{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMiR-186 exhibits a multifaceted role in cancer biology by modulating key processes such as cellular proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and apoptosis. In neuroblastoma and ovarian cancer, reduced miR-186 levels correlate with aggressive phenotypes, whereas in colorectal, glioma, hepatocellular, non‐small cell lung, gastric, prostate, esophageal, and even pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, miR-186 directly targets a range of oncogenic effectors—including MYCN, Twist1, XIAP, PAK7, HMGA2, ZEB1, ROCK1, PTTG1, SKP2, and MAPK pathway components—to either suppress tumor growth and metastasis or, in select contexts, promote invasiveness. Moreover, studies have demonstrated that altered miR-186 expression contributes to drug resistance by modulating key proteins involved in receptor signaling (e.g. P2X7), cytoskeletal dynamics (e.g. MAPT, SIX1), and drug efflux (e.g. ABCB1), underscoring its pivotal role in driving the tumor microenvironment and chemoresponsiveness."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "36"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its cancer-related actions, miR-186 plays significant roles in a spectrum of non-neoplastic processes. In the cardiovascular system, altered levels of miR-186 have been identified in myocardial infarction and acute coronary events, suggesting its utility as a circulating biomarker. In addition, miR-186 influences neuronal function by regulating AMPA receptor subunit (GluA2) expression, thereby contributing to homeostatic synaptic scaling in hippocampal neurons. Its regulatory capacity also extends to metabolic and inflammatory control—in macrophages, miR-186 targets cystathionine‐γ‐lyase to modulate lipid accumulation and cytokine secretion, while in fibrotic and osteoarthritic conditions, diminished miR-186 is linked to aberrant collagen deposition and joint pathology. Moreover, miR-186 has been implicated in cellular aging, as its cooperative upregulation with other microRNAs promotes replicative senescence, and it contributes to the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into functional islet-like clusters, highlighting its diverse physiological relevance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "37", "end_ref": "48"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "36"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nCollectively, these findings underscore the context-dependent actions of miR-186 as a critical regulator of cellular fate. Its dichotomous behavior—functioning predominantly as a tumor suppressor in many malignancies while, in certain settings, facilitating oncogenic processes—along with its pivotal roles in cardiovascular homeostasis, neuronal plasticity, metabolic regulation, and tissue remodeling, exemplify its promise as both a diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutic target. Reviews and integrative analyses further highlight the importance of delineating the molecular networks and noncoding RNA interactions that govern miR-186 activity to harness its full clinical potential."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "49"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Paolo Neviani, Petra M Wise, Mariam Murtadha, et al. 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