{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMiR‑134 is a brain‐enriched microRNA that plays a pivotal role in neural development and synaptic plasticity. In neurons, it is enriched in the synapto‐dendritic compartment where it negatively regulates dendritic spine size by inhibiting the translation of specific targets such as Limk1, thereby fine‐tuning excitatory synaptic transmission and contributing to proper synapse development and maturation. Moreover, dynamic changes in miR‑134 levels have been associated with neurological disorders – its upregulation has been observed in models of status epilepticus where silencing reduces seizure susceptibility, while altered circulating levels correlate with the severity of manic episodes in bipolar disorder, suggesting its promise as a biomarker and therapeutic target in neuropsychiatric conditions."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn diverse malignancies, miR‑134 exerts context‐dependent roles that influence tumorigenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance. In several cancers – including breast, non‑small cell lung, head and neck, glioblastoma, endometrial, renal, gastric, and colorectal carcinomas – miR‑134 functions largely as a tumor suppressor by targeting critical oncogenes such as CCND1, EGFR, FOXM1, STAT5B, Hsp90, WWOX, Nanog, ITGB1, KRAS, and GOLPH3. By dampening the expression of these targets, miR‑134 suppresses cellular proliferation, migration and invasion while promoting apoptosis. Notably, in some settings—such as certain oral squamous cell and ovarian carcinomas—its aberrant expression is associated with enhanced oncogenicity and drug resistance, underscoring its potential both as a prognostic biomarker and as a candidate for miRNA‐based therapeutic intervention."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "4", "end_ref": "32"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its roles in the nervous system and cancer, miR‑134 is emerging as an important modulator in cardiovascular, metabolic, and developmental processes. Altered circulating levels of miR‑134 have been linked to acute myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and even serve as early indicators in conditions such as gestational diabetes. Furthermore, miR‑134 modulates processes such as lung septation, angiogenesis, and the proliferation of cardiomyocyte progenitor cells—underscoring its involvement in cardiac development and diabetic vascular dysfunction. Its dysregulation has also been implicated in inflammatory disorders, exemplified by studies in adult‑onset Still’s disease, thereby highlighting the diverse and multifunctional nature of miR‑134 in both health and disease."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "33", "end_ref": "41"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gerhard M Schratt, Fabian Tuebing, Elizabeth A Nigh, et al. 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