{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMiR‐135a (including its 5p, 3p, and related isoforms) has emerged as a multifaceted regulator in cancer, displaying context‐dependent oncogenic or tumor‐suppressive functions. In colorectal cancer, for instance, miR‐135a targets the 3′‐UTR of the APC gene to downregulate its expression and thereby activate the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, whereas in cervical and malignant melanoma cells it promotes proliferation and invasion via suppression of tumor‐suppressive targets such as SIAH1 and FOXO1. In breast, prostate, ovarian, gastric, non‐small cell lung, and several other cancers, restoration of miR‐135a expression dampens oncogenic drivers—including Runx2, ROCK1/2, MTSS1, HOXA10, SIRT1, E2F1/DAPK2, CCR2, and components of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT cascades—and thereby inhibits tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and chemoresistance. In certain settings, however, its overexpression can enhance tumorigenic traits by promoting aberrant signaling through pathways such as β‐catenin activation. Collectively, these studies underscore that miR‐135a regulates multiple signaling networks in cancer, and its precise impact on tumor progression is tightly dependent on the cellular context and interacting molecular partners."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "38"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond oncogenesis, miR‐135a also plays pivotal roles in non‐neoplastic conditions by modulating key signaling pathways that govern cellular stress responses and tissue homeostasis. In models of metabolic or vascular disorders, miR‐135a represses the mineralocorticoid receptor (NR3C2) to influence blood pressure regulation and has been implicated in diabetic nephropathy. In models of lung injury, enhanced miR‐135a expression following lipopolysaccharide challenge promotes apoptosis through the downregulation of anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2, while in mechanical stretch and ventilator‐induced injury of endothelial cells its modulation affects barrier function. Furthermore, dysregulation of miR‐135a in podocyte injury disrupts cytoskeletal organization via targeting GSK3β, and in neuropathic pain models, its sequestration by circular RNAs alters autophagy and inflammatory responses. Notably, in the context of neurodegeneration such as Alzheimer’s disease, astrocyte‐derived miR‐135a contributes to neuroinflammation and neuronal loss by impinging on thrombospondin 1 levels and related apoptotic pathways. 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