{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMIR17HG encodes the polycistronic miR‐17–92 cluster, a master regulator whose physiological expression is carefully tuned during normal development and differentiation. Under hypoxic conditions, wild‐type p53 represses MIR17HG to facilitate apoptosis, while germline hemizygous deletions cause growth and skeletal anomalies—including microcephaly, short stature, and digital abnormalities—and craniofacial defects such as cleft lip and palate. These observations highlight a critical developmental function for MIR17HG in neurogenesis and midface formation, as well as in regulating trophoblast differentiation in the placenta."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn many human cancers, MIR17HG expression is aberrantly upregulated or amplified, thereby promoting oncogenesis through multiple cellular pathways. Elevated levels of MIR17HG‐derived miRNAs suppress key tumor suppressors—including PTEN, BIM, DKK3, CTGF, SMAD2, and THBS1—and consequently activate oncogenic cascades such as PI3K/AKT, NF‐κB, and Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. This deregulation drives diverse malignancies including mantle cell lymphoma, colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, prostate and lung cancers, as well as virus‐associated tumors in which viral proteins (e.g. from HBV or KSHV) upregulate MIR17HG to subvert host cell control. In certain contexts, however, MIR17HG activity can also contribute to anti‐angiogenic effects, underscoring its cellular context–dependent functions."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "24"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMoreover, MIR17HG influences the immune and metabolic landscapes of both neoplastic and non‐neoplastic cells. Its miRNAs regulate T‐cell activation, proliferation, effector differentiation, and regulatory T‐cell accumulation—thereby modulating inflammatory and anti‐tumor responses—while also impacting cell cycle progression and memory formation in CD8⁺ T cells. In parallel, MIR17HG drives metabolic reprogramming by targeting factors such as LKB1 and ATG7, thus enhancing glycolysis and altering autophagy in response to stress or therapeutic agents. These multifaceted roles have spurred interest in therapeutically targeting the MIR17HG/miR‐17–92 axis, with studies demonstrating that modulation of its expression can sensitize tumor cells (including BCR–ABL–positive leukemias, Burkitt and cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas, cholangiocarcinoma, and prostate neoplasms) to apoptosis and disrupt oncogenic signaling circuits."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "25", "end_ref": "46"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hong-li Yan, Geng Xue, Qian Mei, et al. 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