{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Long non‐coding RNA DARS‑AS1 has emerged as a multifaceted regulator with prominent oncogenic and cytoprotective roles in a variety of human diseases. In several solid tumors—including clear cell renal cell carcinoma"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", thyroid cancer"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", hepatocellular carcinoma"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", lung adenocarcinoma"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", ovarian cancer"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", osteosarcoma"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and cervical cancer"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "7", "end_ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "—DARS‑AS1 is frequently upregulated and functions primarily as a “sponge” for tumor‐suppressive microRNAs (including miR‑194‑5p, miR‑129, miR‑3200‑5p, miR‑188‑5p, miR‑532‑3p and miR‑628‑5p). Such sequestration derepresses a number of oncogenic targets—for example, aspartyl‑tRNA synthetase"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", CKAP2"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", KLF12"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", TGFB1"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", RBX1"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", CCR7"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", HMGB1"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", JAG1"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and IGF2BP3."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Consequently, DARS‑AS1 modulates several key signaling pathways—including PI3K/AKT, FAK‑ERK, Notch, cGMP‑PKG and Smad2/3—to enhance cell proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial–mesenchymal transition and to suppress apoptotic cell death."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "6"}, {"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "8", "end_ref": "10"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In addition to its oncogenic functions, DARS‑AS1 is also modulated by hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1 (HIF‑1) directly upregulates DARS‑AS1 in renal tubular cells"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and multiple myeloma"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", where it contributes to cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis. Similarly, in olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells, hypoxia‑induced DARS‑AS1 promotes proliferation and attenuates apoptotic cell death."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that longitudinal changes in DARS‑AS1 expression may serve as a biomarker for therapeutic responses, as observed in patients with major depressive disorder undergoing escitalopram treatment."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Collectively, these studies illustrate that DARS‑AS1 functions as a critical regulator of cell fate and tumor progression across different biological contexts by modulating key oncogenic and stress‐response pathways. Its ability to interact with and sequester multiple microRNAs enables the fine‐tuning of diverse downstream targets, thereby promoting tumorigenesis, metastasis and cell survival. These multifaceted roles establish DARS‑AS1 not only as a central player in cancer biology but also as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker in other pathophysiological states."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "14"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Min Jiao, Hui Guo, Yule Chen, et al. 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