{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n TSTA3 is a critical enzyme that catalyzes the final step in the de novo biosynthesis of GDP–L–fucose by converting GDP–4–keto–6–D–deoxymannose into GDP–L–fucose via a combined 3,5–epimerase/reductase reaction. This activated sugar nucleotide is essential for fucosylation, a post–translational modification that regulates the structure and function of many glycoproteins and glycolipids, thereby influencing cell–cell adhesion, migration, and signaling. \n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Aberrant TSTA3 expression has been observed in multiple tumors—including breast, esophageal, non–small cell lung, and colorectal cancers—where it promotes malignant behavior by altering fucosylation patterns. Enhanced TSTA3 activity is associated with increased invasion, proliferation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and poor patient survival. Its expression can be modulated by microRNAs (for example, miR–125a–5p and miR–125b), and natural compounds such as eriodictyol have been shown to downregulate its levels to suppress tumor cell growth and metastatic potential."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In addition, TSTA3 has emerged as a potential hub gene in hypoxic conditions in multiple myeloma and plays a role in metabolic pathways such as polysaccharide biosynthesis, indicating its broader impact on cellular metabolism and tumor microenvironment remodeling."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Biochemical and structural studies have further validated the enzymatic function of TSTA3. Its homology to bacterial dehydratases and sugar epimerase/reductases has provided detailed insight into its mechanism, reinforcing its role in the synthesis of GDP–L–fucose and underscoring its potential as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in cancer."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yanan Sun, Xiaohong Liu, Qingfu Zhang, et al. 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