{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMelanopsin—a non‐classical photopigment expressed in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)—plays a pivotal role in non–image‐forming light responses. It drives the entrainment of the circadian clock, mediates the pupillary light reflex, and helps regulate sleep and masking behaviors. Genetic and functional studies have shown that loss of melanopsin impairs phase shifting and circadian photoentrainment, while its intrinsic phototransduction—via a pathway resembling invertebrate mechanisms—provides robust irradiance signals even before rods and cones mature. These findings underscore melanopsin’s essential role in adapting physiology and behavior to ambient light levels."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its role in non–image‐forming pathways, melanopsin signaling also contributes to classical vision. Diverse ipRGC subtypes not only project to brain regions such as the suprachiasmatic nucleus but also extend to thalamic and cortical visual centers, where they enhance contrast sensitivity and aid in the processing of spatial information. These contributions become especially critical under conditions in which rod/cone function is impaired, allowing melanopsin‐driven circuits to preserve aspects of visual perception. Consequently, melanopsin serves as a bridge between irradiance detection and conventional image‐forming pathways."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "11", "end_ref": "21"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAt the molecular and cellular levels, melanopsin exhibits several unique properties. It operates as a bistable pigment initiating light responses via Gq/11‐mediated activation of phospholipase C and subsequent cation channel opening. Distinct isoforms and posttranslational modifications further diversify ipRGC subtypes, modulating responses that range from promoting axonal regeneration via mTOR up‐regulation to mediating local vascular photorelaxation. 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