{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n AFAP1‐AS1 is an oncogenic long noncoding RNA that is frequently overexpressed in a wide spectrum of human cancers—including esophageal adenocarcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, osteosarcoma, gallbladder cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, thyroid cancer, and endometrial carcinoma—and its elevated expression correlates with advanced tumor stage, invasion, metastasis, and poor patient prognosis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Functional studies indicate that AFAP1‐AS1 promotes cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition through multiple mechanisms. In particular, it modulates actin filament integrity and reorganizes the cell cytoskeleton via regulation of Rho/Rac and small GTPase signaling pathways."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, AFAP1‐AS1 acts as a competing endogenous RNA, “sponging” tumor suppressor microRNAs to upregulate oncogenic targets such as IGF1R, FGF7, and others."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "10", "end_ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Additional studies have demonstrated that AFAP1‐AS1 contributes to tumor progression by mediating epigenetic regulation. It recruits chromatin‐modifying enzymes such as EZH2 and LSD1 to the promoters of tumor suppressor genes (for example, p21 and HBP1), thereby repressing their transcription and further promoting oncogenic processes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In summary, the multifaceted functions of AFAP1‐AS1—in enhancing cytoskeletal dynamics, acting as a microRNA sponge to deregulate key oncogenic pathways, and modulating epigenetic landscapes—underscore its critical role in cancer progression and highlight its potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "17", "end_ref": "20"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wenjing Wu, Tushar D Bhagat, Xue Yang, et al. 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