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In several solid and hematologic malignancies, for example in breast cancer it is upregulated by TGF–β to enhance cancer stem cell–like properties via suppression of the ATM tumor suppressor (PMIDs"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", while in certain thyroid and head and neck cancers it exerts tumor‐suppressive effects by targeting oncogenes such as K–ras and Twist1 (PMIDs."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "4", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and related disorders, elevated miR‐181a correlates with favorable prognosis by promoting apoptosis and influencing differentiation through repression of homeobox gene networks (PMIDs."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "7", "end_ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, in aggressive cancers such as triple–negative breast cancer and lung adenocarcinoma, miR‐181a deregulation contributes to chemoresistance and metastatic progression by interfering with apoptotic effectors (for example, by suppressing BAX expression) and by modulating signaling pathways through targets like PTEN (PMIDs."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Salivary and tongue carcinomas also illustrate its dual roles—where increased miR‐181a can counteract proliferation and anchorage–independent growth while its downregulation supports epithelial–mesenchymal transition and chemoresistance (PMIDs."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "18", "end_ref": "20"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, in colon cancer, miR‐181a drives metabolic reprogramming by inhibiting PTEN and fostering AKT activation, whereas in osteosarcoma and colorectal cancer it impacts metastasis via modulation of extracellular vesicle cargo and paracrine signaling (PMIDs."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "21", "end_ref": "24"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "8"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "25"}, {"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "18", "end_ref": "20"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "26"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "21"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "27"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "16"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "17"}, {"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "11", "end_ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond malignant settings, miR‐181a serves pivotal roles in normal development, immune regulation, and tissue homeostasis. 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