{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n CLASPs are a conserved family of microtubule plus‐end tracking proteins that play multifaceted roles in cellular organization by regulating microtubule dynamics and mediating their interactions with specific cellular domains. At the cell cortex, for example, CLASPs form complexes with partners such as LL5β, ELKS, and related factors to anchor growing microtubule plus ends to specialized, phosphoinositide‐regulated platforms. This activity stabilizes microtubule arrays near the plasma membrane and modulates focal adhesion turnover, cell polarity, and directed migration."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In addition, CLASPs contribute to intracellular trafficking by organizing discrete microtubule subsets required for Golgi complex assembly. Regulation of Golgi‐derived microtubules is critical for the tangential clustering of ministacks, thereby ensuring the continuity, morphology, and polarized function of the Golgi apparatus."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n During mitosis, CLASPs localize to kinetochores, centrosomes, and spindle microtubules, where they modulate microtubule dynamics and attachment. This regulation is critical for proper spindle assembly, chromosome alignment, and segregation, and their activity is fine‐tuned by phosphorylation events mediated by kinases such as Cdk1, Plk1, and GSK3β."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "9", "end_ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In neurons, CLASPs display dual microtubule‐binding activities. Their interaction with microtubule plus ends promotes axon extension by stabilizing growing ends, while additional lattice binding is associated with inhibitory effects on axon growth. This balance is crucial for fine‐tuning growth cone dynamics and ensuring proper axon guidance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Moreover, CLASPs participate in the repair and load‐bearing reinforcement of microtubule lattices, a function that enhances microtubule resistance to compressive forces in three-dimensional environments and supports invasive cell migration."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n At the neuromuscular junction, CLASP2 is essential for the local capture of dynamic microtubule plus ends, an activity that is triggered in response to agrin signaling. This capture facilitates the insertion of acetylcholine receptors and the maturation of the synaptic apparatus."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "17"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n CLASPs also regulate the dynamics of cell–matrix adhesion sites. By targeting microtubules to focal adhesions—and through interactions with proteins such as KANK1 and other CLIP-associated partners—they promote focal adhesion disassembly and support processes such as cell retraction and the induction of podosomes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Finally, CLASP function is integrated within broader signaling networks; for instance, complexes formed by AKAP220 and IQGAP1 help position CLASP2 in proximity to microtubules, thereby modulating microtubule polymerization dynamics and influencing cell motility."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "19"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gideon Lansbergen, Ilya Grigoriev, Yuko Mimori-Kiyosue, et al. 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