{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n GABARAP, a member of the mammalian Atg8 family of ubiquitin‐like proteins, has emerged as a critical regulator of autophagy by coordinating both membrane dynamics and cargo recognition. Its lipidation and subsequent membrane association are essential for autophagosome maturation and fusion with lysosomes, a process further facilitated by the recruitment of effector proteins such as PLEKHM1, which is preferentially engaged by the GABARAP subfamily (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In selective forms of autophagy, GABARAP provides a docking platform for cargo receptors. For example, during mitophagy the mitochondrial receptor Nix binds to LC3/GABARAP through its LC3‐interacting region to promote the clearance of damaged mitochondria."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "2", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Likewise, in endoplasmic reticulum–selective autophagy (ER‐phagy), receptors such as ATL3 and TEX264 recognize and bind GABARAP to mediate the turnover of tubular ER membranes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Furthermore, GABARAP undergoes tightly regulated processing, as its conjugation and de‐conjugation are mediated by proteases such as human Atg4B; this regulation is crucial for maintaining appropriate levels of lipidated GABARAP on autophagosomal membranes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "9", "end_ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, the GABARAP family has been implicated in assembling components of the upstream autophagy machinery, as evidenced by its preferential interactions with the ULK complex"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and with other effectors such as TBC1D15, which help coordinate autophagosome formation and cargo encapsulation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Finally, studies using reconstituted conjugation systems highlight that GABARAP, along with other Atg8 homologues, selectively modifies membranes to drive autophagic processes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Collectively, these findings underscore that GABARAP plays a central, multifaceted role in the late stages of autophagosome biogenesis and in the selective targeting of diverse cargoes for degradation.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thanh Ngoc Nguyen, Benjamin Scott Padman, Joanne Usher, et al. 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