{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n GAGE10, an X‐linked member of the cancer/testis antigen family, has been implicated in a range of biological processes spanning autoimmunity, epigenetic regulation, tumorigenesis, and development. In one study of generalized vitiligo in a Gujarat population, a promoter single nucleotide polymorphism in GAGE10 (rs11798415[A > T]) was found to be significantly associated with disease susceptibility. This finding, in combination with alterations in FOXP3 expression in regulatory T cells, suggests that GAGE10 may be involved in modulating immune regulatory mechanisms underlying autoimmunity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In a separate epigenome‐wide analysis investigating age‐by‐sex differences in DNA methylation, a CpG site mapping to GAGE10 exhibited striking sex‐specific changes; while methylation levels remained relatively constant with age in males, they significantly declined in females. This differential epigenetic regulation indicates that GAGE10 might contribute to sexually dimorphic aging processes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Furthermore, a genomic study utilizing microarray-CGH in gastric cancer identified copy number variations involving GAGE10 that were associated with corresponding alterations in its mRNA expression. These results raise the possibility that GAGE10 is involved in tumor-associated genomic alterations and may participate in tumorigenesis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Finally, developmental studies of human sex differentiation have documented the immunohistochemical expression of the broader GAGE family in embryonic gonadal tissues, suggesting that GAGE10, as a family member, might also play a role during the early stages of gonadal development."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In summary, the collective evidence from these studies indicates that GAGE10 functions beyond its traditional classification as a cancer/testis antigen. Its genetic and epigenetic alterations are associated with autoimmune susceptibility, influence sexually dimorphic epigenetic aging patterns, and may contribute to tumor biology and early developmental processes.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Prashant S Giri, Shivani Patel, Rasheedunnisa Begum, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification of novel gastric cancer-associated CNVs by integrated analysis of microarray."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Surg Oncol (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/jso.21585"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.21585"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20872948"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20872948"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Linn S Mamsen, Emil H Ernst, Rehannah Borup, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Temporal expression pattern of genes during the period of sex differentiation in human embryonic gonads."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sci Rep (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41598-017-15931-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15931-3"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29162857"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29162857"}]}]}]}