{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nElastin, encoded by the ELN gene, is the critical extracellular matrix protein that imparts elasticity and resilience to many tissues including large arteries, lung, and skin. Synthesized as the soluble precursor tropoelastin, the protein self‐assembles via a process of hydrophobic coacervation and is subsequently cross‐linked into durable elastic fibers. Detailed biophysical studies have revealed that tropoelastin behaves as a highly extensible, asymmetric nanospring with discrete domains that drive self‐aggregation and facilitate interactions with cell surface integrins via conserved motifs at both its C-terminal “foot” region and central domains. Moreover, elastin’s assembly onto microfibrils is mediated by interactions with key accessory proteins such as fibulins, fibrillins, and other extracellular glycoproteins, underscoring its importance as an architect of elastic fiber formation and a regulator of proper matrix organization."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its role as a molecular spring, elastin also actively contributes to the regulation of cell behavior and tissue remodeling. Its mature fibers not only provide the mechanical properties necessary for vascular compliance and lung recoil but also influence cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. Elastin and its degradation products (elastin‐derived peptides) serve as bioactive signals that modulate matrix metalloproteinase activity, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and inflammatory responses. In addition, interactions with proteins such as fibulin‐4, fibulin‐5, microfibril‐associated proteins (e.g. MFAP4), LOXL1 and cytokine‐mediated modulators help orchestrate proper elastogenesis while alterations—whether by proteolytic attack, ultraviolet exposure, or genetic mutations—lead to compromised matrix assembly, arterial stiffening, and conditions such as cutis laxa, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and aneurysmal vascular disease."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "16", "end_ref": "41"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nClinical studies and genetic analyses further emphasize that even subtle alterations in elastin content, structure, or turnover can have profound pathological consequences. Mutations in ELN or aberrant splicing events are linked to connective tissue disorders such as autosomal dominant cutis laxa, supravalvular aortic stenosis, and aneurysmal disease. Furthermore, elastin degradation products serve as candidate biomarkers for vascular stiffening and tissue remodeling disorders, while modulation of its synthesis by factors including microRNAs and cytokines offers promising targets for therapeutic intervention. Insights from elastin‐imaging techniques and ex vivo models highlight the translational potential of restoring or preserving elastin function as a means of mitigating disease progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "42", "end_ref": "47"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Edouard Fonck, Georg G Feigl, Jean Fasel, et al. 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