{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThe collection of studies primarily focuses on the roles of RFX transcription factors—especially RFX2—in governing the expression of genes essential for ciliogenesis and spermatogenesis. In one set of investigations, RFX2 is shown to be fundamental for proper motile cilia formation, which in turn is critical for establishing left–right asymmetry during vertebrate embryogenesis. This work highlights how disruptions in RFX2 function lead to perturbed ciliary length and impaired fluid flow, ultimately affecting asymmetric developmental signaling and organ lateralization."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAdditional studies detail the indispensable role of RFX2 during spermatogenesis, where it acts as a master regulator during the haploid phase of germ cell development. In these contexts, the absence or malfunction of RFX2 results in severe defects in spermatid differentiation, such as failures in flagellar axoneme formation and acrosomal cap development, thereby culminating in male sterility. Complementary analyses demonstrate that RFX2 directly controls a broad set of genes, including those involved in ciliary function, cell adhesion, and cytoskeletal remodeling, underscoring its critical contribution to the fine-tuned transcriptional regulation required for effective sperm maturation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "3", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nNotably, while these abstracts collectively reveal complex layers of transcriptional control enacted by RFX family members in both ciliogenesis and spermatogenesis, none of the studies provide any information regarding the function of DLG3‐AS1. Consequently, the role of DLG3‐AS1 remains unaddressed in the context of these investigations.\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Brent W Bisgrove, Svetlana Makova, H Joseph Yost, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RFX2 is essential in the ciliated organ of asymmetry and an RFX2 transgene identifies a population of ciliated cells sufficient for fluid flow."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dev Biol (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.12.030"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.12.030"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22233545"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22233545"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sylvain Lemeille, Marie Paschaki, Dominique Baas, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Interplay of RFX transcription factors 1, 2 and 3 in motile ciliogenesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleic Acids Res (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/nar/gkaa625"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa625"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32725242"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32725242"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gary C Horvath, W Stephen Kistler, Malathi K Kistler "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RFX2 is a potential transcriptional regulatory factor for histone H1t and other genes expressed during the meiotic phase of spermatogenesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biol Reprod (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1095/biolreprod.104.032268"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.104.032268"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15229132"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15229132"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "W Stephen Kistler, Gary C Horvath, Anindya Dasgupta, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Differential expression of Rfx1-4 during mouse spermatogenesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gene Expr Patterns (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.gep.2009.07.004"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gep.2009.07.004"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19596083"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19596083"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gary C Horvath, Malathi K Kistler, W Stephen Kistler "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RFX2 is a candidate downstream amplifier of A-MYB regulation in mouse spermatogenesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "BMC Dev Biol (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/1471-213X-9-63"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-213X-9-63"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20003220"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20003220"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "W Stephen Kistler, Dominique Baas, Sylvain Lemeille, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RFX2 Is a Major Transcriptional Regulator of Spermiogenesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS Genet (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pgen.1005368"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005368"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26162102"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26162102"}]}]}]}