{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMiR‐142, expressed as both the guide (miR‐142–3p) and passenger (miR‐142–5p) strands, plays a central role in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses, hematopoiesis and neuroinflammation. In immune cells its expression modulates macrophage polarization, cytokine production and antigen processing, thereby affecting processes as diverse as fibrogenesis, endothelial–T‐cell interactions in transplant rejection and synaptic dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders. In several autoimmune settings – including systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and autoimmune neuroinflammation – altered miR‐142 expression has been linked to dysregulated T‐cell activation and impaired intercellular communication via exosomes, which further impact inflammatory and survival pathways."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn cancer cells miR‐142 exerts multifaceted, context‐dependent roles. In hematologic malignancies such as T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, aberrantly high or mutant miR‐142–3p contributes to leukemogenesis by targeting regulators of cyclic AMP/PKA signaling and glucocorticoid receptor expression, thus promoting proliferation and therapy resistance. In solid tumors—including breast, colon, esophageal, ovarian, lung, cervical, hepatocellular and osteosarcoma—miR‐142 modulates tumor cell proliferation, invasion, stemness and metabolic reprogramming through direct targeting of oncogenic molecules such as RAC1, FZD7, TGFβ receptor 1, CD133, LDHA and others. Its impact on differentiation and cytoskeletal dynamics further affects cell motility and invasiveness. Collectively, these findings underline a dualistic nature for miR‐142, functioning as either an oncogene or tumor suppressor depending on the tumor context and the repertoire of its molecular targets."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "16", "end_ref": "40"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAdditional studies point to roles for miR‐142 in modulating the tumor microenvironment and intercellular crosstalk. 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