaling by Retinoic Acid
Signaling by Rho GTPases
Signaling by Robo receptor
Signaling by SCF-KIT
Signaling by TGF-beta Receptor Complex
Signaling by TGF-beta Receptor Complex in Cancer
Signaling by the B Cell Receptor (BCR)
Signaling by Type 1 Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF1R)
Signaling by VEGF
Signaling by Wnt
Signaling by WNT in cancer
Signalling by NGF
Signalling to ERK5
Signalling to ERKs
Signalling to p38 via RIT and RIN
Signalling to RAS
Signalling to STAT3
SIRT1 negatively regulates rRNA Expression
SLBP Dependent Processing of Replication-Dependent Histone Pre-mRNAs
SLBP independent Processing of Histone Pre-mRNAs
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport
SMAC binds to IAPs
SMAC-mediated apoptotic response
SMAC-mediated dissociation of IAP:caspase complexes
SMAD2/3 MH2 Domain Mutants in Cancer
SMAD2/3 Phosphorylation Motif Mutants in Cancer
SMAD2/SMAD3:SMAD4 heterotrimer regulates transcription
SMAD4 MH2 Domain Mutants in Cancer
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) biogenesis
Smooth Muscle Contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.
snRNP Assembly
Sodium-coupled phosphate cotransporters
Sodium-coupled sulphate, di- and tri-carboxylate transporters
Sodium/Calcium exchangers
Sodium/Proton exchangers
SOS-mediated signalling
Sperm Motility And Taxes
Sperm:Oocyte Membrane Binding
Sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis
Sphingolipid metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
Spry regulation of FGF signaling
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane.
Stabilization of p53
STAT6-mediated induction of chemokines
Steroid hormones
Sterols are 12-hydroxylated by CYP8B1
Stimulation of the cell death response by PAK-2p34
Stimuli-sensing channels
STING mediated induction of host immune responses
Striated Muscle Contraction A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope.
Sulfide oxidation to sulfate
Sulfur amino acid metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
SUMO is conjugated to E1 (UBA2:SAE1)
SUMO is proteolytically processed
SUMO is transferred from E1 to E2 (UBE2I, UBC9)
SUMOylation The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxyl terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein.
Switching of origins to a post-replicative state
Syndecan interactions
Synthesis and interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates
Synthesis and processing of ENV and VPU
Synthesis And Processing Of GAG, GAGPOL Polyproteins
Synthesis of (16-20)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE)
Synthesis of 12-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives
Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives
Synthesis of 5-eicosatetraenoic acids
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 27-hydroxycholesterol
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol
Synthesis of CL
Synthesis of diphthamide-EEF2
Synthesis of DNA
Synthesis of Dolichyl-phosphate
Synthesis of dolichyl-phosphate mannose
Synthesis of dolichyl-phosphate-glucose
Synthesis of epoxy (EET) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET)
Synthesis of GDP-mannose
Synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)
Synthesis of Hepoxilins (HX) and Trioxilins (TrX)
Synthesis of IP2, IP, and Ins in the cytosol
Synthesis of IP3 and IP4 in the cytosol
Synthesis of IPs in the ER lumen
Synthesis of IPs in the nucleus
Synthesis of Ketone Bodies
Synthesis of Leukotrienes (LT) and Eoxins (EX)
Synthesis of Lipoxins (LX)
Synthesis of PA
Synthesis of PC
Synthesis of PE
Synthesis of PG
Synthesis of PI
Synthesis of PIPs at the early endosome membrane
Synthesis of PIPs at the ER membrane
Synthesis of PIPs at the Golgi membrane
Synthesis of PIPs at the late endosome membrane
Synthesis of PIPs at the plasma membrane
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX)
Synthesis of PS
Synthesis of pyrophosphates in the cytosol
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs
Synthesis, secretion, and deacylation of Ghrelin
Synthesis, secretion, and inactivation of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
Synthesis, secretion, and inactivation of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP)
t(4;14) translocations of FGFR3
T41 mutants of beta-catenin aren't phosphorylated
Tachykinin receptors bind tachykinins
TAK1 activates NFkB by phosphorylation and activation of IKKs complex
Tandem of pore domain in a weak inwardly rectifying K+ channels (TWIK)
Tandem pore domain halothane-inhibited K+ channel (THIK)
Tandem pore domain potassium channels
Tat-mediated elongation of the HIV-1 transcript
Tat-mediated HIV elongation arrest and recovery
TCF dependent signaling in response to WNT
TCF7L2 mutants don't bind CTBP
TCR signaling
Telomere C-strand (Lagging Strand) Synthesis
Telomere C-strand synthesis initiation
Telomere Extension By Telomerase
Telomere Maintenance Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. These processes includes those that shorten and lengthen the telomeric DNA sequences.
