{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Galectin‑7, the product of the LGALS7 gene, is a multifunctional β‑galactoside–binding protein that plays diverse, context‐dependent roles in epithelial homeostasis and cancer. In normal tissues, galectin‑7 contributes to wound repair and re‑epithelialization by modulating keratinocyte migration without affecting proliferation, as shown in both corneal and skin models."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In neuroblastoma cells, extracellular galectin‑7 binds specific ganglioside glycans, thereby reducing cell growth in a manner similar to that of galectin‑1."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In the cancer setting the function of galectin‑7 appears to be particularly complex. On the one hand, in certain tumors such as gastric carcinoma, galectin‑7 acts as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, and invasion."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " On the other hand, in malignancies including T cell lymphoma, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer, overexpression of galectin‑7 is linked to enhanced metastatic behavior – a process that may involve up‑regulation of metastasis‐associated matrix metalloproteinase‑9 (MMP‑9) and cooperation with mutant p53 and NF‑κB signaling pathways."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, galectin‑7 can modulate apoptosis by directly interacting with Bcl‑2 and thereby sensitizing cells to apoptotic stimuli."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Its expression levels also bear prognostic significance; for example, high galectin‑7 expression is associated with poor outcome in high‑grade hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas, while in cervical squamous carcinomas and psoriasis, reduced expression appears to confer a protective effect."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "10", "end_ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Finally, biophysical studies have shown that lactose binding induces long‑range conformational changes in galectin‑7 that stabilize its dimeric state, suggesting that ligand‑induced allosteric modulation may be critical for its biological activities."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Overall, these findings underscore the multifaceted, tissue‑ and context‑specific functions of galectin‑7 in regulating cell migration, differentiation, apoptosis, and tumor progression, thereby highlighting its potential as both a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zhiyi Cao, Neveen Said, Shalin Amin, et al. 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