{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nmiR‐1285‐1 is a multifunctional microRNA that exhibits context‐dependent roles in cancer. In renal cell carcinoma, restoration of miR‐1285 suppresses cell proliferation, invasion, and migration by directly targeting transglutaminase 2 (TGM2), thereby acting as a tumor suppressor."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE), circulating miR‐1285‑3p serves as a predictive biomarker and exerts tumor‐suppressive effects by directly repressing the JUN oncogene."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, miR‐1285 is notably downregulated in gemcitabine‐resistant cells, and its overexpression inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion through downregulation of oncogenic factors (YAP1, EGFR, and β‑catenin)."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In contrast, in non‐small‐cell lung carcinoma, miR‐1285‑5p is upregulated and functions as a tumor promoter by targeting Smad4 and cadherin‑1 (CDH1), thereby facilitating cell growth and invasiveness."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn breast cancer, lower levels of miR‑1285‑5p are associated with poorer prognoses; overexpression of this miRNA impairs cell proliferation by directly repressing transmembrane protein 194A (TMEM194A). Complementary network analyses have further revealed that the circular RNA hsa_circ_0000376 may act as a molecular sponge for miR‑1285‑3p, consequently modulating downstream pathways such as apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and p53 signaling."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond oncology, miR‑1285‑1 is emerging as a novel candidate in non‐malignant conditions. In a rabbit model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), overexpression of miR‑1285 markedly attenuates TGF‑β2–induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition by directly targeting Smad4, reducing cellular contractility and migration."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Its regulatory potential is also being explored in type 2 diabetes mellitus as a prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic target."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, circulating miRNA profiling studies in chronic heart failure and lung squamous cell carcinoma, as well as investigations into receptor cross‐talk mechanisms in airway smooth muscle, have included miR‑1285 among the miRNAs of interest."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "10", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hiedo Hidaka, Naohiko Seki, Hirofumi Yoshino, et al. 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