{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Cancer/testis antigen CT45A1 has emerged as a novel proto‐oncogene that promotes tumor progression and metastasis in several cancer types. In breast cancer, overexpression of CT45A1 alone, particularly when augmented by growth factors, markedly upregulates a spectrum of oncogenic and metastatic genes, constitutively activates the ERK and CREB signaling pathways, and fosters epithelial–mesenchymal transition as well as enhanced cellular stemness—processes that collectively increase tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Similarly, functional studies in lung cancer cells indicate that silencing CT45A1 via siRNA leads to reduced cell viability, migration, and invasion, alongside the induction of apoptosis. These effects are accompanied by downregulation of anti‐apoptotic proteins (such as Bcl‑2 and survivin), matrix metalloproteinases, and a decrease in the activated (phosphorylated) forms of ERK and CREB, thereby implicating CT45A1 in the regulation of key survival and motility pathways."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Moreover, in osteosarcoma, elevated levels of CT45A1—especially in metastatic lesions—correlate with increased proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells, effects that are linked to the enhanced activation of β‐catenin signaling. This further supports the view that CT45A1 contributes to tumor progression by modulating pathways involved in cell–cell adhesion and transcriptional control of genes that drive metastasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Overall, these studies collectively designate CT45A1 as a multifunctional oncogenic driver whose aberrant expression potentiates malignant behavior through the modulation of critical signaling cascades. Its role in promoting cell survival, motility, and metastatic spread makes CT45A1 a promising candidate for targeted anticancer therapeutic strategies.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "B Shang, A Gao, Y Pan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "CT45A1 acts as a new proto-oncogene to trigger tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Dis (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/cddis.2014.244"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2014.244"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24901056"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24901056"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Feng Tang, Shengjun Tang, Xiaolong Guo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "CT45A1 siRNA silencing suppresses the proliferation, metastasis and invasion of lung cancer cells by downregulating the ERK/CREB signaling pathway."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Med Rep (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3892/mmr.2017.7466"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7466"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28901509"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28901509"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mingxin Wen, Hui Ren, Shouqiang Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "CT45A1 promotes the metastasis of osteosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo through β-catenin."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Dis (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41419-021-03935-x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-021-03935-x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34172717"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34172717"}]}]}]}