{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n COPB2 is a core subunit of the coatomer (COPI) complex that drives vesicular trafficking between the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby maintaining organelle integrity and overall cellular homeostasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In multiple cancer models—including those of mesothelioma, breast, prostate, lung, cholangiocarcinoma, and glioma—COPB2 is frequently upregulated and functions as a vital oncogene. Elevated COPB2 expression promotes cell proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and enhances migration and invasion, with knockdown experiments leading to cell‐cycle arrest and increased programmed cell death; in lung cancer cells, for instance, these effects have been linked to modulation of signaling pathways such as YAP1 and are further influenced by regulatory microRNAs."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "2", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Similar oncogenic properties have been observed in cholangiocarcinoma and glioma, where COPB2 overexpression correlates with aggressive clinical features and poor patient outcomes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "7", "end_ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Beyond its role in tumor progression, genetic loss‐of‐function of COPB2 has been linked to defects in intracellular collagen trafficking and secretion, which contribute to skeletal abnormalities such as osteoporosis, fractures, and developmental delay."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, high‐throughput screening approaches have uncovered distinct roles for COPB2 in other biological contexts, including virus assembly and egress, further emphasizing its multifunctional contribution to cell physiology."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Collectively, these findings support a model in which COPB2 mediates key steps of vesicle trafficking and cellular signaling that impact both normal development and disease pathogenesis.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Y Feng, X Lei, L Zhang, et al. 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