Terminal pathway of complement
Termination of O-glycan biosynthesis
TET1,2,3 and TDG demethylate DNA
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, recycling, salvage and regulation
TGF-beta receptor signaling activates SMADs
TGF-beta receptor signaling in EMT (epithelial to mesenchymal transition)
TGFBR1 KD Mutants in Cancer
TGFBR1 LBD Mutants in Cancer
TGFBR2 Kinase Domain Mutants in Cancer
TGFBR2 MSI Frameshift Mutants in Cancer
The activation of arylsulfatases
The AIM2 inflammasome
The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision)
The citric acid (TCA) cycle and respiratory electron transport
The fatty acid cycling model
The IPAF inflammasome
The NLRP1 inflammasome
The NLRP3 inflammasome
The phototransduction cascade
The proton buffering model
The retinoid cycle in cones (daylight vision)
The role of Nef in HIV-1 replication and disease pathogenesis
Thrombin signalling through proteinase activated receptors (PARs)
Thromboxane signalling through TP receptor
Thyroxine biosynthesis
Tie2 Signaling
Tight junction interactions
TNF signaling
Tolerance by Mtb to nitric oxide produced by macrophages
Toll Like Receptor 10 (TLR10) Cascade
Toll Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) Cascade
Toll Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Cascade
Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Cascade
Toll Like Receptor 5 (TLR5) Cascade
Toll Like Receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) Cascade
Toll Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) Cascade
Toll Like Receptor TLR1:TLR2 Cascade
Toll Like Receptor TLR6:TLR2 Cascade
Toll-Like Receptors Cascades
Toxicity of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A)
Toxicity of botulinum toxin type B (BoNT/B)
Toxicity of botulinum toxin type C (BoNT/C)
Toxicity of botulinum toxin type D (BoNT/D)
Toxicity of botulinum toxin type E (BoNT/E)
Toxicity of botulinum toxin type F (BoNT/F)
Toxicity of botulinum toxin type G (BoNT/G)
Toxicity of tetanus toxin (TeNT)
TRAF3-dependent IRF activation pathway
TRAF6 mediated induction of NFkB and MAP kinases upon TLR7/8 or 9 activation
TRAF6 Mediated Induction of proinflammatory cytokines
TRAF6 mediated induction of TAK1 complex
TRAF6 mediated IRF7 activation
TRAF6 mediated IRF7 activation in TLR7/8 or 9 signaling
TRAF6 mediated NF-kB activation
Trafficking and processing of endosomal TLR
Trafficking of AMPA receptors
Trafficking of dietary sterols
Trafficking of GluR2-containing AMPA receptors
Trafficking of myristoylated proteins to the cilium
TRAIL signaling
trans-Golgi Network Vesicle Budding
Transcription The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA.
Transcription from mitochondrial promoters
Transcription of the HIV genome
Transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER)
Transcriptional activation of cell cycle inhibitor p21
Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis
Transcriptional activation of p53 responsive genes
Transcriptional activity of SMAD2/SMAD3:SMAD4 heterotrimer
Transcriptional regulation by small RNAs
Transcriptional regulation of pluripotent stem cells
Transcriptional regulation of white adipocyte differentiation
Transfer of LPS from LBP carrier to CD14
Transferrin endocytosis and recycling
Translation The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.
