{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nA review of the provided abstracts reveals that none directly address or mention CCDC196. Instead, the literature is overwhelmingly focused on the functions of guanylate cyclase C (GUCY2C)—a transmembrane receptor expressed on intestinal epithelial cells that is activated by the endogenous peptide hormones guanylin and uroguanylin. Upon ligand binding, GUCY2C catalyzes the conversion of GTP to cyclic GMP (cGMP), a second messenger that orchestrates numerous key processes. These include the regulation of intestinal fluid and electrolyte secretion, maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity, control of cell proliferation and apoptosis, and tumor suppressor activity that helps prevent colorectal carcinogenesis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its classical roles in the gut, GUCY2C signaling has been implicated in a variety of extraintestinal functions. Several studies highlight that cGMP produced upon receptor activation modulates downstream pathways (including those mediated by protein kinases such as PKG and effectors like p38 MAPK) to influence cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and adaptive stress responses. In addition, central nervous system expression of GUCY2C in regions such as the hypothalamus and midbrain is associated with appetite regulation, hedonic reward, and even visceral pain modulation. Pharmacological activation of GUCY2C has thus shown promise as a therapeutic strategy in conditions ranging from colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease to metabolic disorders and radiation-induced gastrointestinal damage."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "15", "end_ref": "29"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "S P Rao, Z Sellers, D L Crombie, et al. 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