{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMiR‐193a functions predominantly as a tumor suppressor in a wide spectrum of malignancies. In colon cancer, non–small‐cell lung cancer, acute myeloid leukemia and breast cancer, reduced miR‐193a expression (often via epigenetic silencing) is associated with unchecked cell proliferation, enhanced migration and invasion, and resistance to apoptosis. Mechanistic studies show that miR‐193a directly targets key oncogenic mediators—including ERBB4, Caprin1, MCL1, c‐KIT and WT1—to induce G₁ cell cycle arrest and inactivate proliferative signals such as the AKT/mTOR pathway. These findings underscore miR‐193a’s critical role in maintaining normal cell growth and its loss as a driver of tumor progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its classical tumor‐suppressive effects, miR‐193a modulates responses to therapeutic stress. In bladder cancer, for instance, differential methylation of the miR‐193a gene regulates its expression and influences chemoresistance by controlling targets such as ING5 and PSEN1 and the associated DNA damage response. In mesothelioma, reinstating miR‐193a levels decreases MCL1 expression and tumor cell viability. Similar anti‐metastatic and anti‐proliferative roles have been reported in osteosarcoma and ovarian cancers, where both the 3p and 5p arms of miR‐193a suppress cellular migration and invasion via regulation of factors including Rab27B, SRR and GRB7."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "10", "end_ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn other disease settings—including hepatocellular carcinoma, endometrial and colorectal cancers, as well as in pathological conditions like age‐related cataract and select breast cancer subtypes—miR‐193a downregulation correlates with advanced disease and poor clinical outcome. In these contexts, its suppressed expression (frequently mediated by interactions with competitive endogenous RNAs such as UCA1, HOTAIR or circHIPK3) permits the up‐regulation of diverse targets (for example, WT1, IL17RD, PTP1B and others) that further drive tumorigenesis, metastasis and chemoresistance. Collectively, these multifaceted studies position miR‐193a as a dynamic regulator of both cell proliferation and therapy response, suggesting that interventions aimed at restoring its expression may hold promise for biomarker development and targeted treatment across a broad range of human diseases."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "17", "end_ref": "25"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "X-N Gao, J Lin, Y-H Li, et al. 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