{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nmiR‐103a‐3p is emerging as a versatile post‐transcriptional regulator in cancer where its function appears to be highly context‐dependent. In some tumors, such as colorectal and gastric cancers, elevated miR‐103/103a‐3p levels promote proliferation, migration, and cancer stemness by directly targeting tumor‐suppressive genes including DICER, PTEN, KLF4, Axin2, and even modulating regulatory regions such as the 5′ untranslated region of GPRC5A."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Conversely, in certain malignancies like non‐small cell lung cancer and specific subtypes of head and prostate cancers, reduced levels of miR‐103a (or altered isomiforms such as miR‐103a‐2‐5p) correlate with enhanced tumor aggressiveness, indicating that its regulatory action can also function in a tumor‐suppressive manner, for instance by targeting PDCD10 or modulating androgen receptor variants."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its roles in oncogenesis, miR‐103a‐3p has been implicated in a range of non‐malignant disorders and physiologic processes. In the kidney, Angiotensin II‐induced renal inflammation and fibrosis are linked to elevated circulating miR‐103a‐3p that suppresses SNRK, thereby unleashing NF‐κB–mediated inflammatory cascades."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Similarly, in liver fibrosis, altered levels of exosomal miR‐103‐3p from macrophages affect hepatic stellate cell activation via repression of KLF4, while in vascular endothelium, its modulation of BNIP3 expression helps regulate autophagy and prevent pyroptosis in response to oxidative stress."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "13", "end_ref": "20"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that miR‐103a‐3p plays roles as a circulating biomarker in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders (with links to autism spectrum disorder and Alzheimer’s disease), in thrombosis where it curbs CXCL12‐mediated pro‐inflammatory signals, and even in the reproductive setting by negatively regulating BDNF to influence oocyte maturation"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "21"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "[also relevant in renal cell models]."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its direct gene‐regulatory functions, miR‐103a‐3p engages in complex noncoding RNA networks and contributes to the regulation of nutrient transport. 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