CHAC2 Gene

Name ChaC, cation transport regulator homolog 2 (E. coli)
Description The protein encoded by this gene is a gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase that catalyzes the conversion of glutathione to 5-oxoproline and cysteinylglycine. It is thought that this gene is upregulated in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress and that the glutathione depletion enhances apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]
Summary
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n CHAC2, a member of the ChaC family of γ‐glutamylcyclotransferases, plays an important role in the cytosolic degradation of glutathione (GSH) and in maintaining cellular redox balance. Its catalytic efficiency is substantially lower than that of its homolog CHAC1, and emerging evidence indicates that CHAC2 functions not only as an enzyme but also as a regulator of GSH homeostasis. In human embryonic stem cells, high CHAC2 expression is essential for maintaining GSH levels and self‐renewal, acting in part by counteracting the excessive GSH degradation mediated by CHAC1 (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In the context of cancer, CHAC2 appears to have dual roles. In gastric and colorectal cancers, CHAC2 is frequently downregulated; its restoration inhibits tumor cell growth, proliferation, and migration by inducing mitochondrial apoptosis and autophagy via the unfolded protein response."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Conversely, in breast cancer cells, overexpression of CHAC2 promotes cell proliferation, underscoring that CHAC2‐mediated GSH degradation can also support tumor progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, CHAC2 upregulation has been linked to protection against acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury, where its activation leads to enhanced Nrf2 signaling and subsequent antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Finally, biochemical studies have characterized CHAC2 as a cytosolic enzyme with unique structural features that regulate its substrate specificity and constant rate of GSH degradation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Collectively, these findings highlight CHAC2’s multifaceted roles in regulating GSH homeostasis, influencing stem cell renewal, modulating tumor behavior, and protecting against hepatic injury.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cheng-Kai Wang, Shang-Chih Yang, Shu-Ching Hsu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "CHAC2 is essential for self-renewal and glutathione maintenance in human embryonic stem cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Free Radic Biol Med (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.345"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.345"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29054545"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29054545"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shuiping Liu, Weiqiang Fei, Qinglan Shi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "CHAC2, downregulated in gastric and colorectal cancers, acted as a tumor suppressor inducing apoptosis and autophagy through unfolded protein response."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Dis (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/cddis.2017.405"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2017.405"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28837156"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28837156"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yen T K Nguyen, Joon Sung Park, Jun Young Jang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Structural and Functional Analyses of Human ChaC2 in Glutathione Metabolism."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biomolecules (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3390/biom10010031"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10010031"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31878259"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31878259"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xiaohan Zhai, Tiantian Dai, Zhongchao Chi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Naringin alleviates acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury by activating Nrf2 via CHAC2 upregulation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Environ Toxicol (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/tox.23487"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.23487"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "35179299"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35179299"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Amandeep Kaur, Ruchi Gautam, Ritika Srivastava, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "ChaC2, an Enzyme for Slow Turnover of Cytosolic Glutathione."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M116.727479"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M116.727479"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27913623"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27913623"}]}]}]}
Synonyms GCG1
Proteins CHAC2_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID 494143
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions View CHAC2's ARCHS4 Predicted Functions.
Co-expressed Genes View CHAC2's ARCHS4 Predicted Functions.
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines View CHAC2's ARCHS4 Predicted Functions.

