| Name | cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 1 |
| Description | This gene encodes a class 1 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. Each of the twenty aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyzes the aminoacylation of a specific tRNA or tRNA isoaccepting family with the cognate amino acid. This gene is one of several located near the imprinted gene domain on chromosome 11p15.5, an important tumor-suppressor gene region. Alterations in this region have been associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, and lung, ovarian and breast cancers. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010] |
| Summary |
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n CARS1 (encoding cytoplasmic cysteinyl‐tRNA synthetase) is best known for its canonical role in protein synthesis—charging tRNA^Cys with cysteine to ensure accurate translation and, as recent kinetic studies indicate, to enhance the specificity of anticodon recognition via a eukaryotic‐specific C‐terminal extension (5,7). In addition to this fundamental function, CARS1 has emerged as a multifunctional protein with several context‐dependent roles. For example, loss of CARS activity has been shown to suppress ferroptosis by modulating cysteine metabolism through the transsulfuration pathway, thereby preventing the accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species induced by system xc(–) inhibition (1,7). Moreover, genetic studies have implicated the CARS gene locus in susceptibility to complex diseases. Genome‐wide association studies have linked CARS to alcohol dependence (3) and diabetic nephropathy, where its expression in kidney tissue suggests a role in disease pathogenesis (4). Notably, CARS1 can also function in an unconventional, extracellular capacity; a unique domain (UNE‐C1) embedded within its catalytic region was recently identified as an endogenous ligand for Toll‐like receptor 2/6. This domain, upon secretion from cancer cells, potently activates antigen‐presenting cells and contributes to immune stimulation, highlighting a potential application as an immunoadjuvant in cancer therapy (2,6).\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n (1)"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "(2)"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "(3)"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "(4)"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "(5)"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "(6)"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "(7)."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "M Hayano, W S Yang, C K Corn, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Loss of cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CARS) induces the transsulfuration pathway and inhibits ferroptosis induced by cystine deprivation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Differ (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/cdd.2015.93"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2015.93"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26184909"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26184909"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jan Cools, Iwona Wlodarska, Riet Somers, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification of novel fusion partners of ALK, the anaplastic lymphoma kinase, in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genes Chromosomes Cancer (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/gcc.10033"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/gcc.10033"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12112524"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12112524"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Howard J Edenberg, Daniel L Koller, Xiaoling Xuei, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genome-wide association study of alcohol dependence implicates a region on chromosome 11."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Alcohol Clin Exp Res (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01156.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01156.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20201924"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20201924"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Marcus G Pezzolesi, G David Poznik, Josyf C Mychaleckyj, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genome-wide association scan for diabetic nephropathy susceptibility genes in type 1 diabetes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Diabetes (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.2337/db08-1514"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.2337/db08-1514"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19252134"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19252134"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cuiping Liu, Howard Gamper, Svetlana Shtivelband, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kinetic quality control of anticodon recognition by a eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Mol Biol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.jmb.2007.01.050"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2007.01.050"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17303165"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17303165"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Seongmin Cho, Sang Bum Kim, Youngjin Lee, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Endogenous TLR2 ligand embedded in the catalytic region of human cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 1."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Immunother Cancer (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1136/jitc-2019-000277"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2019-000277"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32461342"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32461342"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Angelos K Sikalidis, Jeong-In Lee, Martha H Stipanuk "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gene expression and integrated stress response in HepG2/C3A cells cultured in amino acid deficient medium."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Amino Acids (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00726-010-0571-x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-010-0571-x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20361218"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20361218"}]}]}]}
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| NCBI Gene ID | 833 |
| API | |
| Download Associations | |
| Predicted Functions |
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| Co-expressed Genes |
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| Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines |
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CARS1 has 2,430 functional associations with biological entities spanning 5 categories (disease, phenotype or trait, functional term, phrase or reference, chemical, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 37 datasets.
Click the + buttons to view associations for CARS1 from the datasets below.
If available, associations are ranked by standardized value
| Dataset | Summary | |
|---|---|---|
| Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of CARS1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| CCLE Cell Line Proteomics | Cell lines associated with CARS1 protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset. | |
| CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations | cell types associated with CARS1 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 | transcription factors binding the promoter of CARS1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset. | |
| ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025 | phenotypes associated with CARS1 gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset. | |
| CM4AI U2OS Cell Map Protein Localization Assemblies | assemblies containing CARS1 protein from integrated AP-MS and IF data from the CM4AI U2OS Cell Map Protein Localization Assemblies dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 | cellular components containing CARS1 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 | cellular components co-occuring with CARS1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases involving CARS1 gene from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases associated with CARS1 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases co-occuring with CARS1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with CARS1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with CARS1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 | biological processes involving CARS1 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2025 | biological processes involving CARS1 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations2025 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 | molecular functions performed by CARS1 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 | molecular functions performed by CARS1 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 | tissues with high or low expression of CARS1 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset. | |
| GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations 2025 | phenotypes associated with CARS1 gene in GWAS datasets from the GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets 2025 | transcription factors regulating expression of CARS1 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Mouse Transcription Factor Targets 2025 | transcription factors regulating expression of CARS1 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Mouse Transcription Factor Targets 2025 dataset. | |
| LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbation Consensus Signatures | small molecule perturbations changing expression of CARS1 gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbations Consensus Signatures dataset. | |
| LINCS L1000 CMAP CRISPR Knockout Consensus Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of CARS1 gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP CRISPR Knockout Consensus Signatures dataset. | |
| MoTrPAC Rat Endurance Exercise Training | tissue samples with high or low expression of CARS1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the MoTrPAC Rat Endurance Exercise Training dataset. | |
| MW Enzyme Metabolite Associations | interacting metabolites for CARS1 protein from the MW Gene Metabolite Associations dataset. | |
| PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 | pathways involving CARS1 protein from the PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 dataset. | |
| PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2024 | pathways involving CARS1 protein from the Wikipathways PFOCR 2024 dataset. | |
| Reactome Pathways 2024 | pathways involving CARS1 protein from the Reactome Pathways 2024 dataset. | |
| Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 K562 Essential Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of CARS1 gene from the Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 K562 Essential Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 K562 Genome-wide Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of CARS1 gene from the Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 K562 Genome-wide Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 RPE1 Essential Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of CARS1 gene from the Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 RPE1 Essential Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures | drug perturbations changing expression of CARS1 gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of CARS1 gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| Tahoe Therapeutics Tahoe 100M Perturbation Atlas | drug perturbations changing expression of CARS1 gene from the Tahoe Therapeutics Tahoe 100M Perturbation Atlas dataset. | |
| TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues with high expression of CARS1 protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues with high expression of CARS1 protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues co-occuring with CARS1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
