| Name | amylase, alpha 1A (salivary) |
| Description | Amylases are secreted proteins that hydrolyze 1,4-alpha-glucoside bonds in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, and thus catalyze the first step in digestion of dietary starch and glycogen. The human genome has a cluster of several amylase genes that are expressed at high levels in either salivary gland or pancreas. This gene encodes an amylase isoenzyme produced by the salivary gland. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] |
| Summary |
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Salivary α‐amylase, which is predominantly encoded by the AMY1A gene, is a multifunctional enzyme with important roles in both digestion and physiological signaling. In the oral cavity it initiates the breakdown of dietary starch into maltose, maltotriose, and larger oligosaccharides, thereby altering the physical properties of starch and influencing oral perception of its viscosity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In parallel to its digestive function, salivary α‐amylase has emerged as a sensitive, noninvasive marker of autonomic nervous system activity; its activity increases in response to psychosocial stressors and physical exercise, reflecting activation of the sympathoadrenal system."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Moreover, natural variation in the AMY1A gene copy number contributes significantly to individual differences in enzyme concentration and activity. Higher AMY1A copy numbers have been linked with more efficient starch hydrolysis, which may favorably modulate energy metabolism and reduce obesity risk in populations consuming high‐starch diets."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " At the same time, very high AMY1A copy numbers have been associated with improved episodic memory performance and a decreased hazard ratio for Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting potential beneficial effects of enhanced amylase activity on cognitive function."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In addition, by modulating substrate availability and interacting with other salivary proteins, the enzyme encoded by AMY1A is implicated in the maintenance of oral health. Variability in AMY1A copy number has been associated with differences in caries experience, likely via its effects on intraoral starch processing and the subsequent modulation of the oral microbiome."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Overall, the AMY1A gene plays a central role in linking dietary starch digestion, metabolic homeostasis, stress reactivity, and oral health, with genetically determined differences in its copy number partly underlying inter‐individual variability in these processes.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Abigail L Mandel, Catherine Peyrot des Gachons, Kimberly L Plank, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Individual differences in AMY1 gene copy number, salivary α-amylase levels, and the perception of oral starch."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0013352"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013352"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20967220"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20967220"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Urs M Nater, Nicolas Rohleder, Jens Gaab, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Human salivary alpha-amylase reactivity in a psychosocial stress paradigm."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Psychophysiol (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.09.009"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.09.009"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15708646"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15708646"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "María A Mejía-Benítez, Amélie Bonnefond, Loïc Yengo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Beneficial effect of a high number of copies of salivary amylase AMY1 gene on obesity risk in Mexican children."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Diabetologia (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00125-014-3441-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-014-3441-3"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25394825"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25394825"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Miguel Vázquez-Moreno, Aurora Mejía-Benítez, Tanmay Sharma, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Association of AMY1A/AMY2A copy numbers and AMY1/AMY2 serum enzymatic activity with obesity in Mexican children."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pediatr Obes (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/ijpo.12641"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12641"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32314532"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32314532"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elin Byman, Katarina Nägga, Anna-Märta Gustavsson, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Alpha-amylase 1A copy number variants and the association with memory performance and Alzheimer's dementia."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Alzheimers Res Ther (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s13195-020-00726-y"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-020-00726-y"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33220711"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33220711"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lina Stangvaltaite-Mouhat, Alina Pūrienė, Jolanta Aleksejūnienė, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Amylase Alpha 1 Gene (AMY1) Copy Number Variation and Dental Caries Experience: A Pilot Study among Adults in Lithuania."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Caries Res (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1159/000514667"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000514667"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33735865"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33735865"}]}]}]}
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| Synonyms | AMY1 |
| Proteins | AMY1_HUMAN |
| NCBI Gene ID | 276 |
| API | |
| Download Associations | |
| Predicted Functions |
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| Co-expressed Genes |
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| Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines |
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AMY1A has 1,620 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, functional term, phrase or reference, chemical, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 72 datasets.
Click the + buttons to view associations for AMY1A from the datasets below.