Functional Associations

CHAC2 has 3,953 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, chemical, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 91 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for CHAC2 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Dataset Summary
Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles tissue samples with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray tissue samples with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq tissue samples with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles cell types and tissues with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles cell lines with high or low copy number of CHAC2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
CCLE Cell Line Proteomics Cell lines associated with CHAC2 protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations cell types associated with CHAC2 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of CHAC2 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
ChEA Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors binding the promoter of CHAC2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 transcription factors binding the promoter of CHAC2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 cellular components containing CHAC2 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores cellular components containing CHAC2 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 cellular components co-occuring with CHAC2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles cell lines with high or low copy number of CHAC2 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles cell lines with CHAC2 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
CTD Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with CHAC2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of CHAC2 protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency cell lines with fitness changed by CHAC2 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 diseases associated with CHAC2 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 diseases co-occuring with CHAC2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with CHAC2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at CHAC2 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of CHAC2 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors binding the promoter of CHAC2 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing CHAC2 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing CHAC2 from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases disease perturbations changing expression of CHAC2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of CHAC2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations kinase perturbations changing expression of CHAC2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules small molecule perturbations changing expression of CHAC2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations transcription factor perturbations changing expression of CHAC2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections virus perturbations changing expression of CHAC2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections dataset.
GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 biological processes involving CHAC2 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 dataset.
GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 biological processes involving CHAC2 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 dataset.
GO Biological Process Annotations 2025 biological processes involving CHAC2 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations2025 dataset.
GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 cellular components containing CHAC2 protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset.
GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 molecular functions performed by CHAC2 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.
GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 molecular functions performed by CHAC2 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset.
GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 molecular functions performed by CHAC2 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset.
GTEx eQTL 2025 SNPs regulating expression of CHAC2 gene from the GTEx eQTL 2025 dataset.
GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 tissues with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset.
GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles tissue samples with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
GTEx Tissue-Specific Aging Signatures tissue samples with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the GTEx Tissue-Specific Aging Signatures dataset.
GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations 2025 phenotypes associated with CHAC2 gene in GWAS datasets from the GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset.
Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other cell lines from the Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other cell lines from the HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of CHAC2 protein relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles dataset.
HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles tissue samples with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
HPM Cell Type and Tissue Protein Expression Profiles cell types and tissues with high or low expression of CHAC2 protein relative to other cell types and tissues from the HPM Cell Type and Tissue Protein Expression Profiles dataset.
InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations protein domains predicted for CHAC2 protein from the InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations dataset.
JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets 2025 transcription factors regulating expression of CHAC2 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
JASPAR Predicted Mouse Transcription Factor Targets 2025 transcription factors regulating expression of CHAC2 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Mouse Transcription Factor Targets 2025 dataset.
JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors regulating expression of CHAC2 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
KEGG Pathways 2026 pathways involving CHAC2 protein from the KEGG Pathways 2026 dataset.
Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles cell lines with high or low copy number of CHAC2 gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles cell lines with CHAC2 gene mutations from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations transcription factor perturbations changing expression of CHAC2 gene from the KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset.
LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations cellular components predicted to contain CHAC2 protein from the LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations dataset.
MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors regulating expression of CHAC2 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
MoTrPAC Rat Endurance Exercise Training tissue samples with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the MoTrPAC Rat Endurance Exercise Training dataset.
MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of CHAC2 gene from the MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations dataset.
NIBR DRUG-seq U2OS MoA Box Gene Expression Profiles drug perturbations changing expression of CHAC2 gene from the NIBR DRUG-seq U2OS MoA Box dataset.
Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions interacting proteins for CHAC2 from the Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions dataset.
PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of CHAC2 gene from the PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.
PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Mouse Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of CHAC2 gene from the PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.
PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 pathways involving CHAC2 protein from the PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 dataset.
PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2024 pathways involving CHAC2 protein from the Wikipathways PFOCR 2024 dataset.
Reactome Pathways 2024 pathways involving CHAC2 protein from the Reactome Pathways 2024 dataset.
Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 K562 Essential Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures gene perturbations changing expression of CHAC2 gene from the Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 K562 Essential Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset.
Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 K562 Genome-wide Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures gene perturbations changing expression of CHAC2 gene from the Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 K562 Genome-wide Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset.
Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 RPE1 Essential Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures gene perturbations changing expression of CHAC2 gene from the Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 RPE1 Essential Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset.
Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles cell types and tissues with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at CHAC2 gene from the Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures drug perturbations changing expression of CHAC2 gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset.
RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures gene perturbations changing expression of CHAC2 gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset.
Sanger Dependency Map Cancer Cell Line Proteomics cell lines associated with CHAC2 protein from the Sanger Dependency Map Cancer Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
Tabula Sapiens Gene-Cell Associations cell types with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other cell types from the Tabula Sapiens Gene-Cell Associations dataset.
TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets microRNAs regulating expression of CHAC2 gene predicted using conserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets dataset.
TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets microRNAs regulating expression of CHAC2 gene predicted using nonconserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets dataset.
TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors tissue samples with high or low expression of CHAC2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors dataset.
TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 tissues with high expression of CHAC2 protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores tissues with high expression of CHAC2 protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset.
TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 tissues with high expression of CHAC2 protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 tissues co-occuring with CHAC2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.