KCNK1 Gene

HGNC Family	Ion channels
Name	potassium channel, two pore domain subfamily K, member 1
Description	This gene encodes one of the members of the superfamily of potassium channel proteins containing two pore-forming P domains. The product of this gene has not been shown to be a functional channel, however, it may require other non-pore-forming proteins for activity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n KCNK1, which encodes the TWIK‐1 two‐pore domain potassium (K2P) channel, is emerging as a multifaceted regulator of background (“leak”) potassium currents that is essential for setting the resting membrane potential and regulating cellular excitability in a wide variety of tissues. Structural studies have revealed that TWIK‐1 exhibits a unique dimeric architecture with a hydrophobic barrier deep within its inner pore that modulates ion permeation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Its activity is further controlled by post‐translational modifications such as reversible SUMOylation, which regulates channel gating, and by mechanisms that control channel trafficking and surface expression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In the nervous system, TWIK‐1 is expressed in astrocytes where it partners with TREK‐1 to mediate passive conductance and even influence neurotransmitter release, and in dentate gyrus granule cells where it helps set the resting membrane potential and thereby dampens excitability."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In cardiac tissue, TWIK‐1 has been shown to alter its ion selectivity under low extracellular potassium conditions, allowing the permeation of sodium ions and contributing to paradoxical depolarization of cardiomyocytes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Expression in specialized epithelial cells also highlights a role in ion and fluid homeostasis: for example, in Reissner’s membrane of the inner ear, dexamethasone upregulates KCNK1 transcripts to support Na⁺ reabsorption"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", in airway epithelia TWIK‐1 localizes to the apical membrane to facilitate ion transport"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and in the renal cortical collecting duct, TWIK‐1 influences membrane potential and conductance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Finally, transcriptional regulation by factors such as TAp73—whose activation leads to direct transactivation of KCNK1 and suppression of anchorage‐independent tumor growth—as well as enrichment of KCNK1 in zona glomerulosa cells, further implicate TWIK‐1 in processes ranging from tumor suppression to adrenal ion regulation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Collectively, these findings demonstrate that KCNK1/TWIK‐1 is a versatile channel whose regulation—via structural features, post‐translational modifications, and targeted cellular expression—enables it to fine‐tune excitability and maintain ion homeostasis in diverse physiological settings"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ">).\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Alexandria N Miller, Stephen B Long "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Crystal structure of the human two-pore domain potassium channel K2P1."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Science (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1126/science.1213274"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1213274"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22282804"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22282804"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Prafulla Aryal, Firdaus Abd-Wahab, Giovanna Bucci, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A hydrophobic barrier deep within the inner pore of the TWIK-1 K2P potassium channel."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ncomms5377"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5377"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25001086"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25001086"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sindhu Rajan, Leigh D Plant, Michael L Rabin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sumoylation silences the plasma membrane leak K+ channel K2P1."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.019"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.019"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15820677"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15820677"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sylvain Feliciangeli, Magalie P Tardy, Guillaume Sandoz, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Potassium channel silencing by constitutive endocytosis and intracellular sequestration."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M109.078535"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.078535"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19959478"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19959478"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Min Zhou, Guangjin Xu, Minjie Xie, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TWIK-1 and TREK-1 are potassium channels contributing significantly to astrocyte passive conductance in rat hippocampal slices."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Neurosci (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5784-08.2009"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5784-08.2009"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19571146"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19571146"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eun Mi Hwang, Eunju Kim, Oleg Yarishkin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A disulphide-linked heterodimer of TWIK-1 and TREK-1 mediates passive conductance in astrocytes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ncomms4227"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4227"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24496152"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24496152"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jana Benesova, Vendula Rusnakova, Pavel Honsa, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Distinct expression/function of potassium and chloride channels contributes to the diverse volume regulation in cortical astrocytes of GFAP/EGFP mice."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0029725"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029725"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22253765"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22253765"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oleg Yarishkin, Da Yong Lee, Eunju Kim, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TWIK-1 contributes to the intrinsic excitability of dentate granule cells in mouse hippocampus."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Brain (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s13041-014-0080-z"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13041-014-0080-z"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25406588"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25406588"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Liqun Ma, Xuexin Zhang, Haijun Chen "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TWIK-1 two-pore domain potassium channels change ion selectivity and conduct inward leak sodium currents in hypokalemia."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sci Signal (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1126/scisignal.2001726"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2001726"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21653227"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21653227"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sung Huhn Kim, Kyunghee X Kim, Nithya N Raveendran, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Regulation of ENaC-mediated sodium transport by glucocorticoids in Reissner's membrane epithelium."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Physiol Cell Physiol (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1152/ajpcell.00338.2008"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00338.2008"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19144862"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19144862"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ke-Qing Zhao, Guoxiang Xiong, Morgan Wilber, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A role for two-pore K⁺ channels in modulating Na⁺ absorption and Cl⁻ secretion in normal human bronchial epithelial cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1152/ajplung.00102.2011"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00102.2011"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21964404"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21964404"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "I D Millar, H C Taylor, G J Cooper, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Adaptive downregulation of a quinidine-sensitive cation conductance in renal principal cells of TWIK-1 knockout mice."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pflugers Arch (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00424-006-0107-0"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-006-0107-0"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16847696"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16847696"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Michaela Beitzinger, Lars Hofmann, Claudia Oswald, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "p73 poses a barrier to malignant transformation by limiting anchorage-independent growth."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "EMBO J (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/emboj.2008.13"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2008.13"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18239687"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18239687"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elena A B Azizan, Brian Y H Lam, Stephen J Newhouse, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Microarray, qPCR, and KCNJ5 sequencing of aldosterone-producing adenomas reveal differences in genotype and phenotype between zona glomerulosa- and zona fasciculata-like tumors."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1210/jc.2011-2965"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-2965"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22442279"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22442279"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Miroslava Anderova, Jana Benesova, Michaela Mikesova, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Altered astrocytic swelling in the cortex of α-syntrophin-negative GFAP/EGFP mice."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0113444"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113444"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25426721"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25426721"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	K2P1.1, HOHO, TWIK-1, TWIK1, K2P1, KCNO1, DPK
Proteins	KCNK1_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	3775
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

KCNK1 has 8,319 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 117 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for KCNK1 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

KCNK1 Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of KCNK1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of KCNK1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of KCNK1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of KCNK1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of KCNK1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of KCNK1 gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of KCNK1 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of KCNK1 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of KCNK1 gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of KCNK1 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of KCNK1 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with KCNK1 protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with KCNK1 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of KCNK1 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of KCNK1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of KCNK1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of KCNK1 gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing KCNK1 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing KCNK1 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing KCNK1 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing KCNK1 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with KCNK1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with KCNK1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of KCNK1 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with KCNK1 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with KCNK1 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with KCNK1 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action	small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of KCNK1 protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by KCNK1 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases associated with KCNK1 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with KCNK1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with KCNK1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with KCNK1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with KCNK1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	DrugBank Drug Targets	interacting drugs for KCNK1 protein from the curated DrugBank Drug Targets dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at KCNK1 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of KCNK1 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of KCNK1 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing KCNK1 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GAD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with KCNK1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.