{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n CAVIN4 (also known as MURC) is a muscle‐restricted member of the cavin family that localizes to caveolae and T‐tubules, where it orchestrates the assembly and function of specialized signaling microdomains in striated and smooth muscle. In the heart, CAVIN4 plays a critical role in organizing receptor–effector complexes by binding to α₁‐adrenergic receptors and recruiting ERK1/2, thereby facilitating cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and modulating downstream RhoA/ROCK and STAT3‐mediated signaling cascades. These processes are implicated in the development of dilated cardiomyopathy, conduction disturbances, and a heightened susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion injury."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In skeletal muscle, CAVIN4 acts as a positive regulator of myogenesis by enhancing myogenin expression and ERK activation, which promotes proper myofibrillar assembly and differentiation. This function is underscored by its role in rhabdomyosarcoma, where efficient muscle differentiation is associated with appropriate CAVIN4 (in concert with Caveolin‐3) expression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Furthermore, in dystrophic muscle models, the loss of functional caveolae—accompanied by disrupted membrane localization of CAVIN4—compromises the cell’s ability to buffer mechanical tension, thereby aggravating muscle degeneration."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In vascular smooth muscle cells, CAVIN4 modulates Rho/ROCK signaling and thereby influences cell proliferation and migration, contributing to pathological remodeling in conditions such as pulmonary hypertension and abdominal aortic aneurysm."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Overall, these findings highlight the multifaceted role of CAVIN4 in regulating caveolae‐dependent signaling processes across muscle and vascular tissues, with significant implications for the etiology and progression of various cardiomyopathic and myopathic disorders.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Takehiro Ogata, Daisuke Naito, Naohiko Nakanishi, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "MURC, a muscle-restricted coiled-coil protein that modulates the Rho/ROCK pathway, induces cardiac dysfunction and conduction disturbance."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.02186-07"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.02186-07"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18332105"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18332105"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gabriela Rodriguez, Tomomi Ueyama, Takehiro Ogata, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Molecular genetic and functional characterization implicate muscle-restricted coiled-coil gene (MURC) as a causal gene for familial dilated cardiomyopathy."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Circ Cardiovasc Genet (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.111.959866"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.111.959866"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21642240"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21642240"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Masahiro Nishi, Takehiro Ogata, Carlo Vittorio Cannistraci, et al. 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