GALNT1 Gene

HGNC Family	Glycosyltransferases
Name	polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1
Description	This gene encodes a member of the UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAc-T) family of enzymes. GalNAc-Ts initiate mucin-type O-linked glycosylation in the Golgi apparatus by catalyzing the transfer of GalNAc to serine and threonine residues on target proteins. They are characterized by an N-terminal transmembrane domain, a stem region, a lumenal catalytic domain containing a GT1 motif and Gal/GalNAc transferase motif, and a C-terminal ricin/lectin-like domain. GalNAc-Ts have different, but overlapping, substrate specificities and patterns of expression. Transcript variants derived from this gene that utilize alternative polyA signals have been described in the literature. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n GALNT1 is a member of the UDP‐N‐acetylgalactosamine:polypeptide GalNAc–transferase family responsible for initiating mucin‐type O–glycosylation, a modification that is essential for proper protein function in both normal physiology and disease states. Several studies have demonstrated that aberrant expression and localization of GALNT1 substantially influence tumor progression and invasion. For instance, in liver cancer, mislocalization of GALNT1 to the endoplasmic reticulum enables the glycosylation of matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14), thereby promoting matrix degradation, tissue invasion, and accelerated tumor expansion."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Likewise, increased expression of GALNT1 in bladder cancer stem cells has been shown to enhance the O–glycosylation and activation of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), which is critical for maintaining self–renewal and tumorigenic potential."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer, overexpression of GALNT1 is associated with enhanced cell migration and invasion. This appears to be mediated, at least in part, by the regulation of receptor glycosylation—for example, GALNT1–dependent O–glycosylation can modulate EGFR signaling, affecting receptor activation and stability."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In osteosarcoma, elevated GALNT1 levels correlate with increased invasiveness, and its knockdown leads to significant inhibition of cell invasion."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Beyond its role in cancer cell behavior, GALNT1 is fundamental for normal glycosylation of extracellular matrix proteins. In bone, for instance, ppGalNAcT–1 (GALNT1) selectively glycosylates key proteins such as osteopontin and bone sialoprotein, which are crucial for proper bone formation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In the immune system, GALNT1–mediated O–glycosylation of selectin ligands supports efficient leukocyte rolling and recruitment, with deficiency leading to impaired cell adhesion during inflammation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n GALNT1 activity also affects cardiovascular function by modifying the glycosylation of pro–BNP, thereby influencing its processing and the proportion of inactive hormone secreted during heart failure."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, genetic studies have identified polymorphisms in GALNT1 that may alter ovarian cancer risk, although subsequent replication studies have yielded inconclusive results."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, aberrant transcriptional regulation—such as via a LAMTOR5/c–Jun axis—has been implicated in stimulating GALNT1 expression and contributing to abnormal O–glycosylation patterns in breast cancer metastasis"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", while RNA interference–mediated knockdown of GALNT1 in bladder carcinoma cells significantly reduced proliferation and tumor growth."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Collectively, these findings underscore the diverse roles of GALNT1 in modulating protein O–glycosylation that impact tumor cell invasion, receptor signaling, extracellular matrix remodeling, and immune cell recruitment. Aberrant GALNT1 activity thus contributes to cancer progression and may represent a promising therapeutic target as well as a potential biomarker across multiple malignancies.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Anh Tuan Nguyen, Joanne Chia, Manon Ros, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Organelle Specific O-Glycosylation Drives MMP14 Activation, Tumor Growth, and Metastasis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Cell (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ccell.2017.10.001"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2017.10.001"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29136507"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29136507"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chong Li, Ying Du, Zhao Yang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "GALNT1-Mediated Glycosylation and Activation of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Maintains the Self-Renewal and Tumor-Initiating Capacity of Bladder Cancer Stem Cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Res (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-2309"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-2309"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26676748"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26676748"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Miao-Juei Huang, Rey-Heng Hu, Chih-Hsing Chou, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Knockdown of GALNT1 suppresses malignant phenotype of hepatocellular carcinoma by suppressing EGFR signaling."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncotarget (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.18632/oncotarget.3117"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.3117"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25730904"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25730904"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Karin Milde-Langosch, Dina Schütze, Leticia Oliveira-Ferrer, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Relevance of βGal-βGalNAc-containing glycans and the enzymes involved in their synthesis for invasion and survival in breast cancer patients."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Breast Cancer Res Treat (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s10549-015-3425-0"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-015-3425-0"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25975956"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25975956"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Liwen Zhang, Bin Lv, Xinya Shi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "High Expression of N-Acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase 1 (GALNT1) Associated with Invasion, Metastasis, and Proliferation in Osteosarcoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Med Sci Monit (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.12659/MSM.927837"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.927837"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33284788"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33284788"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hazuki E Miwa, Thomas A Gerken, Oliver Jamison, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Isoform-specific O-glycosylation of osteopontin and bone sialoprotein by polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M109.035436"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.035436"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19880513"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19880513"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Helena Block, Klaus Ley, Alexander Zarbock "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Severe impairment of leukocyte recruitment in ppGalNAcT-1-deficient mice."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Immunol (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4049/jimmunol.1200392"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1200392"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22544932"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22544932"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yasuaki Nakagawa, Toshio Nishikimi, Koichiro Kuwahara, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "MiR30-GALNT1/2 Axis-Mediated Glycosylation Contributes to the Increased Secretion of Inactive Human Prohormone for Brain Natriuretic Peptide (proBNP) From Failing Hearts."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Am Heart Assoc (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1161/JAHA.116.003601"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.003601"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28188250"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28188250"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Catherine M Phelan, Ya-Yu Tsai, Ellen L Goode, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Polymorphism in the GALNT1 gene and epithelial ovarian cancer in non-Hispanic white women: the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0861"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0861"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20142253"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20142253"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Runping Fang, Feifei Xu, Hui Shi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "LAMTOR5 raises abnormal initiation of O-glycosylation in breast cancer metastasis via modulating GALNT1 activity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncogene (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41388-019-1146-2"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-019-1146-2"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31836847"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31836847"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ming-Xia Ding, Hai-Feng Wang, Jian-Song Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "ppGalNAc T1 as a potential novel marker for human bladder cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Asian Pac J Cancer Prev (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.11.5653"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.11.5653"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23317233"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23317233"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	GALNAC-T1
Proteins	GALT1_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	2589
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Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

GALNT1 has 6,270 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 114 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for GALNT1 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

GALNT1 Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of GALNT1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of GALNT1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of GALNT1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of GALNT1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of GALNT1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of GALNT1 gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of GALNT1 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of GALNT1 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of GALNT1 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of GALNT1 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with GALNT1 protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with GALNT1 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of GALNT1 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of GALNT1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of GALNT1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of GALNT1 gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing GALNT1 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing GALNT1 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with GALNT1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with GALNT1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of GALNT1 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with GALNT1 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with GALNT1 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with GALNT1 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by GALNT1 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with GALNT1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with GALNT1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with GALNT1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with GALNT1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at GALNT1 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of GALNT1 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of GALNT1 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing GALNT1 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GAD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with GALNT1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with GALNT1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of GALNT1 gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations	biological terms co-occuring with GALNT1 gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.
	GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing GALNT1 from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset.
	GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases	disease perturbations changing expression of GALNT1 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset.
	GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations	gene perturbations changing expression of GALNT1 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.