{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n HOXC‐AS3 is a long noncoding RNA that emerges as a multifunctional regulator across a spectrum of human pathologies, particularly in cancer and abnormal tissue differentiation. In gastric cancer, HOXC‐AS3 is markedly overexpressed and correlates with poor clinical outcomes by promoting cell proliferation and migration; its transcription is activated through gains in histone H3K4me3 and H3K27ac, and its oncogenic effects are at least partly mediated by interacting with the RNA‐binding protein YBX1 to coordinately regulate a network of target genes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In the bone marrow microenvironment of multiple myeloma patients, HOXC‐AS3 interacts with and stabilizes HOXC10 mRNA, thereby suppressing osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells and contributing to bone loss."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In glioblastoma, HOXB13 directly binds the HOXC‐AS3 promoter, leading to its upregulation and subsequently driving malignant proliferation, migration, and invasion."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), HOXC‐AS3 further promotes tumorigenesis by binding to YBX1 to prevent its MDM2‑mediated ubiquitination, which results in increased transcription of HOXC8 and enhanced growth and metastatic potential."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Similarly, in invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung, HOXC‐AS3 is highly expressed and accelerates cell proliferation and migration through recruitment of the RNA‐binding protein FUS to stabilize FOXM1 mRNA."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In ovarian cancer, upregulated HOXC‐AS3 sequesters factors required for the maturation of miR‑96, thereby reducing levels of mature miR‑96 which normally act as tumor suppressors, ultimately promoting cell proliferation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, in glioma, HOXC‐AS3 functions as a competing endogenous RNA by sponging miR‑216 to modulate the expression of F11 receptor (F11R), facilitating malignant progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, overexpression of HOXC‐AS3 has been linked to poor prognosis in breast cancer, underscoring its role as an oncogenic factor in multiple tissue contexts."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Collectively, these studies highlight HOXC‐AS3 as an important oncogenic and regulatory lncRNA whose diverse mechanisms—including modulation of protein stability, epigenetic activation, and microRNA processing—contribute to tumor development and progression as well as abnormal differentiation, thereby representing a promising target for diagnostic and therapeutic intervention.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Erbao Zhang, Xuezhi He, Chongguo Zhang, et al. 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