{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n GDNF‐AS1 is an antisense long non‐coding RNA transcribed from the opposite strand of the glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene that appears to modulate the expression of GDNF, an essential neurotrophic factor. Initially identified as part of a complex repertoire of GDNF isoforms and their antisense partners (1), GDNF‐AS1 has been implicated in the regulation of GDNF at the RNA and protein levels. Functional studies in glioblastoma cells have demonstrated that overexpression of GDNF‐AS1 increases GDNF protein expression and enhances cell viability and invasiveness, whereas knock‐down of GDNF‐AS1 produces the opposite effects (2). Furthermore, in analyses of prognostic ferroptosis–related signatures in glioma, GDNF‐AS1 emerges as one of several long non‐coding RNAs whose dysregulated expression is associated with altered immune microenvironments and clinical outcomes (3). In the context of immune‐mediated diseases, a novel association was found between Pandemrix–induced narcolepsy and genetic variants in GDNF‐AS1, supporting its role in modulating GDNF expression and potentially contributing to neuroimmune pathophysiology (4). Additionally, genetic association studies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms within the GDNF‐AS1 locus that correlate with altered GDNF expression and chronic mucus hypersecretion (5). Collectively, these studies suggest that GDNF‐AS1 functions as an important regulator of GDNF expression, thereby influencing neural survival, tumorigenic processes in the brain, neuroimmune disorders, and even epithelial inflammatory responses.\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n (1,2,3,4,5)."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mikko Airavaara, Olga Pletnikova, Maire E Doyle, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pandemrix-induced narcolepsy is associated with genes related to immunity and neuronal survival."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "EBioMedicine (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.041"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.041"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30711515"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30711515"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Akkelies E Dijkstra, H Marike Boezen, Maarten van den Berge, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dissecting the genetics of chronic mucus hypersecretion in smokers with and without COPD."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eur Respir J (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1183/09031936.00093314"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00093314"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25234806"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25234806"}]}]}]}