{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMiR‑198 is emerging as a multifaceted regulatory microRNA that, in many solid tumors, predominantly functions as a tumor suppressor. Numerous independent studies have demonstrated that reduced miR‑198 levels in hepatocellular, colorectal, gastric, osteosarcoma, glioblastoma, prostate, lung and other cancers correlate with enhanced cellular proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial–mesenchymal transition and resistance to chemotherapy. Mechanistic investigations reveal that miR‑198 acts by directly binding to and downregulating key oncogenic targets—including c‑MET, FUT8, ROCK1, MGMT, FGFR1, MIB1, Livin and TLR4—thereby impeding tumor‐promoting mitogenic and motogenic pathways."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThe functional output of miR‑198 is intricately modulated by several long non‑coding and circular RNAs that serve as molecular “sponges” to sequester it, thereby relieving repression of downstream oncogenic signaling. For instance, in contexts as varied as malignant melanoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, ovarian and prostate cancers—and even within autophagy‐associated secretory pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma—circRNAs such as circ_0025039, circLPAR3, circ_0004390, circSP3, circ_0089153, and circ_0074032, as well as lncRNAs like LINC00473, have been shown to bind miR‑198. These ceRNA interactions effectively diminish the tumor‐suppressive functions of miR‑198 by modulating effectors such as CDK4, HOXA1, MET and MAPK1, emphasizing the importance of its post‑transcriptional regulation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "16", "end_ref": "25"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its mechanistic role in tumor suppression, altered miR‑198 expression is emerging as a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker as well as a therapeutic target. Clinical studies have demonstrated that its dysregulation can distinguish malignant from benign conditions in body fluids such as pleural effusions and is correlated with disease aggressiveness in cancers including lung squamous cell carcinoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma and thyroid cancer. Moreover, modulation of miR‑198 levels has been linked to enhanced chemosensitivity—for example, increased vulnerability to temozolomide in glioblastoma—and may hold therapeutic promise in overcoming drug resistance in osteosarcoma and other tumor types."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "26", "end_ref": "29"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sheng Tan, Rui Li, Keshuo Ding, et al. 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