If available, associations are ranked by standardized value
| Dataset | Summary | |
|---|---|---|
| Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of AMY1A gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | cell types and tissues with high or low expression of AMY1A gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations | cell types associated with AMY1A gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of AMY1A gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of AMY1A gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 | transcription factors binding the promoter of AMY1A gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset. | |
| CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas | gene perturbations changing expression of AMY1A gene from the CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores | cellular components containing AMY1A protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores | cellular components co-occuring with AMY1A protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 | cellular components co-occuring with AMY1A protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of AMY1A gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles | cell lines with AMY1A gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset. | |
| CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions | chemicals interacting with AMY1A gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset. | |
| CTD Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with AMY1A gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores | diseases associated with AMY1A gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores | diseases co-occuring with AMY1A gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases co-occuring with AMY1A gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with AMY1A gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with AMY1A gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset. | |
| DrugBank Drug Targets | interacting drugs for AMY1A protein from the curated DrugBank Drug Targets dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of AMY1A gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of AMY1A gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing AMY1A from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset. | |
| GAD Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with AMY1A gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with AMY1A gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations | biological terms co-occuring with AMY1A gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset. | |
| GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing AMY1A from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules | small molecule perturbations changing expression of AMY1A gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of AMY1A gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections | virus perturbations changing expression of AMY1A gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 | biological processes involving AMY1A gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2025 | biological processes involving AMY1A gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations2025 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 | molecular functions performed by AMY1A gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 | molecular functions performed by AMY1A gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset. | |
| GTEx eQTL 2025 | SNPs regulating expression of AMY1A gene from the GTEx eQTL 2025 dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of AMY1A gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 | tissues with high or low expression of AMY1A gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of AMY1A gene relative to other tissue samples from the GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations 2025 | phenotypes associated with AMY1A gene in GWAS datasets from the GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset. | |
| Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of AMY1A gene relative to other cell lines from the Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HMDB Metabolites of Enzymes | interacting metabolites for AMY1A protein from the curated HMDB Metabolites of Enzymes dataset. | |
| HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of AMY1A gene relative to other cell lines from the HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of AMY1A gene relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of AMY1A protein relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of AMY1A gene relative to other tissue samples from the HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations | protein domains predicted for AMY1A protein from the InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets 2025 | transcription factors regulating expression of AMY1A gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of AMY1A gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| KEGG Pathways | pathways involving AMY1A protein from the KEGG Pathways dataset. | |
| KEGG Pathways 2026 | pathways involving AMY1A protein from the KEGG Pathways 2026 dataset. | |
| Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of AMY1A gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of AMY1A gene from the KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
| LOCATE Curated Protein Localization Annotations | cellular components containing AMY1A protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the LOCATE Curated Protein Localization Annotations dataset. | |
| LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations | cellular components predicted to contain AMY1A protein from the LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations dataset. | |
| MoTrPAC Rat Endurance Exercise Training | tissue samples with high or low expression of AMY1A gene relative to other tissue samples from the MoTrPAC Rat Endurance Exercise Training dataset. | |
| MW Enzyme Metabolite Associations | interacting metabolites for AMY1A protein from the MW Gene Metabolite Associations dataset. | |
| Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions | interacting proteins for AMY1A from the Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions dataset. | |
| PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 | pathways involving AMY1A protein from the PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 dataset. | |
| PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2024 | pathways involving AMY1A protein from the Wikipathways PFOCR 2024 dataset. | |
| Reactome Pathways 2014 | pathways involving AMY1A protein from the Reactome Pathways dataset. | |
| Reactome Pathways 2024 | pathways involving AMY1A protein from the Reactome Pathways 2024 dataset. | |
| Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | cell types and tissues with high or low expression of AMY1A gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 | transcription factors regulating expression of AMY1A gene from the Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures | drug perturbations changing expression of AMY1A gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of AMY1A gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets | microRNAs regulating expression of AMY1A gene predicted using nonconserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets dataset. | |
| TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors | tissue samples with high or low expression of AMY1A gene relative to other tissue samples from the TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors dataset. | |
| TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues with high expression of AMY1A protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues with high expression of AMY1A protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues with high expression of AMY1A protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues co-occuring with AMY1A protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues co-occuring with AMY1A protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
