{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n CT45A2 is a member of the cancer/testis antigen family that has been implicated in multiple malignancies. In epithelial ovarian cancer, for example, members of the CT45 family are normally silenced by promoter hypermethylation in non‐cancerous tissues but become aberrantly activated due to promoter hypomethylation in tumors; their up‐regulation is associated with advanced stage, high grade, and poor survival and may serve as both a prognostic biomarker and a target for epigenetically directed immunotherapy."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), high CT45A2 expression promotes oncogenic properties. In vitro studies demonstrate that overexpression enhances proliferation and cell motility, while silencing CT45A2 markedly reduces these traits. This oncogenic function is mediated, at least in part, by the β‐catenin/TCF4 signaling pathway, and its transcription can be effectively suppressed by compounds such as ursolic acid."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In hematological malignancies, CT45A2 has been identified as a novel fusion partner with the MLL gene in pediatric and de novo acute leukemia. The formation of in‐frame chimeric transcripts predicts a fusion protein in which the regulatory N‐terminus of MLL is fused to the entire CT45A2 open reading frame. This fusion event, detected through a variety of cytogenetic and molecular methods, represents an uncommon but significant mechanism of leukemogenesis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "3", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Furthermore, in tumor types such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, fibrosarcoma, and multiple myeloma, down-regulation of CT45 expression leads to alterations in cell morphology, adherence, and migration/invasion. These functional changes are accompanied by cytoskeletal rearrangements and modified expression of proteins involved in cell motility, suggesting that CT45A2 may contribute not only to tumor proliferation but also to the invasive phenotype observed in certain cancers."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Finally, in high-grade serous ovarian cancer, CT45 (likely including CT45A2) has been identified as an independent prognostic factor. Proteomic studies have linked high CT45 expression with enhanced platinum sensitivity via modulation of the PP4 phosphatase complex and increased DNA damage, further highlighting its potential as both a predictive biomarker and a therapeutic target."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Collectively, these findings indicate that CT45A2 plays versatile oncogenic and regulatory roles across a range of tumors and may serve as a valuable target for both chemotherapy and immunotherapy.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wa Zhang, Carter J Barger, Petra A Link, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Down-regulation of the cancer/testis antigen 45 (CT45) is associated with altered tumor cell morphology, adhesion and migration."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Commun Signal (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/1478-811X-11-41"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-811X-11-41"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23758873"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23758873"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Fabian Coscia, Ernst Lengyel, Jaikumar Duraiswamy, et al. 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