{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Anillin (encoded by ANLN) is a multifunctional actin‐binding protein that plays a pivotal role in cytokinesis and in the regulation of cell motility and cancer progression. Anillin functions as a scaffold protein at the cleavage furrow by directly interacting with F‐actin and nonmuscle myosin II, thereby ensuring the spatial regulation of actomyosin contractility during furrow ingression and abscission."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Its conserved C‐terminal domain mediates binding to active RhoA, thereby stabilizing myosin II at the equatorial cortex and promoting the proper assembly and constriction of the contractile ring. Regulation of anillin levels through cell cycle–dependent proteolysis by the anaphase‐promoting complex further ensures timely cytokinetic progression."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In addition to its role in normal cell division, dysregulation of ANLN has emerged as an important factor in tumorigenesis. Elevated levels of ANLN have been observed in various cancers, including non–small cell lung cancer and breast cancer, where overexpression is associated with enhanced cell migration, increased cell proliferation, and poor clinical outcomes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Conversely, RNA interference–mediated knockdown of ANLN in these cancer cells leads to cytokinesis failure, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, and reduced tumor growth. Moreover, mutations in ANLN that compromise its interaction with other cytoskeletal regulators, such as CD2AP, have been implicated in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, underscoring its critical function in maintaining the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton in specialized cells."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n These findings collectively emphasize that anillin is essential not only for the mechanical processes of cytokinesis—where it partners with proteins such as mDia2 to correctly position and function within the contractile apparatus—but also for maintaining proper cell morphology and adhesion. Notably, gene expression profiling across tissues has revealed that ANLN is ubiquitously expressed, with particularly high levels in the central nervous system, and its dysregulation is linked to a spectrum of pathological conditions spanning developmental anomalies, renal dysfunction, and cancer progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " \n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Alisa J Piekny, Michael Glotzer "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Anillin is a scaffold protein that links RhoA, actin, and myosin during cytokinesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Curr Biol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.068"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.068"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18158243"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18158243"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Aaron F Straight, Christine M Field, Timothy J Mitchison "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Anillin binds nonmuscle myosin II and regulates the contractile ring."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Biol Cell (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1091/mbc.e04-08-0758"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e04-08-0758"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15496454"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15496454"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wei-Meng Zhao, Guowei Fang "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Anillin is a substrate of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) that controls spatial contractility of myosin during late cytokinesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M504657200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M504657200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16040610"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16040610"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sadanori Watanabe, Katsuya Okawa, Takashi Miki, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rho and anillin-dependent control of mDia2 localization and function in cytokinesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Biol Cell (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1091/mbc.E10-04-0324"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E10-04-0324"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20660154"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20660154"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Fernando Calvo, Nil Ege, Araceli Grande-Garcia, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mechanotransduction and YAP-dependent matrix remodelling is required for the generation and maintenance of cancer-associated fibroblasts."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Cell Biol (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ncb2756"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2756"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23708000"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23708000"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chie Suzuki, Yataro Daigo, Nobuhisa Ishikawa, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "ANLN plays a critical role in human lung carcinogenesis through the activation of RHOA and by involvement in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathway."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Res (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1507"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1507"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16357138"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16357138"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shuyuan Zhang, Liem H Nguyen, Kejin Zhou, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Knockdown of Anillin Actin Binding Protein Blocks Cytokinesis in Hepatocytes and Reduces Liver Tumor Development in Mice Without Affecting Regeneration."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gastroenterology (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1053/j.gastro.2017.12.013"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.12.013"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29274368"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29274368"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Weibing Zhou, Zhan Wang, Ni Shen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Knockdown of ANLN by lentivirus inhibits cell growth and migration in human breast cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biochem (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s11010-014-2200-6"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-014-2200-6"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25223638"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25223638"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rasheed A Gbadegesin, Gentzon Hall, Adebowale Adeyemo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mutations in the gene that encodes the F-actin binding protein anillin cause FSGS."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Am Soc Nephrol (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1681/ASN.2013090976"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2013090976"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24676636"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24676636"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Peter A Hall, Christopher B Todd, Paula L Hyland, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The septin-binding protein anillin is overexpressed in diverse human tumors."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Cancer Res (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0997"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0997"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16203764"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16203764"}]}]}]}