{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Multifaceted Roles of LOXL1-AS1 in Disease Pathogenesis"}]}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n LOXL1‐AS1 is a long non‐coding RNA now recognized as a key regulator in a broad spectrum of human diseases. In ocular disorders—most notably pseudoexfoliation syndrome and glaucoma—genetic variants that alter the activity of the LOXL1‐AS1 promoter have been shown to modulate its expression in response to cellular oxidative and mechanical stress, thereby contributing to extracellular matrix remodeling and aberrant stress responses in ocular tissues."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In various malignancies—including prostate, gastric, glioblastoma, hepatocellular, ovarian, colorectal, and medulloblastoma—LOXL1‐AS1 is frequently upregulated. Its oncogenic function is largely mediated by acting as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) that sequesters tumor‐suppressive microRNAs (for example, miR‐541‑3p, miR‑708‑5p, miR‑let‑7a‑5p, miR‑28‑5p, miR‑589‑5p, and miR‑324‑3p). This sponging effect de-represses target oncogenes and cell cycle regulators—such as CCND1, USF1, TRAF6, EGFR, and others—thereby promoting cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and survival."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In addition to its roles in neoplasia, LOXL1‐AS1 has been implicated in several non‐malignant conditions. In cholangiocarcinoma, non‑small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, osteosarcoma, endometrial and cervical cancers, its dysregulation similarly contributes to enhanced proliferation and metastasis through ceRNA mechanisms."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "13", "end_ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, in conditions such as osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis, periodontitis, and dysregulated mesenchymal stem cell differentiation (relevant to postmenopausal osteoporosis), LOXL1‐AS1 modulates inflammatory processes and cell fate decisions via its interplay with microRNAs and transcription factors."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "19", "end_ref": "22"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Additional studies indicate that LOXL1‐AS1 may influence visual system maintenance and cataract formation by regulating gene expression in ocular cells."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "23"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Collectively, these findings underscore the multifaceted roles of LOXL1‐AS1: by interfacing with microRNA networks and key signaling cascades (including PI3K/AKT and NF‑κB pathways), it orchestrates diverse cellular behaviors in both malignant and non‑malignant settings. Targeting LOXL1‐AS1 and its molecular interactors may therefore represent a promising therapeutic strategy across a range of diseases."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "25"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tin Aung, Mineo Ozaki, Mei Chin Lee, et al. 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