{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Bladder cancer‐associated protein (BLCAP) is a highly conserved protein originally identified in bladder carcinoma that functions largely as a tumor suppressor. Studies have shown that BLCAP can inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis through multiple mechanisms. Specifically, BLCAP overexpression has been associated with cell cycle arrest and upregulation of inhibitors such as p21, while its loss or functional impairment (for example, by mutation or knockdown) leads to enhanced cellular proliferation. Mechanistically, BLCAP interacts with key regulators—including retinoblastoma protein (Rb1) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)—thereby modulating phosphorylation events that are critical for cell cycle progression and survival."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In addition to its inherent tumor‐suppressive role, the BLCAP transcript is subject to adenosine‐to‐inosine (A‐to‐I) RNA editing mediated by ADAR enzymes, and aberrant editing patterns have been reported in several malignancies. In hepatocellular carcinoma, for example, hyper‐editing of BLCAP gives rise to isoforms that promote oncogenic signaling via activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway and inhibition of TP53, thereby contributing to tumor progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Furthermore, dysregulation of BLCAP expression has been documented in a broad spectrum of tumors—including bladder, cervical, breast, and medullary thyroid carcinomas—where either reduced expression or altered subcellular localization correlates with advanced disease and poorer prognosis. In some contexts, microRNA-mediated targeting (e.g., by miR-9-3p) further modulates BLCAP levels, influencing cancer cell survival and apoptotic responses."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Collectively, these findings underscore a multifaceted role for BLCAP in cancer biology: while its normal function helps restrain proliferation and maintain apoptotic balance, alterations via genetic, epigenetic, or post-transcriptional modifications (such as RNA editing) may convert BLCAP from a tumor suppressor into a contributor to oncogenic processes. Further exploration of its regulatory mechanisms holds promise for enhancing prognostic assessments and developing targeted therapies.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Federica Galeano, Anne Leroy, Claudia Rossetti, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Human BLCAP transcript: new editing events in normal and cancerous tissues."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Cancer (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/ijc.25022"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25022"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19908260"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19908260"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Reiner Schulz, Ruth B McCole, Kathryn Woodfine, et al. 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