{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Formiminotransferase‐cyclodeaminase (FTCD) is a multifunctional protein that not only acts as a bifunctional enzyme in histidine catabolism and folate‐mediated one‐carbon metabolism but also plays important non‐enzymatic roles in cellular organization and disease. Its canonical enzymatic function—catalyzing the transfer of a formimino group from formiminoglutamate to tetrahydrofolate and subsequently converting the intermediate into cyclic imino‐lactone—is essential for generating one‐carbon units for nucleotide synthesis and methylation reactions."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " \n In addition, FTCD is tightly associated with the cis‐Golgi and has been shown to interact with structural components such as the golgin network and vimentin intermediate filaments, acting as a molecular tether that promotes Golgi reassembly and modulates cytoskeletal dynamics."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Moreover, FTCD has emerged as an important autoantigen in autoimmune liver diseases. Autoantibodies against FTCD are found in patients with type 2 autoimmune hepatitis, and murine models using FTCD as a self‐antigen have recapitulated key features of the disease, thereby implicating FTCD in the breakdown of immune tolerance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "9", "end_ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), FTCD appears to have tumor‐suppressive functions. Downregulation of FTCD has been associated with alterations in metabolic pathways, impaired arsenic metabolism, and enhanced tumor progression, while restoration of its expression can trigger mitochondria‐mediated apoptotic pathways, suggesting a potential role for FTCD as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in liver cancer."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "17", "end_ref": "22"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Furthermore, FTCD expression and function are modulated by various physiological and pathological conditions. For instance, changes due to prenatal alcohol exposure, maternal folic acid supplementation, or alterations in regulators such as glycine N‐methyltransferase (GNMT) can affect FTCD levels and activity, thereby influencing liver metabolic homeostasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "23", "end_ref": "26"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Collectively, these studies highlight FTCD as a pivotal molecular hub that integrates metabolic, structural, and immunological pathways in liver cells. The dual role of FTCD in enzymatic catalysis and in maintaining cellular architecture, along with its involvement in immune recognition and tumor suppression, underscores its potential as both a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target in liver diseases.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ruiyin Chu, Hanjo Lim, Laura Brumfield, et al. 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