{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Chemokine KC—also known as CXCL1—functions as an early mediator of the innate inflammatory response by recruiting neutrophils to sites of tissue injury or infection. In a study of chlorine‐induced lung injury, although the type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram effectively reduced pulmonary edema and airway hyperreactivity, it had little or no impact on KC levels measured in airway lavage fluid, suggesting that KC’s regulation—and its role as a neutrophil chemoattractant—may be relatively independent of some therapeutic interventions."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Similarly, in a model of polymicrobial sepsis, a single dose of caffeine administered at the time of sepsis induction significantly increased plasma levels of KC 6 hours after onset. This rapid upregulation indicates that KC serves as an early biomarker of the inflammatory response during sepsis, likely reflecting its central role in mobilizing neutrophils during the acute phase of systemic infection."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In another study exploring genetic factors that influence the host response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), KC measured 6 hours post-challenge was used as a quantitative marker to help identify novel genes involved in innate immunity. The results from this work further reinforce the notion that KC/CXCL1 is a critical component in the orchestration of early immune responses by mediating neutrophil recruitment."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In summary, across these studies KC/CXCL1 appears to play a pivotal role as a neutrophil chemoattractant that not only facilitates early cell recruitment during inflammation and sepsis but also serves as a reliable biomarker for monitoring acute innate immune activation (1,2,3).\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Weiyuan Chang, Jing Chen, Connie F Schlueter, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Inhibition of chlorine-induced lung injury by the type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Toxicol Appl Pharmacol (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.taap.2012.06.017"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2012.06.017"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22763362"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22763362"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gustavo Bauzá, Daniel Remick "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Caffeine Improves Heart Rate Without Improving Sepsis Survival."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shock (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1097/SHK.0000000000000399"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0000000000000399"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25944789"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25944789"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ivana V Yang, Claire M Wade, Hyun Min Kang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification of novel genes that mediate innate immunity using inbred mice."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genetics (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1534/genetics.109.107540"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.109.107540"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19805818"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19805818"}]}]}]}