{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n CDKN2A‐AS1, also known as ANRIL, is a long non‐coding RNA that has been implicated in several disease processes. In the context of cardiovascular disease, risk alleles at the 9p21 locus are associated with increased expression of specific CDKN2A‐AS1/ANRIL transcripts in blood and atherosclerotic plaque tissue, with levels correlating with atherosclerosis severity. These observations suggest that altered regulation of CDKN2A‐AS1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease by affecting vascular inflammation and cellular proliferation mechanisms."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In ovarian cancer, CDKN2A‐AS1 is markedly upregulated in tumors and cancer cell lines. Functional investigations have demonstrated that CDKN2A‐AS1 directly binds to SOSTDC1, a negative regulator of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)–SMAD signaling pathway. The resulting downregulation of SOSTDC1 leads to upregulation of BMP ligands and SMAD activation, thereby promoting proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells and driving tumor growth."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n CDKN2A‐AS1 has also been identified as a candidate gene within risk loci for endometriosis, suggesting that dysregulation of this lncRNA may play a role in the altered gene regulatory networks underlying endometriosis susceptibility, although further functional studies are required to fully elucidate its mechanistic contribution."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In lung adenocarcinoma, elevated levels of CDKN2A‐AS1 have been incorporated into lncRNA prognostic signatures and are associated with poor overall survival. This implies that, in the lung cancer setting, CDKN2A‐AS1 may function in an oncogenic capacity and serve as a potential biomarker for patient stratification."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " \n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Overall, these studies indicate that CDKN2A‐AS1 acts in a context‐dependent manner—increasing cardiovascular risk through its association with atherosclerosis, promoting tumor progression in ovarian cancer via BMP–SMAD pathway modulation, and correlating with adverse prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma—while emerging evidence also points to a potential role in endometriosis.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lesca M Holdt, Frank Beutner, Markus Scholz, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "ANRIL expression is associated with atherosclerosis risk at chromosome 9p21."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.196832"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.196832"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20056914"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20056914"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Qing Zhao, Dandan Dong, Huihui Chu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "lncRNA CDKN2A-AS1 facilitates tumorigenesis and progression of epithelial ovarian cancer via modulating the SOSTDC1-mediated BMP-SMAD signaling pathway."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Cycle (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1080/15384101.2021.1924947"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15384101.2021.1924947"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34110955"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34110955"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jenny N Fung, Grant W Montgomery "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genetics of endometriosis: State of the art on genetic risk factors for endometriosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.01.012"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.01.012"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29506960"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29506960"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Bing Liu, Yifei Chen, Jiong Yang "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "LncRNAs are altered in lung squamous cell carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncotarget (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.18632/oncotarget.13651"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.13651"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27903974"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27903974"}]}]}]}