IL1B Gene

HGNC Family	Interleukins (IL), Endogenous ligands
Name	interleukin 1, beta
Description	The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family. This cytokine is produced by activated macrophages as a proprotein, which is proteolytically processed to its active form by caspase 1 (CASP1/ICE). This cytokine is an important mediator of the inflammatory response, and is involved in a variety of cellular activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (PTGS2/COX2) by this cytokine in the central nervous system (CNS) is found to contribute to inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. Similarly, IL-1B has been implicated in human osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Patients with severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) present elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1B in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid samples. The lung damage induced by the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is to a large extent, a result of the inflammatory response promoted by cytokines such as IL-1B. This gene and eight other interleukin 1 family genes form a cytokine gene cluster on chromosome 2. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2020]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "<div>\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Interleukin‐1β (IL-1β) is a central proinflammatory cytokine that is synthesized as an inactive precursor and requires proteolytic cleavage by caspase-1, which itself is activated within multiprotein inflammasome complexes. In several studies, activation of canonical inflammasomes by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (e.g. lipopolysaccharide, crystalline deposits) and endogenous “danger signals” triggers caspase-1–mediated cleavage of pro-IL-1β, a process that is intimately linked with gasdermin D–dependent pyroptotic cell death and the release of mature IL-1β into the extracellular milieu."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In inflammatory conditions such as gout, pseudogout, and early atherosclerosis, crystal deposition similarly engages inflammasome pathways to drive IL-1β production, which in turn orchestrates leukocyte recruitment and amplifies local inflammation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Furthermore, studies involving responses to diverse stimuli have highlighted that proper inflammasome activation mediated by adaptor proteins (for example, ASC and cryopyrin) is essential for processing IL-1β, with aberrations in this pathway contributing to autoinflammatory disorders."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In addition, regulatory molecules such as thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) modulate the activation of inflammasomes and thereby influence IL-1β secretion, linking metabolic disturbances with inflammatory responses."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Collectively, these findings establish IL-1β as a master regulator that not only initiates and sustains innate immune responses against infections but also plays pathogenic roles in chronic inflammatory diseases, metabolic syndrome, neurodegeneration, and cancer by bridging innate immunity with downstream adaptive responses.\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n</div>"}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jianjin Shi, Yue Zhao, Kun Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cleavage of GSDMD by inflammatory caspases determines pyroptotic cell death."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nature15514"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15514"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26375003"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26375003"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nobuhiko Kayagaki, Irma B Stowe, Bettina L Lee, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Caspase-11 cleaves gasdermin D for non-canonical inflammasome signalling."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nature15541"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15541"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26375259"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26375259"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Fabio Martinon, Virginie Pétrilli, Annick Mayor, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nature04516"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04516"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16407889"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16407889"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "G M Tannahill, A M Curtis, J Adamik, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Succinate is an inflammatory signal that induces IL-1β through HIF-1α."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nature11986"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11986"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23535595"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23535595"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sanjeev Mariathasan, David S Weiss, Kim Newton, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cryopyrin activates the inflammasome in response to toxins and ATP."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nature04515"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04515"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16407890"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16407890"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rongbin Zhou, Aubry Tardivel, Bernard Thorens, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thioredoxin-interacting protein links oxidative stress to inflammasome activation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Immunol (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ni.1831"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1831"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20023662"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20023662"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	IL1F2, IL-1, IL1-BETA
Proteins	IL1B_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	3553
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

IL1B has 28,200 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, functional term, phrase or reference, chemical, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 122 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for IL1B from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

IL1B Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles	cell lines with fitness changed by IL1B gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of IL1B gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of IL1B gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of IL1B gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of IL1B gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of IL1B gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Biocarta Pathways	pathways involving IL1B protein from the Biocarta Pathways dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of IL1B gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of IL1B gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of IL1B gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of IL1B gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of IL1B gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of IL1B gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with IL1B gene mutations from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with IL1B gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of IL1B gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of IL1B gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of IL1B gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of IL1B gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing IL1B protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing IL1B protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with IL1B protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with IL1B protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with IL1B gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with IL1B gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with IL1B gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by IL1B gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases involving IL1B gene from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases associated with IL1B gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases associated with IL1B gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with IL1B gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with IL1B gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with IL1B gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with IL1B gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	DrugBank Drug Targets	interacting drugs for IL1B protein from the curated DrugBank Drug Targets dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at IL1B gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of IL1B gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of IL1B gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing IL1B from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GAD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with IL1B gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.