ACP3 Gene

Name	acid phosphatase 3
Description	This gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of orthophosphoric monoester to alcohol and orthophosphate. It is synthesized under androgen regulation and is secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland. An alternatively spliced transcript variant encoding a longer isoform has been found for this gene. This isoform contains a transmembrane domain and is localized in the plasma membrane-endosomal-lysosomal pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2008]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Prostatic acid phosphatase (commonly known as PAP and referred to in some literature as ACP3) is emerging as a multifunctional enzyme with important roles in both neuronal and prostatic physiology. In the nervous system, PAP is expressed on small‐diameter dorsal root ganglion neurons and functions as an ecto–5′-nucleotidase that converts extracellular adenosine monophosphate (AMP) into adenosine. This enzymatic activity leads to the activation of adenosine A<sub>1</sub> receptors, which in turn mediates potent antinociceptive effects by suppressing chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain responses."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In addition to its role in pain modulation, PAP participates in the regulation of vesicular trafficking processes. Its interaction with snapin—a SNARE-associated protein—supports efficient endo-/exocytic pathways essential for maintaining prostate cellular homeostasis. Disruption of these processes has been linked to the development of prostate adenocarcinoma."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Furthermore, recent proteomic studies have identified that PAP exists in distinct molecular forms with divergent physiological functions. Notably, one proteoform—characterized by unique signal sequence attributes—correlates with early prostate cancer, thereby highlighting the enzyme’s potential both as a prognostic biomarker and as a target for therapeutic intervention."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In summary, PAP (ACP3) integrates extracellular nucleotide metabolism with intracellular vesicular dynamics. Through its ectonucleotidase activity, it modulates nociceptive signaling by generating adenosine, while its role in vesicular trafficking contributes to prostatic cellular function and tumorigenesis.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mark J Zylka, Nathaniel A Sowa, Bonnie Taylor-Blake, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Prostatic acid phosphatase is an ectonucleotidase and suppresses pain by generating adenosine."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Neuron (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.neuron.2008.08.024"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.08.024"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18940592"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18940592"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Joseph E Rittiner, Ilia Korboukh, Emily A Hull-Ryde, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "AMP is an adenosine A1 receptor agonist."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M111.291666"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.291666"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22215671"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22215671"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sarah E Street, Paul L Walsh, Nathaniel A Sowa, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PAP and NT5E inhibit nociceptive neurotransmission by rapidly hydrolyzing nucleotides to adenosine."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Pain (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/1744-8069-7-80"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8069-7-80"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22011440"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22011440"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ileana B Quintero, Annakaisa M Herrala, César L Araujo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transmembrane prostatic acid phosphatase (TMPAP) interacts with snapin and deficient mice develop prostate adenocarcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0073072"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073072"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24039861"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24039861"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "César L Araujo, Ileana B Quintero, Anja Kipar, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Prostatic acid phosphatase is the main acid phosphatase with 5'-ectonucleotidase activity in the male mouse saliva and regulates salivation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Physiol Cell Physiol (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1152/ajpcell.00062.2014"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00062.2014"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24717577"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24717577"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Evgenia Alpert, Armin Akhavan, Arie Gruzman, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Multifunctionality of prostatic acid phosphatase in prostate cancer pathogenesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biosci Rep (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1042/BSR20211646"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20211646"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34677582"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34677582"}]}]}]}
NCBI Gene ID	55
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

ACP3 has 3,334 functional associations with biological entities spanning 6 categories (chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 39 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for ACP3 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

ACP3 Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of ACP3 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of ACP3 gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with ACP3 protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with ACP3 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas	gene perturbations changing expression of ACP3 gene from the CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing ACP3 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with ACP3 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by ACP3 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DGIdb Drug Targets 2026	interacting drugs for ACP3 protein from the DGIdb Drug Targets 2026 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with ACP3 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with ACP3 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	GlyGen Glycosylated Proteins	ligands (chemical) binding ACP3 protein from the GlyGen Glycosylated Proteins dataset.
	GO Biological Process Annotations 2023	biological processes involving ACP3 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 dataset.
	GO Biological Process Annotations 2025	biological processes involving ACP3 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations2025 dataset.
	GO Cellular Component Annotations 2023	cellular components containing ACP3 protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2023 dataset.
	GO Cellular Component Annotations 2025	cellular components containing ACP3 protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2025 dataset.
	GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023	molecular functions performed by ACP3 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset.
	GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025	molecular functions performed by ACP3 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset.
	GTEx eQTL 2025	SNPs regulating expression of ACP3 gene from the GTEx eQTL 2025 dataset.
	GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023	tissues with high or low expression of ACP3 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset.
	GTEx Tissue-Specific Aging Signatures	tissue samples with high or low expression of ACP3 gene relative to other tissue samples from the GTEx Tissue-Specific Aging Signatures dataset.
	GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations 2025	phenotypes associated with ACP3 gene in GWAS datasets from the GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset.
	HuBMAP ASCT+B Annotations	cell types associated with ACP3 gene from the HuBMAP ASCT+B dataset.
	HuBMAP ASCT+B Augmented with RNA-seq Coexpression	cell types associated with ACP3 gene from the HuBMAP ASCT+B Augmented with RNA-seq Coexpression dataset.
	JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets 2025	transcription factors regulating expression of ACP3 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	JASPAR Predicted Mouse Transcription Factor Targets 2025	transcription factors regulating expression of ACP3 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Mouse Transcription Factor Targets 2025 dataset.
	LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbation Consensus Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of ACP3 gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbations Consensus Signatures dataset.
	LINCS L1000 CMAP CRISPR Knockout Consensus Signatures	gene perturbations changing expression of ACP3 gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP CRISPR Knockout Consensus Signatures dataset.
	MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023	phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by ACP3 gene mutations from the MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 dataset.
	MoTrPAC Rat Endurance Exercise Training	tissue samples with high or low expression of ACP3 gene relative to other tissue samples from the MoTrPAC Rat Endurance Exercise Training dataset.
	PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023	pathways involving ACP3 protein from the PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 dataset.
	PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2024	pathways involving ACP3 protein from the Wikipathways PFOCR 2024 dataset.
	Reactome Pathways 2024	pathways involving ACP3 protein from the Reactome Pathways 2024 dataset.
	Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026	transcription factors regulating expression of ACP3 gene from the Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 dataset.
	RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures	drug perturbations changing expression of ACP3 gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset.
	RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures	gene perturbations changing expression of ACP3 gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset.
	TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025	tissues with high expression of ACP3 protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025	tissues with high expression of ACP3 protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025	tissues co-occuring with ACP3 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.