{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMiR‑184 plays a critical role in ocular development and homeostasis. Mutations affecting its seed region have been linked to familial severe keratoconus, early‑onset anterior polar cataract, and the EDICT syndrome, underscoring its essential function in maintaining corneal integrity and lens transparency. In ocular tissues such as the corneal epithelium and the retinal pigment epithelium, miR‑184 is highly expressed and helps regulate cell survival, differentiation, and apoptosis. Moreover, through its competitive interactions with other microRNAs (for example, miR‑205), miR‑184 modulates key signaling pathways that safeguard normal ocular physiology, while its dysregulation is associated with neovascularization and pterygium pathology."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn cancer it is increasingly evident that miR‑184 exhibits a context‑dependent duality—functioning either as an oncogene or as a tumor suppressor. In squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue, neuroblastomas, and several other malignancies, altered miR‑184 expression modulates pivotal processes such as apoptosis, cell proliferation, migration, and chemoresistance. It achieves these effects by directly targeting key genes, including oncogenes (e.g. c‑Myc) and anti‑apoptotic factors (e.g. BCL‑2, SOX7), and by regulating pathways such as PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β‑catenin, and mTOR. Furthermore, factors such as viral oncoproteins and upstream regulators (including MYCN and AMPK) influence miR‑184 levels, while its altered abundance in the circulation is under investigation as a biomarker to guide diagnosis and treatment stratification in cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma, small‑cell lung cancer, and osteosarcoma."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "10", "end_ref": "35"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAdditional evidence supports roles for miR‑184 in modulating immune responses, neural development, and cellular stress adaptation. In umbilical cord blood T cells, miR‑184 downregulates transcription factors involved in cytokine production, affecting inflammatory responses. In parallel, miR‑184 is implicated in the adaptive mechanisms of hypoxic cardiomyocytes and alveolar epithelial cells, and it is highly enriched in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells where it supports differentiation and myelin formation. Moreover, altered miR‑184 expression has been detected in late‑life depression and in gene networks involving apoptosis regulators such as TNFAIP2, further illustrating its versatile and context‑dependent regulatory functions across diverse tissues."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "36", "end_ref": "42"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jia Yu, David G Ryan, Spiro Getsios, et al. 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