{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Long non‐coding RNA CASC9 is emerging as a critical oncogenic regulator in multiple human cancers. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CASC9 is aberrantly overexpressed in malignancies such as esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, and gastric cancer, where its elevated levels correlate with aggressive clinical features, enhanced proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemoresistance, as well as with poor patient prognosis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n Mechanistic investigations indicate that CASC9 functions predominantly by modulating gene expression through epigenetic regulation and by acting as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to sponge tumor‐suppressive microRNAs. In doing so, CASC9 de-represses various oncogenic targets and activates multiple signaling pathways—including integrin/FAK/PI3K–Akt, TGF–β, Wnt/β‐catenin and EGFR/ERK/AKT—that drive tumor metastasis and chemoresistance.\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Notably, recent work in liver cancer has revealed that the anti‐tumor effects of propofol—observed as reduced cell viability, colony formation, migration, and increased apoptosis in vitro, along with inhibited tumor growth in xenograft models—are mediated, at least in part, through downregulation of CASC9 expression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " These findings highlight CASC9 not only as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker but also as a promising therapeutic target to overcome chemoresistance and to enhance the efficacy of antitumor agents.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yan Liang, Xuedan Chen, Yuanyuan Wu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "LncRNA CASC9 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma metastasis through upregulating LAMC2 expression by interacting with the CREB-binding protein."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Differ (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41418-018-0084-9"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-018-0084-9"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29511340"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29511340"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yixin Yang, Dan Chen, Huan Liu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Increased expression of lncRNA CASC9 promotes tumor progression by suppressing autophagy-mediated cell apoptosis via the AKT/mTOR pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Dis (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41419-018-1280-8"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-018-1280-8"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30674868"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30674868"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yuanyuan Wu, Liwen Hu, Yan Liang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Up-regulation of lncRNA CASC9 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma growth by negatively regulating PDCD4 expression through EZH2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cancer (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s12943-017-0715-7"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-017-0715-7"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28854977"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28854977"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Marcel Klingenberg, Matthias Groß, Ashish Goyal, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The Long Noncoding RNA Cancer Susceptibility 9 and RNA Binding Protein Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein L Form a Complex and Coregulate Genes Linked to AKT Signaling."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hepatology (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/hep.30102"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.30102"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29790588"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29790588"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kaili Luo, Jingwen Geng, Qinkai Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "LncRNA CASC9 interacts with CPSF3 to regulate TGF-β signaling in colorectal cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Exp Clin Cancer Res (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s13046-019-1263-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-019-1263-3"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31186036"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31186036"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chao Shang, Lin Sun, Jiale Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Silence of cancer susceptibility candidate 9 inhibits gastric cancer and reverses chemoresistance."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncotarget (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.18632/oncotarget.14871"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.14871"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28146436"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28146436"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Qing Chang, Jun Wu, Yang An, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Propofol suppresses proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor growth of liver cancer cells via suppressing cancer susceptibility candidate 9/phosphatase and tensin homolog/AKT serine/threonine kinase/mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase axis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hum Exp Toxicol (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1177/09603271211065972"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1177/09603271211065972"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "35238236"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35238236"}]}]}]}