Name | colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage) |
Description | The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes and macrophages. The active form of the protein is found extracellularly as a homodimer. This gene has been localized to a cluster of related genes at chromosome region 5q31, which is known to be associated with interstitial deletions in the 5q- syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia. Other genes in the cluster include those encoding interleukins 4, 5, and 13. This gene plays a role in promoting tissue inflammation. Elevated levels of cytokines, including the one produced by this gene, have been detected in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients that develop acute respiratory distress syndrome. Mice deficient in this gene or its receptor develop pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020] |
Summary |
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For example, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, tumor‐derived GM‐CSF induces the accumulation of immunosuppressive Gr‐1(+)CD11b(+) myeloid cells that restrain antigen‐specific T‐cell responses, thereby promoting tumor development. In breast cancer, mesenchymal‐like cells release GM‐CSF to activate macrophages into a tumor‐associated phenotype and trigger a positive feedback loop that enhances epithelial–mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Similar protumorigenic actions have been observed in the context of obesity‐associated metastasis and other epithelial cancers, reflecting GM‐CSF’s dual capacity to modulate inflammation and support cancer cell growth."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "8", "end_ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAberrant GM‐CSF activity is also implicated in diverse autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Neutralizing autoantibodies against GM‐CSF are central to the pathogenesis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis by blocking its role in surfactant clearance, while excessive GM‐CSF production has been linked to severe cytokine storms in COVID‐19 and contributes to inflammatory tissue damage in conditions such as Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and spondyloarthritis. Additionally, GM‐CSF modulates eosinophil survival and influences actin remodelling in neutrophils, and altered GM‐CSF expression has been observed in myeloproliferative neoplasms – together underscoring its involvement in pathological inflammation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "14", "end_ref": "22"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its immunomodulatory roles, GM‐CSF exerts important non‐immune functions. It is secreted by airway epithelial cells to sustain neutrophil activity under infectious conditions, enhances early embryonic development by promoting blastocyst formation and increasing inner cell mass viability, and can modulate mesenchymal cell differentiation during tissue repair by influencing myofibroblast formation. Such diverse functions highlight GM‐CSF as a multifaceted regulator of both immune and developmental processes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "23", "end_ref": "25"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Margarita Martinez-Moczygemba, David P Huston "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biology of common beta receptor-signaling cytokines: IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Allergy Clin Immunol (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/S0091"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "14564341"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14564341"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mathieu Derouet, Luke Thomas, Andrew Cross, et al. 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Synonyms | GMCSF |
Proteins | CSF2_HUMAN |
NCBI Gene ID | 1437 |
API | |
Download Associations | |
Predicted Functions |
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Co-expressed Genes |
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Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines |
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CSF2 has 11,310 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 92 datasets.
Click the + buttons to view associations for CSF2 from the datasets below.
If available, associations are ranked by standardized value
Dataset | Summary | |
---|---|---|
Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles | cell lines with fitness changed by CSF2 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles dataset. | |
Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray | tissue samples with high or low expression of CSF2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset. | |
BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of CSF2 gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | cell types and tissues with high or low expression of CSF2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | cell types and tissues with high or low expression of CSF2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of CSF2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of CSF2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
CCLE Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles | cell lines with CSF2 gene mutations from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset. | |
CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations | cell types associated with CSF2 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset. | |
ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of CSF2 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
ChEA Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of CSF2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 | transcription factors binding the promoter of CSF2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset. | |
CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules | small molecule perturbations changing expression of CSF2 gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset. | |
COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores | cellular components containing CSF2 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset. | |
COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 | cellular components containing CSF2 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores | cellular components co-occuring with CSF2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset. | |
COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 | cellular components co-occuring with CSF2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles | cell lines with CSF2 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset. | |
CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions | chemicals interacting with CSF2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset. | |
CTD Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with CSF2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency | cell lines with fitness changed by CSF2 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset. | |
DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores | diseases associated with CSF2 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset. | |
DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases associated with CSF2 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores | diseases co-occuring with CSF2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset. | |
DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases co-occuring with CSF2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with CSF2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with CSF2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset. | |
DrugBank Drug Targets | interacting drugs for CSF2 protein from the curated DrugBank Drug Targets dataset. | |
ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles | histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at CSF2 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset. | |
ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of CSF2 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of CSF2 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing CSF2 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset. | |
GAD Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with CSF2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with CSF2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of CSF2 gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations | biological terms co-occuring with CSF2 gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset. | |
GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing CSF2 from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset. | |
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases | disease perturbations changing expression of CSF2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset. | |
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of CSF2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations | kinase perturbations changing expression of CSF2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations dataset. | |
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules | small molecule perturbations changing expression of CSF2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset. | |
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of CSF2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections | virus perturbations changing expression of CSF2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections dataset. | |
GlyGen Glycosylated Proteins | ligands (chemical) binding CSF2 protein from the GlyGen Glycosylated Proteins dataset. | |
GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 | biological processes involving CSF2 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 | biological processes involving CSF2 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
GO Biological Process Annotations 2025 | biological processes involving CSF2 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations2025 dataset. | |
GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 | cellular components containing CSF2 protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
GO Cellular Component Annotations 2023 | cellular components containing CSF2 protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
GO Cellular Component Annotations 2025 | cellular components containing CSF2 protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2025 dataset. | |
GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 | molecular functions performed by CSF2 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 | molecular functions performed by CSF2 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 | molecular functions performed by CSF2 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset. | |
GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of CSF2 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 | tissues with high or low expression of CSF2 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset. | |
Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of CSF2 gene relative to other cell lines from the Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of CSF2 gene relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with CSF2 gene by text-mining GWAS publications from the HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset. | |
InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations | protein domains predicted for CSF2 protein from the InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations dataset. | |
JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of CSF2 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
KEGG Pathways | pathways involving CSF2 protein from the KEGG Pathways dataset. | |
Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of CSF2 gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of CSF2 gene from the KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbation Consensus Signatures | small molecule perturbations changing expression of CSF2 gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbations Consensus Signatures dataset. | |
LINCS L1000 CMAP CRISPR Knockout Consensus Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of CSF2 gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP CRISPR Knockout Consensus Signatures dataset. | |
LINCS L1000 CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules | small molecule perturbations changing expression of CSF2 gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset. | |
LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations | cellular components predicted to contain CSF2 protein from the LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations dataset. | |
MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 | phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by CSF2 gene mutations from the MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 dataset. | |
MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of CSF2 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
MPO Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by CSF2 gene mutations from the MPO Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset. | |
MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of CSF2 gene from the MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
NIBR DRUG-seq U2OS MoA Box Gene Expression Profiles | drug perturbations changing expression of CSF2 gene from the NIBR DRUG-seq U2OS MoA Box dataset. | |
Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions | interacting proteins for CSF2 from the Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions dataset. | |
PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of CSF2 gene from the PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Mouse Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of CSF2 gene from the PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 | pathways involving CSF2 protein from the PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 dataset. | |
PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2024 | pathways involving CSF2 protein from the Wikipathways PFOCR 2024 dataset. | |
PID Pathways | pathways involving CSF2 protein from the PID Pathways dataset. | |
Reactome Pathways 2014 | pathways involving CSF2 protein from the Reactome Pathways dataset. | |
Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles | histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at CSF2 gene from the Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset. | |
RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures | drug perturbations changing expression of CSF2 gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of CSF2 gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
Tabula Sapiens Gene-Cell Associations | cell types with high or low expression of CSF2 gene relative to other cell types from the Tabula Sapiens Gene-Cell Associations dataset. | |
TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets | microRNAs regulating expression of CSF2 gene predicted using conserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets dataset. | |
TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets | microRNAs regulating expression of CSF2 gene predicted using nonconserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets dataset. | |
TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors | tissue samples with high or low expression of CSF2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors dataset. | |
TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues with high expression of CSF2 protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues with high expression of CSF2 protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues co-occuring with CSF2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues co-occuring with CSF2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
WikiPathways Pathways 2014 | pathways involving CSF2 protein from the Wikipathways Pathways 2014 dataset. | |
WikiPathways Pathways 2024 | pathways involving CSF2 protein from the WikiPathways Pathways 2024 dataset. | |