{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMinichromosome maintenance protein 3 (MCM3) is a core subunit of the heterohexameric MCM2–7 helicase that licenses and drives DNA replication. It participates in the initiation and elongation of replication forks and acts as a critical platform for integrating diverse regulatory signals. Post‐translational modifications—such as phosphorylation by ATM, ATR, CDK1, cyclin E/CDK2, Chk1, PLK1 and the isomerase Pin1—as well as acetylation mediated by its binding partner MCM3AP, modulate MCM3’s assembly into the MCM2–7 complex and its loading on chromatin. In addition, interaction with redox regulatory proteins such as KEAP1 further suggests that MCM3 links replication dynamics to cellular stress responses. This multifaceted regulation is essential for proper cell cycle progression and maintenance of genomic stability."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn various cancers, deregulated MCM3 expression and aberrant post‐translational modifications have been linked to altered cell proliferation, cell cycle checkpoint impairment, and changes in motility and invasive potential. Elevated MCM3 levels correlate with aggressive tumor phenotypes and, in some cases, poor clinical outcomes in malignancies such as medulloblastoma, gliomas, melanoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, salivary gland tumors, oral squamous cell carcinoma, ovarian cancer, invasive ductal carcinoma, high‐grade serous carcinoma, cervical cancer, osteosarcoma, as well as in subsets of colorectal, prostate, and other tumors. In these studies, MCM3 has emerged not only as a robust marker of proliferation but also as a potential prognostic indicator, with its expression reflecting deregulated cell cycle control and the propensity for metastatic behavior. Moreover, studies in diverse neoplastic tissues—including dental follicles, uterine fibroids, and primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas—support its broad diagnostic and therapeutic relevance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "11", "end_ref": "36"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its central role in replication and proliferation, MCM3 is also intricately involved in cellular responses to DNA damage and replication stress. It interacts with key repair proteins such as Rad51 and Rad52 and is subject to regulation by checkpoint kinases like Chk1, ensuring that replication is properly coordinated with repair processes. Moreover, viral proteins (for example, the HCMV IE86 protein) can bind MCM3, highlighting its relevance in pathogen–host interactions. Emerging genetic studies further implicate disruptions within the MCM complex in developmental disorders and complex aneuploid conditions, underscoring the broad biological significance of MCM3 in both normal physiology and disease."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "37"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "24"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "18"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "39"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "David Cortez, Gloria Glick, Stephen J Elledge "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Minichromosome maintenance proteins are direct targets of the ATM and ATR checkpoint kinases."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0403410101"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403410101"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15210935"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15210935"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Douglas I Lin, Priya Aggarwal, J Alan Diehl "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Phosphorylation of MCM3 on Ser-112 regulates its incorporation into the MCM2-7 complex."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0800077105"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0800077105"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18524952"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18524952"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Junhui Li, Min Deng, Qian Wei, et al. 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