{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nmiR‐202 (encompassing both the 3p and 5p species) has emerged as a multifunctional regulator in cancer. In many tumor types—including neuroblastoma, follicular lymphoma, gastric, hepatocellular, colorectal, osteosarcoma, esophageal, cervical, bladder, non‐small cell lung, breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers—it is typically downregulated, thereby releasing its target oncogenes and cell cycle regulators from inhibition. For example, in gastric cancer miR‐202‑3p directly targets the transcription factor Gli1 to suppress tumor growth, while in hepatocellular carcinoma it represses low‐density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 6 (LRP6), and in cervical cancer it targets cyclin D1. In addition, multiple studies in colorectal cancer, neuroblastoma, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer demonstrate that miR‐202 negatively regulates key molecules such as SMARCC1, UHRF1, and PTEN, thereby inhibiting proliferation, invasion, migration and even metastasis. Moreover, miR‐202 influences diverse signaling pathways (including TGF‑β, FAK/PI3K/Akt and MAP kinase cascades) and modulates chemoresistance in malignancies such as non‐small cell lung cancer and chronic myeloid leukemia. Collectively, these findings support a predominant tumor‐suppressive function of miR‐202 in cancer progression and metastasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "31"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn non‐malignant contexts, miR‐202 displays context‐dependent roles that further underscore its biological versatility. In neurological conditions such as cerebellar-type multiple‐system atrophy, miR‑202 is upregulated and contributes to neuronal vulnerability through downregulation of transcription factors like Oct1. Similarly, in fibrotic disorders—for instance, in systemic sclerosis—elevated miR‑202‑3p represses matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1), thereby promoting collagen deposition and fibrosis. Aberrant miR‑202 expression is also implicated in gestational pathologies, with marked overexpression observed in first‑trimester placenta from pregnancies developing severe preeclampsia. In intervertebral disc degeneration, miR‑202‑3p is suppressed by inflammatory stimuli, leading to increased MMP1 and consequent degradation of type II collagen; meanwhile, in allergic rhinitis models, miR‑202‑5p modulates immune responses by regulating T-cell differentiation and cytokine production via targeting molecules such as MATN2. Furthermore, diminished miR‑202‑3p levels in endometriosis have been linked to enhanced cell viability and migration through upregulation of ROCK1, and in diabetic retinopathy exosomal miR‑202‑5p mitigates endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition by targeting TGF‑β receptor 2."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "32", "end_ref": "40"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTogether, these studies reveal that miR‑202 functions as a key modulator whose dysregulation impacts both oncogenesis and diverse non‐neoplastic pathologies. Its ability to target multiple transcripts—including oncogenes, cell cycle regulators, and signaling intermediates—is further influenced by competitive endogenous RNA networks (for example, via sponging by MALAT1, NORAD, or NEAT1) and even genetic variants, thereby endowing it with a dual role as a tumor suppressor in many cancers while contributing to pathological processes in fibrotic, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative conditions. Such versatility positions miR‑202 as a promising biomarker and therapeutic target."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "31"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Claudine L Bitel, Nora I Perrone-Bizzozero, Peter H Frederikse "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "HuB/C/D, nPTB, REST4, and miR-124 regulators of neuronal cell identity are also utilized in the lens."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Vis (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21139978"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21139978"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Aaron E Hoffman, Ran Liu, Alan Fu, et al. 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