{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAdenylyl cyclase 1 (AC1), encoded by the ADCY1 gene, is a Ca²⁺/calmodulin‐activated enzyme that plays a pivotal role in converting ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP) and mediating activity‐dependent neuronal signaling. By regulating cAMP production, AC1 facilitates synapse maturation, thalamocortical and retinotectal map refinement, and proper targeting of retinal ganglion cell projections—all essential for the establishment of functional sensory maps and synaptic plasticity. Disruption of AC1 activity leads to immature synapses, abnormal axon arborization, impaired elimination of misdirected collaterals, and heightened vulnerability to excitotoxic stress in neurons."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond early neurodevelopment, AC1’s cAMP signaling is crucial in modulating sensory processing, circadian rhythms, and memory formation. In retinal and auditory systems, AC1 regulates visual contrast sensitivity, retinotopic refinement, and cochlear function via its influence on neurotransmitter receptor trafficking and modulation of cyclic nucleotide levels. AC1 activity also contributes to the fine-tuning of synaptic plasticity and neuroprotective signaling pathways, impacting both excitotoxic responses and long-term memory consolidation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "7", "end_ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nEmerging evidence further indicates that the modulation of AC1 activity holds therapeutic promise. AC1 influences cross-talk between neuronal and glial cells, contributes to the regulation of cholesterol transport in immune cells, and even plays a role in cardiac pacemaker function by establishing discrete cAMP microdomains. Selective inhibition or genetic adjustment of AC1 can mitigate chronic pain, offset mood abnormalities, and improve aspects of learning and memory, particularly in aging or disease contexts. 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