{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAlthough none of the provided abstracts explicitly discuss CDC14C, the collective literature instead emphasizes the multifaceted roles of receptor‐type protein tyrosine phosphatases—especially PTPσ and closely related family members—in regulating neural development and axon regeneration. In several studies, PTPσ is shown to function as a receptor for extracellular glycosaminoglycans (such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans) that normally inhibit axonal growth. Genetic disruption or pharmacological inhibition of PTPσ in various injury models leads to enhanced axon extension (e.g., in the corticospinal tract, optic nerve, and dorsal root ganglia) via mechanisms that include altered dephosphorylation of substrates like N‐cadherin, p250GAP, and downstream kinases. Structural and biochemical analyses further reveal that PTPσ can interact with multiple ligands—including TrkC and other adhesion molecules—to mediate bidirectional signaling that governs neurite outgrowth and guidance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nA second body of work in these abstracts focuses on how these phosphatases contribute to the organization and functional properties of synapses. High‐resolution structural studies, binding assays and loss‐of‐function experiments demonstrate that the extracellular domains of PTPσ (and related LAR‐type phosphatases) are strategically positioned at synaptic contacts, where they engage in trans‐synaptic interactions with proteins such as LRRTMs, neurexins, and TrkC to regulate the composition and signaling of NMDA receptors and other postsynaptic elements. Such interactions not only scaffold synaptic architecture but also fine‐tune receptor phosphorylation dynamics and synaptic plasticity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "11", "end_ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAdditional studies extend the impact of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases beyond classical neural regeneration. In non‐neuronal contexts these enzymes or their homologs regulate diverse biological processes: they modulate immune cell function (for instance, by restraining type I interferon production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells and influencing B cell survival via binding to midkine), affect hematopoietic stem cell engraftment via Rac signaling, and even participate in craniofacial development and intestinal epithelial barrier integrity through dephosphorylation of key substrates such as ezrin. Furthermore, differences in the biochemical properties of mouse versus human isoforms of PTPσ have been characterized, and interactions with intracellular partners (such as NME2) provide further layers of regulation that impact neurite outgrowth."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "19", "end_ref": "28"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Joanna McLean, Jane Batt, Laurie C Doering, et al. 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