Translation initiation complex formation
Translesion synthesis by DNA polymerases bypassing lesion on DNA template
Translesion synthesis by HREV1
Translesion synthesis by Pol eta
Translesion synthesis by Pol zeta
Translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane
Translocation of ZAP-70 to Immunological synapse
Transmembrane transport of small molecules
Transmission across Chemical Synapses
Transmission across Electrical Synapses
Transport and synthesis of PAPS
Transport of connexins along the secretory pathway
Transport of connexons to the plasma membrane
Transport of fatty acids
Transport of gamma-carboxylated protein precursors from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus
Transport of glucose and other sugars, bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds
Transport of glycerol from adipocytes to the liver by Aquaporins
Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides
Transport of Mature mRNA derived from an Intron-Containing Transcript
Transport of Mature mRNA Derived from an Intronless Transcript
Transport of Mature mRNAs Derived from Intronless Transcripts
Transport of Mature Transcript to Cytoplasm
Transport of nucleosides and free purine and pyrimidine bases across the plasma membrane
Transport of nucleotide sugars
Transport of organic anions
Transport of Ribonucleoproteins into the Host Nucleus
Transport of the SLBP Dependant Mature mRNA
Transport of the SLBP independent Mature mRNA
Transport of vitamins, nucleosides, and related molecules
Transport to the Golgi and subsequent modification
TRIF-mediated programmed cell death
TRIF-mediated TLR3/TLR4 signaling
Triglyceride Biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
Tristetraprolin (TTP) destabilizes mRNA
TRKA activation by NGF
tRNA Aminoacylation The chemical reactions and pathways by which the various amino acids become bonded to their corresponding tRNAs. The most common route for synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA is by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, usually catalyzed by the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA ligase. A given aminoacyl-tRNA ligase aminoacylates all species of an isoaccepting group of tRNA molecules.
TRP channels
truncated APC mutants destabilize the destruction complex
truncations of AMER1 destabilize the destruction complex
Tryptophan catabolism The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.
TWIK related potassium channel (TREK)
TWIK-related alkaline pH activated K+ channel (TALK)
TWIK-related spinal cord K+ channel (TRESK)
TWIK-releated acid-sensitive K+ channel (TASK)
Type I hemidesmosome assembly
Type II Na+/Pi cotransporters
Ubiquinol biosynthesis
Ubiquitin Mediated Degradation of Phosphorylated Cdc25A
Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Cyclin D
Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Cyclin D1
Unblocking of NMDA receptor, glutamate binding and activation
Uncoating of the HIV Virion
Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)
Unwinding of DNA
Uptake and actions of bacterial toxins
Uptake and function of anthrax toxins
Uptake and function of diphtheria toxin
Urea cycle The sequence of reactions by which arginine is synthesized from ornithine, then cleaved to yield urea and regenerate ornithine. The overall reaction equation is NH3 + CO2 + aspartate + 3 ATP + 2 H2O = urea + fumarate + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + AMP + diphosphate.
Utilization of Ketone Bodies
Vasopressin regulates renal water homeostasis via Aquaporins
Vasopressin-like receptors
VEGF binds to VEGFR leading to receptor dimerization
VEGF ligand-receptor interactions
VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway
VEGFR2 mediated cell proliferation
VEGFR2 mediated vascular permeability
Vif-mediated degradation of APOBEC3G
Viral Messenger RNA Synthesis
Viral mRNA Translation
Viral RNP Complexes in the Host Cell Nucleus
Virus Assembly and Release
Visual phototransduction
Vitamin B1 (thiamin) metabolism
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism
Vitamin C (ascorbate) metabolism
Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism
Vitamins
Vitamins B6 activation to pyridoxal phosphate
Voltage gated Potassium channels
Vpr-mediated induction of apoptosis by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization
Vpr-mediated nuclear import of PICs
Vpu mediated degradation of CD4
vRNP Assembly
VxPx cargo-targeting to cilium
WNT ligand biogenesis and trafficking
WNT ligand secretion is abrogated by the PORCN inhibitor LGK974
WNT mediated activation of DVL
WNT5A-dependent internalization of FZD2, FZD5 and ROR2
WNT5A-dependent internalization of FZD4
XAV939 inhibits tankyrase, stabilizing AXIN
XBP1(S) activates chaperone genes
Xenobiotics
YAP1- and WWTR1 (TAZ)-stimulated gene expression
ZBP1(DAI) mediated induction of type I IFNs
Zinc efflux and compartmentalization by the SLC30 family
Zinc influx into cells by the SLC39 gene family
Zinc transporters